Endoscopic septum division of tubular esophageal duplication in two children and systematic review.

Tubular esophageal duplication is a rare congenital malformation The surgical treatment of this lesion can be challenging. We aimed to present our experience in two cases with tubular esophageal duplication. Both cases were endoscopically treated by a dual knife. The first patient underwent a single, while the second patient required three sessions of endoscopic septum division using an electrosurgical knife. Both showed satisfactory clinical, radiological and endoscopic response to treatment. Moreover, a systematic literature review has been performed. To identify all available studies, a detailed search on tubular esophageal duplication was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Tubular esophageal duplication was reported in 16 pediatric cases in 14 studies in the literature. Surgery was applied to 10 of these cases and endoscopic treatment was applied to two of them. In the follow-up, nine patients who underwent surgical treatment and two patients who underwent endoscopic treatment were uneventful. Tubular esophageal duplications can be successfully treated endoscopically. Endoscopic septum division is a minimally invasive procedure that allows full anatomical recovery and satisfactory therapeutic response.

Successful management of hepatic mucormycosis in an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patient: a case report and review of the literature.

We present a case of hepatic mucormycosis in a 9-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Despite long-term use of combined liposomal amphotericin B and posaconazole therapy, the lesion persisted and could only be treated by surgical excision. After surgery, antifungal treatment was continued with posaconazole. On follow-up, the patient had two episodes of ascending cholangitis which were responsive to intravenous antibiotics. He is doing well at the moment in remission for 2.5 years. Mucormycosis was long regarded as a fatal infection with poor prognosis. With early medical and surgical management, survival rates increase. Isolated hepatic mucormycosis is rare and only seven cases were reported in the literature up to now. We wanted to emphasise the role of early surgery in patients with hepatic mucormycosis in view of the literature.

Clinical comparison of 12 mg ropivacaine and 8 mg bupivacaine, both with 20 microg fentanyl, in spinal anaesthesia for major orthopaedic surgery in geriatric patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the haemodynamic and anaesthetic effects of 12 mg ropivacaine and 8 mg bupivacaine, both with 20 microg fentanyl, in spinal anaesthesia for major orthopaedic surgery in geriatric patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II-III patients scheduled for hip arthroplasty were randomly assigned to receive an intrathecal injection of either 12 mg ropivacaine with 20 microg fentanyl (group R, aged 70 +/- 7 years, range 67-89) or 8 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine with 20 microg fentanyl (group B, aged 69 +/- 6 years, range 66-92). Motor and sensory block, haemodynamics and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: Mean levels of sensory block were similar, but the onset time of sensory block in group B (2.52 +/- 0.69 min) was shorter than that in group R (3.17-0.72 min); the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01), and the number of patients who had motor Bromage scale 3 in group B (24) was greater than in group R (16). The difference was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (SAP, DAP) and heart rate (HR) decreased after the block in both groups. SAP (after the 60th and 120th min of block), DAP (all measurement times), and HR (after the 20th, 25th and 30th min of block) were lower in group B than in group R. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that 12 mg of ropivacaine and 8 mg of bupivacaine with 20 microg fentanyl in spinal anaesthesia can provide sufficient motor and sensory block for major orthopaedic surgery in geriatric patients. However, ropivacaine caused less motor block and haemodynamic side effects than bupivacaine during the procedure.

Which treatment modality for pediatric pilonidal sinus: Primary repair or secondary healing?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome and characteristics of patients who were operated for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus (SPS) treatment using primary repair or secondary healing technique. METHODS: Forty-seven patients (female: 25, male: 22) diagnosed with pilonidal sinus operated between 2009 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The cases were evaluated for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), surgical technique, hospital stay, recovery time and recurrence. Mainly two types of surgical techniques were applied: primary repair and secondary healing. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 15.6 (±1.2) years. Excision and primary repair was performed in 36, excision and secondary healing was in 11. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding length of hospital stay and duration of postoperative pain (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between groups regarding recovery time (p < 0.05). Recurrence was detected in a total of 11 (23.4%) patients. CONCLUSION: We did not find any significant difference concerning length of hospitalization, duration of postoperative pain and recurrence rate. However we determined that the primary repair group recovery time is significantly shorter compared to our secondary healing group. Therefore we recommended primary repair in the treatment of primary repair PS in children.

Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) block for postoperative analgesia in neonates and young infants: retrospective analysis of a case series. TAP blocks in neonates and young infants.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of the TAP block in children has been well characterized in literature. However, there are only few reports about TAP block in the neonates and low birth weight groups. This is a retrospective observational analysis of ultrasound - assisted TAP blocks in neonates and young infants. The aim of this study to analyze retrospectively the analgesic effectiveness of TAP block in neonates and infants undergoing abdominal and inguinal surgeries. METHODS: Thirty-four cases of neonates and infants with (whom) applied TAP block were retrospectively analyzed. The TAP block was performed postoperatively in supraumbilical surgeries and preoperatively in infraumbilical surgeries. The TAP block was applied with 0.8 ml/kg-1 of 0.25% bupivacaine in unilateral approach and 1.6 mlkg-1 of 0.125% bupivacaine in bilateral approach. The CRIES Pain Scale was used for postoperative pain measurement of neonates. RESULTS: The patient's age ranged from 2 to 88 day-old with a mean (SD) of 36.2(24.2). Eleven of them were premature babies. The weight ranged from 1.6 to 5.8 with a mean (SD) of 3.7kg (1.1). Twenty-nine patients were extubated at the end of the surgery and the other patients within 12 hours. 67.7% infants required no additional postoperative analgesic in 24 hours and none of them required narcotic analgesics. CONCLUSIONS: Our conclusion is that the use of TAP blocks results in low analgesic requirements and a low incidence of postoperative intubation and mechanical ventilation in neonates and infants. It should be considered in this age group of child for postoperative analgesia.

A review of intussusception cases involving failed pneumatic reduction and re-intussusception.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate cases in which intussusception was unsuccessfully treated with pneumatic reduction (PR), and intussusception recurred following PR. METHODS: The medical records of 401 patients who presented with intussusception between 2003 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Included were 61 patients, 20 of whom underwent unsuccessful PR (Group 1), and 41 of whom experienced intussusception recurrence following PR (Group 2). Treatment and outcome were summarized. RESULTS: In Group 1 (mean age: 14.2 months; range: 2.5 months-6 years) surgery was indicated due to PR failure in 15 patients, and perforation occurred during PR in 5. In these 5 patients, age was under 1 year (range 6-9 months) and mean time to presentation was 3 days (range 2-4). During laparotomy, pathologies were noted: mesenteric lymphadenopathy (LAP) and/or Peyer's patch hyperplasia was observed in 15 cases, Meckel's diverticulum in 5 cases. In Group 2 (mean age: 20 months; range: 3 months-6 years), intussusception developed after successful PR in 41 patients, most frequently within the first 24 hours (21.51%). Of the 41 patients, recurrent intussusception (RI) was treated with PR in 36, and laparotomy in 5. Operative findings were mesenteric LAP in 4 and polyp in 1. CONCLUSION: PR is effective for the treatment of intussusception and recurrences. Delayed presentation reduces the success rate. In the event of failure, a lead point is usually encountered at laparotomy.

Comparison of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block and IV Patient-Controlled Analgesia after Lower Abdominal Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the first 24-hour postoperative analgesic efficiency of ultrasound (USG)-assisted transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block to IV morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. METHODS: Fifty ASA I-III patients were included into this randomised, prospective clinical study. At end of surgery, Group 1 received 1 mg kg(-1) 0.5% bupivacaine and 1 mg kg(-1) 1% lidocaine in a 30-mL volume during TAP-block. Group 2 received 1 mg kg(-1) tramadol IV 10 minutes before extubation, and PCA was started with 1 mL morphine IV at a concentration of 1 mg kg(-1) and a 10-min lock time. Visual analogue scale (VAS), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), additional analgesic need and nausea-vomiting at the postoperative 30(th) minute and 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours were evaluated. In both groups, when VAS values were >4, patients were given 1 mg kg(-1) tramadol IV in first evaluation at the 30(th) minute or 15 mg kg(-1) paracetamol at other evaluations. RESULTS: No difference was observed between groups in terms of VAS values. No difference was observed in terms of HR in the within-group comparison, but Group 1 HR values were lower compared to Group 2 (p<0.01). No difference was observed in additional analgesic need at any times. Nausea-vomiting score was higher in Group 2 in the between-group comparison at the 30(th) minute (p<0.04), but no difference was observed after the 1(st) hour. CONCLUSION: Transversus abdominis plane block is effective as IV morphine-PCA in postoperative pain therapy in lower abdominal surgery, when given in a 30-mL volume. It may be preferable to IV-PCA, as the analgesic effect starts earlier and decreases the systemic effect of the morphine used in PCA.

Perioperative Temperature Monitoring and Patient Warming: A Survey Study.

OBJECTIVE: Hypothermia is defined as the decrease of core body temperature under 36°C. Hypothermia is observed at a rate of 50-90% in the perioperative period. In our study, we aimed to measure the perception of hypothermia in our country, to evaluate the measures taken by physicians to intercept hypothermia, to determine the frequency and the methods used to monitor body temperature and the techniques used in warming the patients. Another aim was to develop a guideline for preventing perioperative hypothermia. METHODS: The questionnaire consisted of 26 multiple-choice questions. The time needed to answer the questions was 8-10 minutes. RESULTS: Of the 1380 individuals, 312 (22.6%) answered the questions in the questionnaire. Of these, 148 (47.4%) declared they were working in university hospitals, 80 (25.6%) in training and research hospitals, 51 (16.4%) in government hospitals and 33 (10.6%) in various private hospitals. Of the 312 individuals, 134 (42.9%) were specialists, 107 (34.3%) were resident physicians, 71 (22.8%) were academics. In addition, 212 (67.9%) reported working in operating rooms, 49 (15.7%) in intensive care units and 42 (13.5%) both in operating rooms and intensive care units. In the answers, there was variation among the hospital types in applications of body temperature monitoring and warming the patient. Another finding was that the individuals had different approaches to the concepts on perioperative hypothermia and its consequences. CONCLUSION: The perceptions of physicians and the allied health personnel in government and private hospitals should be enhanced by informing them about the passive and active heating systems to prevent hypothermia. Although the situation in university and training and research hospitals seems to be better, defects are still observed in practice. Preparation of a national guideline for prevention of perioperative hypothermia is needed.

Comparison of the Effects of Different Concentrations of Rocuronium on Injection Pain and Hemodynamics Using Isolated Forearm Technique.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate Visual-Analogue-Scale (VAS) scores, hand-withdrawal, rash and skin eruptions after injections of different concentrations of rocuronium in intubation doses in alert patients using the isolated-forearm technique. METHODS: Eighty ASA I-II patients were included in a randomized, controlled, single-blinded study. Two 20 G cannulas were inserted into the dorsum of the left and right hand in each patient. A tourniquet was applied to the left arm and inflated to 50 mm Hg above the patient's systolic blood pressure. Group 1 (n=20) received 2.5 mg mL(-1) rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl, Group 2 (n=20) received 5 mg mL(-1) rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl, Group 3 (n=20) received 10 mg mL(-1) rocuronium and 0.4 mg mL(-1) lidocaine mixture, and Group 4 (n=20) received 10 mg mL(-1) rocuronium via a cannula on the left hand, provided that a dose of 0.6 mg mL(-1) were given to all groups of patients. VAS0-VAS60 values, hand-withdrawal, rash and skin eruptions were assessed in patients who were administered rocuronium but not under the effects of hypnotic or neuromuscular agents. Hemodynamic values were recorded both before and after the administration of hypnotic-neuromuscular agents. RESULTS: VAS0 values were significantly higher in Group 4 when compared to Groups 1, 2 and 3 (p=0.032). No significant difference was observed between VAS0 and VAS60 values in Groups 1, 2 and 3. In Group 4, VAS0 values were significantly higher than VAS60 values (p=0.003). No significant difference was observed between groups in terms of side effects and hemodynamic values. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we determined that using rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl was more effective in preventing injection pain than using a rocuronium-lidocaine mixture.