Human airway trypsin-like protease exerts potent, antifibrotic action in pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix and the destruction of lung parenchyma, resulting from an aberrant wound-healing response. Although IPF is often associated with an imbalance in protease activity, the mechanisms underlying the sustained repair mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we addressed the role of the recently identified, membrane-anchored serine protease human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT). In the present study, we show that both HAT expression and activity were up-regulated in human IPF specimens. Next, adenoviral overexpression of HAT before bleomycin challenge attenuated lung injury as well as extracellular matrix deposition in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. In vitro, HAT prevented specific fibrosis-associated responses in primary human pulmonary fibroblasts and induced the expression of mediators associated with the prostaglandin E2 pathway. Altogether, our findings suggested that HAT could have a protective role in IPF and other fibrotic lung disorders.-Menou, A., Flajolet, P., Duitmen, J., Justet, A., Moog, S., Jaillet, M., Tabèze, L., Solhonne, B., Garnier, M., Mal, H., Mordant, P., Castier, Y., Cazes, A., Sallenave, J.-M., Mailleux, A. A., Crestani, B. Human airway trypsin-like protease exerts potent, antifibrotic action in pulmonary fibrosis.

Prevalence and characteristics of TERT and TERC mutations in suspected genetic pulmonary fibrosis.

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) or telomerase RNA (TERC) gene mutation is a major monogenic cause of pulmonary fibrosis. Sequencing of TERT/TERC genes is proposed to patients with familial pulmonary fibrosis. Little is known about the possible predictors of this mutation and its impact on prognosis.We retrospectively analysed all the genetic diagnoses made between 2007-2014 in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. We evaluated the prevalence of TERT/TERC disease-associated variant (DAV), factors associated with a DAV, and the impact of the DAV on survival.237 patients with pulmonary fibrosis (153 with familial pulmonary fibrosis, 84 with telomere syndrome features without familial pulmonary fibrosis) were tested for TERT/TERC DAV. DAV was diagnosed in 40 patients (16.8%), including five with non-idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Prevalence of TERT/TERC DAV did not significantly differ between patients with familial pulmonary fibrosis or with only telomere syndrome features (18.2% versus 16.4%). Young age, red blood cell macrocytosis, and low platelet count were associated with the presence of DAV; the probability of DAV was increased for patients 40-60 years. Transplant-free survival was lower with than without TERT/TERC DAV (4.2 versus 7.2 years; p=0.046).TERT/TERC DAV were associated with specific clinical and biological features and reduced transplant-free survival.

Durable responses to immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancers harboring MET exon-14-skipping mutation: A series of 6 cases.

INTRODUCTION: About 2-3% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harbor MET exon-14-skipping (METex14) mutations. Efficacy of the MET-inhibitor crizotinib has been reported, but progression-free survival (PFS) was very short. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a cornerstone of NSCLC treatment but appear to be less effective in non-smokers and against tumors exhibiting oncogenic addiction. We describe 6 remarkable (PFS exceeding 18 months) and durable responses to ICIs of NSCLCs harboring a METex14 mutation. METHODS: Each patient's clinical and biological characteristics, and tumor responses after ICIs were examined. Complete tumor-DNA sequencing was available after starting second-line ICIs, which followed first-line chemotherapy. Tumor-cell programmed cell-death protein-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression on tumor cells was evaluated using antibody clone E1L3N (Cell Signaling Technology). RESULTS: Among 25 patients with METex14-mutated NSCLCs, 13 of whom were ICI-treated, 6 had prolonged responses: 5 women, 1 man; 57-80 years old; 3 never-smokers, 1 ex-smoker and 2 smokers; 5 adenocarcinomas, 1 sarcomatoid carcinoma; 5 received nivolumab, 1 pembrolizumab. No EGFR, BRAF or KRAS mutations (only 1 minority KRAS mutation), or ALK or ROS translocations were detected. No concurrent MET amplification was observed. Tumor-mutation burden was low (<10 mutations/Mb) in 3 tested tumors. Four partial and 2 complete responses were obtained during the first 3 months for 5 patients, while pseudoprogression was initially observed in 1. Tolerance was excellent, with only 1 grade-3 immune-related adverse event. Response was maintained for 18-49 months. CONCLUSION: ICIs could be considered to treat patients whose NSCLCs harbor a METex14 mutation. More biological marker data are needed to identify which patients are most likely to benefit from ICIs.