[TOF-SIMS Study of Mannitol and Cordycepin in Cordyceps Sinensis].

Cordyceps sinensis is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine; it is also called DongChongXiaCao (winter worm summer grass) in Chinese. Mannitol and cordycepin, the most important two pharmacological active components of cordyceps sinensis, were studied with TOF-SIMS. This Study was focused on the chemical information including 251 amu mass peak. Based on high mass resolution of TOF-SIMS analysis, the fragment ions of 251 and 252 amu detected in Cordyceps sinensis may not be the molecular ion M+ and/or[M+H]+ of cordycepin, which ispossiblely the root cause of the argument in the study of cordycepin in published papers .It could be a basis for further study of cordycepin components of cordyceps sinensis in the future. The 181amu mass peak of minus ion in mannitol was also studied in detail and was certified to be a reliable evidence of mannitol. This research shows that TOF-SIMS has been proven as an effective method in the study of cordyceps sinensis.

[Analysis and Identification of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis Harvested From Different Producing Areas by FTIR Spectroscopy].

The accurate identification of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which collected from different producing areas is important for its quality control and clinical effects. In the present study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with second derivative spectra were used to identify and analyze H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis from different producing areas. The characteristic absorption peaks, including 2 925, 2 854, 1 743, 1 541 and 1 173 cm-1 belonging to fatty acids, flavonoids and saccharides appear in all 20 samples. But the absorption peak intensities and locations varied due to the different geographical regions. The results also showed that the absorption peaks at the range of 3 429～3 336 and 1 744 cm-1 were important characteristic absorption peaks which can identify H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis from different producing areas. Also, absorption peaks at 1 030 and 1 516 cm-1 further confirmed the existence of flavonoids in all samples by comparing the second derivative infrared spectra in the range of 1 800～1 000 cm-1. However, the samples' differences can be intuitively found around peaks 1 711, 1 476 cm-1 and ranges from 1 689～1 515 and 1 400～1 175 cm-1. The results demonstrated that FTIR was a simple, convenient, fast and intuitive approach to identify and analyze H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis from different producing areas. This method provides foundations for the analysis of chemical compositions and quality control for the TCM.

[Development of FTIR fingerprint for identification of armand clematis stem (Chuanmutong) and related herbs].

Armand clematis stem (Clematidis Armandii Caulis, Chuanmutong) is a widely used Chinese herb to disinhibit urine and relieve stranguria. It is difficult to be identified owing to its various macroscopic feature and unknown characteristic compounds. Thus, total of 24 Chuanmutong samples and 7 related herbs including four manshurian aristolochia stem (Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis, Guanmutong) and three akebia stem (Akebiae Caulis, Mutong) samples were collected and analyzed in the range of 4 000 - 400 cm⁻¹ by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR) techniques. The FTIR spectra of 24 Chuanmutong samples are consistent in the spectrum profiles, position and intensity of characteristic peaks. 20 of the 24 Chuanmutong samples were randomly selected as calibration samples to calculate and simulate mean spectrum. This mean spectrum is named as FTIR fingerprint of Chuanmutong with characteristic peaks at 3 412, 2 932, 1 739, 1 639, 1 509, 1 456, 1 426, 1 376, 1 332, 1 261, 1 159, 1 035, 897 ,609 cm⁻¹. Meanwhile, the limited level (Mean-3σ=0.992 6) to identify true or false Chuanmutong by correlation coefficient of FTIR spectra was calculated based on the 20 Chuanmutong calibration samples. Then, the rest 4 Chuanmutong, 4 Guanmutong and 3 Mutong samples were used as validation samples to evaluate the identification efficacy. The result shows that the FTIR spectra of 4 Chuanmutong validation samples were similar to the fingerprint. Their correlation coefficients of FTIR spectra were over the limited level and accepted as Chuanmutong. However, the spectra of Guanmutong and Mutong were significantly different from Chuanmutong fingerprint. The correlation coefficients of Guanmutong (0.902 1-0.940 4, n=4) and Mutong (0.954 9-0.978 9, n=3) FTIR spectra were less than the limited level and rejected from Chuanmutong. Furthermore, the number, position and intensity of auto-peaks on the 2D-FTIR were drastically different among the three herbs. It is concluded that the developed FTIR fingerprinting can be rapidly and accurately identify Chuanmutong and differentiate from related herbs.

Data-driven signal-resolving approaches of infrared spectra to explore the macroscopic and microscopic spatial distribution of organic and inorganic compounds in plant.

The nondestructive and label-free infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a direct tool to characterize the spatial distribution of organic and inorganic compounds in plant. Since plant samples are usually complex mixtures, signal-resolving methods are necessary to find the spectral features of compounds of interest in the signal-overlapped IR spectra. In this research, two approaches using existing data-driven signal-resolving methods are proposed to interpret the IR spectra of plant samples. If the number of spectra is small, "tri-step identification" can enhance the spectral resolution to separate and identify the overlapped bands. First, the envelope bands of the original spectrum are interpreted according to the spectra-structure correlations. Then the spectrum is differentiated to resolve the underlying peaks in each envelope band. Finally, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy is used to enhance the spectral resolution further. For a large number of spectra, "tri-step decomposition" can resolve the spectra by multivariate methods to obtain the structural and semi-quantitative information about the chemical components. Principal component analysis is used first to explore the existing signal types without any prior knowledge. Then the spectra are decomposed by self-modeling curve resolution methods to estimate the spectra and contents of significant chemical components. At last, targeted methods such as partial least squares target can explore the content profiles of specific components sensitively. As an example, the macroscopic and microscopic distribution of eugenol and calcium oxalate in the bud of clove is studied.

[Tri-Level Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Hot Melting Reflective Road Marking Paint].

In order to detect the road marking paint from the trace evidence in traffic accident scene, and to differentiate their brands, we use Tri-level infrared spectroscopic identification, which employs the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the second derivative infrared spectroscopy(SD-IR), two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy(2D-IR) to identify three different domestic brands of hot melting reflective road marking paints and their raw materials in formula we Selected. The experimental results show that three labels coatings in ATR and FTIR spectrograms are very similar in shape, only have different absorption peak wave numbers, they have wide and strong absorption peaks near 1435 cm⁻¹, and strong absorption peak near 879, 2955, 2919, 2870 cm⁻¹. After enlarging the partial areas of spectrograms and comparing them with each kind of raw material of formula spectrograms, we can distinguish them. In the region 700-970 and 1370-1 660 cm⁻¹ the spectrograms mainly reflect the different relative content of heavy calcium carbonate of three brands of the paints, and that of polyethylene wax (PE wax), ethylene vinyl acetate resin (EVA), dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in the region 2800-2960 cm⁻¹. The SD-IR not only verify the result of the FTIR analysis, but also further expand the microcosmic differences and reflect the different relative content of quartz sand in the 512-799 cm-1 region. Within the scope of the 1351 to 1525 cm⁻¹, 2D-IR have more significant differences in positions and numbers of automatically peaks. Therefore, the Tri-level infrared spectroscopic identification is a fast and effective method to distinguish the hot melting road marking paints with a gradually improvement in apparent resolution.

Infrared microspectroscopic identification of marker ingredients in the finished herbal products based on the inherent heterogeneity of natural medicines.

Finished herbal products (FHPs) are preparations made from one or more herbs. The first stage in assuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of FHPs is to identify the herbs in the products. A new simple and quick method is developed in this research to detect the marker ingredients in FHPs. The inherent chemical heterogeneity of herbs and FHPs makes it possible to resolve different ingredients, without any additional separation or labeling, by infrared microspectroscopic imaging. Therefore, multiple marker ingredients in FHPs can be recognized directly and simultaneously by the infrared microspectroscopic identification method. As an example, all six kinds of herbs in Liuwei Dihuang Wan are identified through the following steps: (1) Each herb is characterized by infrared spectroscopic imaging, then the spectra of the main ingredients are calculated by the combination of principal component analysis, independent component analysis, and alternating least squares. (2) One marker ingredient is chosen for each herb. Ten typical pixels, the spectra of which best match the calculated spectrum of the marker ingredient, are selected by partial least squares target. The average spectrum of the typical pixels is taken as the marker spectrum. (3) Correlation coefficients between the typical pixel spectra and the marker spectrum are calculated. The acceptance correlation threshold is determined through the beta distribution function and then validated by positive and negative samples. (4) Using the above marker spectra and correlation criteria, herbs in the model mixture and the commercial product are identified. Good recognition results reveal the potential of the infrared microspectroscopic identification method in the quality control of herbs and FHPs.

[Study on the Tibetan medicine Swertia mussotii Franch and its extracts by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy].

The objective of the present study is to research the herb of Swertia mussotii Franch and its different extracts by tristep infrared spectroscopy. The main constitute of Swertia mussotii Franch-gentiamarin, which is also the higher content constitute, was selected as the control components to analyze the infrared spectroscopy and second derivative infrared spectroscopy of different extracts of Swertia mussotii Franch, at the same time, the different concentration of ethanol extracts were also analyzed by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). The results indicated that the intensity of 1 611 and 1 075 cm(-1) of gentiamarin, which are its two main absorptions in the infrared spectra, has the positive correlation with the content change in different extracts. The infrared spectroscopy of extracts are similar if the polarity of extract solvents is close; with the decreases in solution polarity, the intensity of 2 853, 1 733, 1 464, 1 277 and 1 161 cm(-1) in infrared spectroscopy of different extracts is increased, the content of esters and the extraction percentage terpenoid compounds are also increased; the different concentration of ethanol extracts has obviously difference when they are analyzed by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). The positive correlation between the intensity of absorptions and the content of the gentiamarin indicates that the infrared spectroscopy can reflect the content change in constitute; the similar and the change trend of the different concentrations of ethanol extract infrared spectroscopy approve the scientificalness of decoction of traditional medicine; infrared spectroscopy that used in the research can be used as an accurate, rapid and effective method in the pharmacological activity tests of transitional herbal Swertia mussotii F. and it's different extracts, even in the research on the tibetan medicine.

[The analyses and identification of Flos rhododendri mollis and Flos chrysanthemi indici via infrared spectroscopy].

In this study, major chemical components of Flos rhododendri mollis and Flos chrysanthemi indici were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For Flos rhododendri mollis, the bands at 1,648 and 1,543 cm(-1) were attributed to amide I and amide II , respectively, indicating that it contained proteins probably resulting in immunization. In case of Flos chrysanthemi indici, stretching vibration of C==O function group was responsible for the bands at 1,734 and 1,515 cm(-1), as a result of essential oils, lipids, etc. Since FTIR spectra of Flos rhododendri mollis and Flos chrysanthemi indici are almost identical and it is difficult to discriminate them, two-step identification was investigated via secondary derivative of the FTIR spectra. The bands at 1,656 and 1,515 cm(-1) corresponds to flavonoides in Flos rhododendri mollis and Flos chrysanthemi indici. In the secondary derivative of the FTIR spectrum of Flos chrysanthemi indici, characteristic bands of inulin were present at 1,163, 1,077, 1,026, 986 and 869 cm(-1), and therefore Flos chrysanthemi indici contained inulin as well. Tri-step identification was carried out for Flos rhododendri mollis and Flos chrysanthemi indici by means of comparing their 2D-IR correlation spectra in different wave number range. In the characteristic range of flavonoides (1,700-1,400 cm(-1)), Flos rhododendri mollis exhibited 3 obvious autopeaks, while 10 autopeaks were visualized in the 2D-IR correlation spectrum of Flos chrysanthemi indici Moreover, in the characteristic range of glucoside (1,250-900 cm(-1)), 10 and 9 autopeaks were present in the 2D-IR correlation spectra of Flos rhododendri mollis and Flos chrysanthemi indici, respectively. Therefore, the tri-step identification of FTIR is a time-saving; accurate, cost-saving and convenient method to effectively distinguish traditional Chinese medicines.

[Analysis and identification of Poria cocos peels harvested from different producing areas by FTIR and 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy].

Different geographical regions of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), its chemical composition is different, the accumulation of drug and medicinal properties is different. The accurate identification and analysis of different production area of medicinal herbs is critical for the quality control and pharmacological research of TCM. In this paper, a tri-step infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with second derivative spectra and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-COS) were employed to identify and analyze the main components of Hubei (HB), Anhui (AH), Yun-nan (YN) genuine Poria Cocos peels. The emergence of several characteristic absorption peaks of carbohydrates including 1149, 1079 1036 cm(-1), peaks around 1619, 1315, 780 cm(-1) belonged to calcium oxalate suggested that HB and AH Poria Cocos peels contained calcium oxalate, but peaks around 797, 779, 537, 470 cm(-1) belonged to kaoline suggested that YN Poria Cocos peels contained kaoline. Their carbohydrates were different by comparing the second derivative infrared spectra in the range of 1640-450 cm(-1) and Yongping come from YN contains both calcium oxalate and kaoline. Furthermore, the above differences were visually validated by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). It was demonstrated that the Tri-step infrared spectroscopy were successfully applied to fast analyze and identify Poria Cocos peels from different geographical regions and subsequently would be applicable to explain the relevance of geographical regions and medicinal properties for the TCM.

[Study on Panax notoginseng and its processed products by FTIR spectroscopy].

The chemical differences of panax notoginseng before and after processing were analyzed by Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with two-dimensionalcorrelation spectroscopy (2D-IR). Compared with conventional IR spectra of the samples, the FTIR spectra of panax notoginseng and its processed products were similar in the range of 1 200-400 cm(-1). The difference was that prepared panax notoginseng had strong and characteristic peaks at 2 925, 2 855, 1 746, 1 460, 1 376 and 1 158 cm(-1), which all arose from the characteristic vibration of peanut oil. This was because there was some peanut oil left in the panax notoginseng, when panax notoginseng after processing. Obvious differences were observed between 2D-IR spectra of them, in the range of 1 400-1 700 cm(-1), there was only one auto peaks at 1 650 cm(-1) in the spectra of panax notoginseng, but there were auto peaks at 1 469 and 1 640 cm(-1) in the spectra of prepared panax notoginseng. In the range of 1 400-1 700 cm(-1), the 2D-IR spectra of panax notoginseng and its processed product present characterstic peaks at 1 139 (1 137), 1 194 (1 196), 1 121 (1 221)cm(-1) respectively, but the relative intensities of auto peaks were changed. For example, auto peak around 1 139 cm(-1) was enhanced, but auto peak around 1 194 cm(-1) was weakened. The results of 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy indicated the decomposition of flavonoids, saccharides and saponins. This method can track dynamically the processing procedure of panax notoginseng and reveal the main tansformations, so it can explain the pharmacology of panax notoginseng and its processed product by FTIR and 2D-IR.

[Analysis of different parts and tissues of Panax Notoginseng by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy].

The techniques of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were applied to analyze the different parts and tissues of Panax Notoginseng (Sanqi, SQ), i.e. rhizome, main root, rootlet, fibrous root, xylem, cambium, phloem and epidermis. Both the FTIR spectra and second derivative spectra of these various parts and tissues of SQ samples were found to be similar. Their dominant component is starch resulting from the characteristic peaks of starch observed at 3 400, 2 930, 1 645, 1 155, 1,080 and 1,020 cm(-1) on the spectra of all these SQ samples. However, the varieties of peaks were found on the spectra among these specific samples. The rhizome contains more saponins than others on the basis of the largest ratio of the peak intensity at 1,077 cm(-1) to that at 1,152 cm(-1). The peaks located at 1 317 and 780 cm(-1) on the FTIR spectra of the rhizome and its epidermis indicate that the two parts of SQ samples contain large amount of calcium oxalate, and its content in the latter is relative larger than that in former. The fibrous root contains much amount of nitrate owing to the obvious characteristic peaks at 1 384 and 831 cm(-1). For the difference among the various tissues of SQ samples, the peaks at 2,926, 2,854 and 1,740 cm(-1) on the FTIR spectra of epidermis is the strongest among the various tissues of main root indicating the largest amount of esters in epidermis. Protein was also found in the cambium of the main root based on the relative strong peaks of amide I and II band at 1,641 and 1,541 cm(-1), respectively. The results indicate that FTIR spectra with its second derivative spectra can show the characteristic of the various parts and tissues of SQ samples in both the holistic chemical constituents and specific chemical components, including organic macromolecule compounds and small inorganic molecule compounds. FTIR spectroscopy is a useful analytical method for the genuine and rapid identification and quality assessment of SQ samples.

[Analysis and identification of Semen Glycines Nigrae and Semen Pharbitidis by infrared spectroscopy].

Semen Glycines Nigrae and Semen Pharbitidis containing a large amount of fats and proteins are commonly used in Chinese herbal medicine. Tri-step infrared spectroscopy was applied to fast analyze and identify the two samples. In the conventional infrared spectroscopy, the samples both have obvious characteristic absorption peaks at 1,745 cm(-1) assigned to the stretching mode of C==O in esters. Furthermore, the two kinds of herbs have the peaks at 1,656 and 1,547 cm(-1) assigned to the amide I and II bands of protein. Obviously, the infrared spectra of herbs demonstrate that protein and fat is the major component in two kinds of herbs, and the relative intensity of the peaks assigned to fat and protein indicate their relative content is different. And the result is consistent with the reported. In the second derivative spectra, Semen Pharbitidis has a peak at 1,712 cm(-1) assigned to the organic acid, however, Semen Glycines Nigrae has not this absorption peak. In addition, in the second derivative spectra, appeared more differences between the two samples in shape and intensity of the peaks. In two-dimensional correlation infrared spectra, the two samples were visually distinguished due to their significant differences in auto-peak position and intensity. In the region of 1,500-1,700 cm(-1), Semen Glycines Nigrae has two autopeaks and Semen Pharbitidis has three autopeaks. In the region of 2,800-3,000 cm(-1), the samples both have two autopeaks, but the position of the strongest autopeak is different. It was demonstrated that the Tri-step infrared spectroscopy were successfully applied to fast analyze and identify the two kinds of samples containing the same major component, and made sure the foundation for future researches.

[Tracking analysis of three extraction processes of Arenaria Polytrichoides by Fourier transform infrared spectrocopy].

In order to develop a process analysis method to guide extraction process of Arenaria polytrichoides (AP) based on tracking analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), IR spectra of petroleum ether extracts (PE-E), ethyl acetate extracts (EtOAc-E), n-butanol extracts (n-BuOH-E) and water extracts (H2O-E) of AP from three extraction methods were recorded. The FTIR and corresponding second derivative infrared (SDIR) spectra were analyzed comparatively from two aspects, namely, different extracts from a same extraction process and the same extracts from different methods. The spectral analysis results show that different extracts obtained from a same extraction process have distinctly different spectral absorbance character. Although the IR spectral absorption characteristics of the same extracts from different methods are rather similar in holistic, some explicit spectral differences still could be found among each other. In extraction process one (M1), main flavonoids and their glycosides of AP migrated to EtOAc-E and the rest part of them shift to n-BuOH-E according to FTIR peaks such as 1,603 and 1,123 cm(-1). However, the circumstances in method two (M2) and method three (M3) were just the reverse. Moreover, a few flavonoid glycosides got into H2O-E. The relative content of all kinds of aglycones and higher saturated alkyl are much higher in EtOAc-E of M2 than that of M1 and M3 according to the relative absorption intensive of peak at 2,850 cm(-1). Similarly, n-BuOH-E of M3 has relative rich contents of glycosides: and polysaccharides than those of M1 and M2 by peaks, such as 1,066 and 2,927 cm(-1). These results demonstrate that the migration rules of AP components are not always same in different extrac- tion process. The substance migration information during the extraction process could be recorded and disclosed in an intuitive way by FTIR tracking analysis of corresponding extracts. Consequently, FTIR tracking analysis is a fast, efficient, low-carbon and environment-friendly process analysis method. The method has important macro guiding significance for quality control and process optimization of extraction and isolation process of medicinal plant including AP.

[Study on Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfes from different regions and harvest periods by FTIR].

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) integrated with two dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2DCOS IR) was employed to rapidly discriminate Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfes (DR) from different regions and harvesting periods. The results showed that the IR peaks around 1 035, 1 051, 1 078, 1 156, 1 500, 1 511 and 1 736 cm-1had perceptible differences among DRs from different regions, indicating that different DRs containing remarkable different compositions and contents of polysaccharides, ketones and esters. 2DCOS IR spectra of DRs from Vietnam, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou each had seven, eight, eight, nine auto peaks, respectively; furthermore, DRs from Guagnxi had the strongest peak in 1 220 cm-1, which was distinguish to those of other DRs (980 cm -1). In the IR spectra of DRs from different harvest seasons, the wave number of key peaks in (1 034 approximately1 023)cm- 1, the wave number of minor peaks in (1 6174)cm-1, as well as the presence of peaks in 1 078(1 076, 1 079)cm-1, showed obvious periodic changes with the seasons, which indicated the accumulation of polysaccharides and ketones from DRs displayed an evident periodic variability discipline. The application of FTIR in DRs could facilitate acquiring their growth conditions, composition and content changes, which would be significant in rational exploitations and utilizations of DR

Unveiling ontogenesis of herbal medicine in plant chemical profiles by infrared macro-fingerprinting.

Given that harvesting time has a great impact on the quality of herbal medicine, knowing the ontogenesis in the chemical profile aspect is essential to determine the optimal harvesting season. A high-throughput and versatile approach (herbal infrared macro-fingerprinting) harmonizing with the character of herbal medicine and providing the whole chemical profile (entirety), group analogues (part), and single compounds (major components) is developed to rapidly disclose the variation rule of the full chemical profile of herbal medicine over a growing season without extraction pretreatments, and thus to determine the optimal harvesting period in respect to groups of chemical compounds using Scutellaria baicalensis as a demonstration. IR macro-fingerprints of Scutellaria baicalensis harvested in the same period have a high similarity (> 0.91) despite small variations, suggesting that IR macro-fingerprinting can faithfully reflect the spectacle of "disordered order" in nature. From Year-1 spring to Year-3 autumn, general contents (%, w/w) of total flavonoids fluctuate up and down with a maximum value in Year-2 spring, and that of saccharides is relatively stable except for the attenuation from Year-2 autumn to Year-3 spring. From Year-1 autumn to Year-2 spring, flavonoid aglycones initially produced in Scutellaria baicalensis are extensively transformed to responding flavonoid glycosides. From Year-2 spring to Year-3 autumn, flavonoid glycosides are converted back to their corresponding aglycones. The best seasons for collecting Scutellaria baicalensis with a high content of flavonoid glycosides and aglycones would be Year-2 spring and Year-3 spring, respectively.

[Analysis and identification of Geranium by two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy].

Tri-step infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with second derivative spectra and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-COS)) was employed to identify and analyze the main components of Heilongjiang (HLJG), Jilin (JLG), Liaoning (LNG) genuine Herba Geranium. The emergence of several characteristic absorption peaks of tannins including 1 730 and 1 337 cm(-1) and peaks around 1 618 and 1 318 cm(-1) belonging to calcium oxalate suggested that Herba Geranii contained tannins and calcium oxalate. Differences near 1 370 and 1 230 cm(-1) were found among the three Herba Geranii. In light of second derivative spectra, four more peaks of tannin components around 1 509, 1 204, 764 and 763 cm(-1) and evident differences around C=O stretching bands (1 750-1 600 cm(-1)) were observed. By 2D-COS spectra with further improved resolution, the three genuine Geraniums were visually distinguished due to their significant differences in auto-peak profile. HLJG has 7 auto peaks with a strongest peak around 1 621 cm(-1), while JLG and LNG both have only 4 auto peaks with a strongest peak around 1 580 and 1 659 cm(-1), respectively. It was demonstrated that the Tri-step infrared spectroscopy was successfully applied to fast analyze and identify genuine Geraniums from different geographical regions and subsequently would be applicable to the study of Chinese medicinal resources and quality standards.

[Discrimination of eleven genera of Chinese herbs in Geraniaceae by FTIR spectroscopy and clustering analysis].

A fast identification method of eleven genera of Chinese herbs in Geraniaceae was developed by the combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with clustering analysis. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify and analyze eleven genera of Chinese herbs in Geraniaceae. On the basis of a principal component analysis (PCA) model, three genera of Chinese herbs were rapidly classified by using the method of SIMCA clustering analysis. These samples could be successfully classified by SIMCA. Recognition rate and rejection rate reached up to 98%. The accuracy of clustering reached up to 91% during blind sample testing. It is concluded that in combination with clustering analysis, FTIR method provides an effective way to rapidly evaluate Chinese herbs in Geraniaceae.

[Analysis of Spirulina powder by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and calculation of protein content].

Spirulina, Spirulina powder and dextrin standard were analyzed and identified by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The main components, protein (1 657 and 1 537 cm(-1)) and carbohydrate (1 069 and 1054 cm(-1)), had distinct fingerprint characteristics of IR spectra. By comparing the IR spectra of Spirulina, Spirulina powder and dextrin standard, the dominant nutrition in Spirulina powder was identified as protein and carbohydrate. The dominant accessory added in Spirulina powder was dextrin. Comparing the IR spectra of Spirulina powder from 28 different factories and figuring out the correlation provides the information about the amount of accessory. A standard curve of the ratio of absorption peak intensities to protein content was constructed to accurately determine the amount of protein in Spirulina powder.

[Study on different extracts of Chrysanthemum indicum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy].

According to the macro-fingerprint characteristic of infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and second-derivative infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the extracts of chrysanthemum indicum L. by different solvents. It was speculated preliminarily that the main component of petroleum ether extract was long chain fatty acids (esters) and terpenes of small molecules, ethyl acetate extract contains terpenes and flavonoids mainly, ethanol and 95% ethanol extract was mainly composed of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, and deionized water extract contains polysaccharides and tannins mainly. Besides, the content of flavonoids in ethanol extract is the highest by comparison of the infrared spectroscopy of different extracts with that of buddleoside. Thus, the infrared spectroscopy can analyze directly the extracts of traditional Chinese medicines, recognize the main ingredient preliminarily, and then supply directional reference for further planning the extract scheme and detection methods.

[Rapid determination of Sudan dyes adulterated in natural paprika red by FTIR].

How to rapidly determine synthesized pigments or dyes adulterated in natural pigments is a difficult problem for food analysts. Natural paprika red is widely used in foods because of its coloration and pharmaceutical effect, but it is sometimes adulterated with Sudan dyes for its poor stability under light or heat treatment. In the present paper, the macro-fingerprint characteristic of infrared spectroscopy was utilized to identify Sudan dyes adulterated in paprika red. The strong peaks at 1 621, 1 500 and 751 cm(-1) in FTIR spectra and at the fingerprint region of 753, 684 and 496 cm(-1) in the secondary deriative FTIR spectra were remarkable characteristics for Sudan dyes adulterated in paprika red, of which the limit of determination was about 1%.