Recovery rate of severe acute malnourished children aged 6-59 months enrolled in outpatient therapeutic program at health posts of Central Gondar zone, Ethiopia.

Background: Inadequate intake of food is one of the causes of malnutrition and has significant impact on the deaths of children in low-income countries. Community-based management of acute malnutrition was endorsed as a strategy to alleviate such burdens of child morbidity and mortality associated with malnutrition. Despite outpatient therapeutic program has decentralized to health post level, there is still a lack of adequate evidence regarding the recovery rates from outpatient therapeutic program at health post level in Ethiopia. In addition, the previous body of articles did not show the local situations, particularly the recovery rates of severe acute malnutrition children from outpatient therapeutic program in the central Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Aim: This study aimed to assess recovery rate and associated factors among severe acute malnourished children enrolled to outpatient therapeutic program at health posts of Central Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Methods: This study was a facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study conducted on 349 children who had managed for severe acute malnutrition in outpatient therapeutic program in Central Gondar zone from March to May 2021. A structured and pre-tested data extraction checklist adapted from literatures was used to collect the data. The children were selected using consecutive sampling from 39 health posts. Data were entered, cleaned, coded and analyzed using Stata version 14 software. Binary logistic regression was fitted to identify factors associated with recovery rate from outpatient therapeutic program. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value <0.05 were used to declare the variables statistically significant with the recovery rate from outpatient therapeutic program. Results: The successful recovery rate for severe acute malnourished children admitted to outpatient therapeutic program was 74.2% (95% CI: 69.3, 78.6). False recovery, death, default, non-responder and medical transfer out rates were 12.6%, 8.6%, 2.9%, 0.9% and 0.9%, respectively. In addition, the average weight gain of children was 4.4 g/kg/day for the length of stays, and the average length of stay was also 6.7 (±1.3SD) weeks. Breastfeeding status (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.83), antibiotics (amoxicillin) provision (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.07, 4.25) and vitamin A supplementation (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.13, 3.30) were positively associated with the recovery rate of severe acute malnourished children admitted to outpatient therapeutic program. Conclusion: In this study, we found that the recovery, death and default rates were in the acceptable ranges of sphere standards. Therefore, health extension workers shall manage to shape service providers of outpatient therapeutic program with severe acute malnutrition management protocol. Special attention was also needed to build capacity of health extension workers to alleviate knowledge gaps on children enrolled to and discharge from outpatient therapeutic program at health posts. Dietary counselling is essentially required to improve maternal diets, which can affect the nutritional status of breastmilk.

Prevalence and risk factors for khat use among youth students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018.

BACKGROUND: Khat use is a widely spreading public health problem affecting the most economically productive population areas in Ethiopia. Khat use among students has been linked with mental, physical, social, and psychological problems. Reliable prevalence has not been recognized because of varying published rates. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to synthesize evidence on the prevalence and potential risk factors of khat use in Ethiopia. METHODS: We found 284 studies of which 266 were removed due to duplication, irrelevant topics, and other reasons, respectively. All studies conducted in Ethiopia on khat chewing among students irrespective of time frame were included. Subsequently, 18 studies were used for synthesis of prevalence. Figures were extracted from published reports, and any lost information was requested from investigators. The quality of the included literature was evaluated by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Prevalence was pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. The presence of association was declared using P-values and an odds ratio with a corresponding 95% CI. RESULTS: The pooled prevalence of khat use among students was 16.7% (13.7-19.7%). In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was observed in the Oromia region, at 21.1% (15.5%, 26.7%), and an almost equal prevalence of 14.8% (10.6, 18.9) and 14.3% (10.3, 18.3) was observed in Amhara and the Southern Nation, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia, respectively. Being male (OR: 2.43 (1.73, 3.13)), being a Muslim religion follower (OR: 2.22 (1.6, 2.8)), being an alcohol user (OR: 2.3 (1.5, 3.0)), khat use by a family member (OR: 1.8 (1.4, 2.2)), peer pressure (OR: 4.4 (3.1, 5.6)), and being a cigarette smoker (OR: 8.5 (5.3, 11.7)) were found to be risk factors for khat chewing. CONCLUSIONS: Khat use is a common problem among students. Health promotion, awareness on effect of khat, set policy on khat and substance use on the male sex, Muslim religion, alcohol user, having a family-member khat user, peer pressure, and being a cigarette smoker as possible risk factors for khat use among students. LIMITATIONS: Irrespective of time restriction, all studies conducted in Ethiopia are included and cross-sectional in nature. Protocol no. CRD-42017081886.

A meta-analysis of inpatient treatment outcomes of severe acute malnutrition and predictors of mortality among under-five children in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Severe forms of malnutrition have drastic effects on childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan countries, including Ethiopia. Although few studies have previously estimated treatment outcomes of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Ethiopia, the findings were widely varied and inconsistent. This study thus aimed to pool estimates of treatment outcomes and identify predictors of mortality among children with SAM in Ethiopia. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out to select 21 eligible articles from identified 1013 studies (dating from 2000 to 2018) that estimated treatment outcomes and predictors of mortality among SAM children. Databases including PubMed, CINHAL, Web of Sciences; Cochrane, Psych INFO and Google Scholar were comprehensively reviewed using medical subject headings (MESH) and a priori set criteria PRISMA guideline was used to systematically review and meta-analyze eligible studies. Details of sample size, magnitude of effect sizes, including Hazard Ratio (HRs) and standard errors were extracted. Random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates in Stata/se version-14. Cochran's Q, I2, and meta-bias statistics were assessed for heterogeneity and Egger's test for publication bias. RESULT: Twenty-one studies were included in the final analysis, which comprised 8057 under-five children with SAM in Ethiopia. The pooled estimates of treatment outcomes, in terms of death, recovery, defaulter and transfer out and non-response rates were 10.3% (95% CI: 8.3, 12.3), 70.5% (95% CI: 65.7, 72.2), 13.8% (95% CI: 10.8, 16.9) and 5.1% (95% CI: 3.3, 6.9), respectively. Diarrhea (HR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.2), dehydration (HR: 3.1, 95% CI: 2.3, 4.2) and anemia (HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.3) were statistically significant predictors of mortality among these children. No publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION: Treatment outcomes in under-five children with SAM are lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, where mortality is being predicted by comorbidities at admission. Children with SAM need to be treated for diarrhea, dehydration and anemia at the primary point of care to reduce mortality.

Effective interventions in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle choices, metformin, and dietary supplements may prevent GDM, but the effect of intervention characteristics has not been identified. This review evaluated intervention characteristics to inform the implementation of GDM prevention interventions. METHODS: Ovid, MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) framework was used to examine intervention characteristics (who, what, when, where, and how). Subgroup analysis was performed by intervention characteristics. RESULTS: 116 studies involving 40,940 participants are included. Group-based physical activity interventions (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.95) reduce the incidence of GDM compared with individual or mixed (individual and group) delivery format (subgroup p-value = 0.04). Physical activity interventions delivered at healthcare facilities reduce the risk of GDM (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.49, 0.72) compared with home-based interventions (subgroup p-value = 0.03). No other intervention characteristics impact the effectiveness of all other interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary, physical activity, diet plus physical activity, metformin, and myoinositol interventions reduce the incidence of GDM compared with control interventions. Group and healthcare facility-based physical activity interventions show better effectiveness in preventing GDM than individual and community-based interventions. Other intervention characteristics (e.g. utilization of e-health) don't impact the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions, and thus, interventions may require consideration of the local context.

The effect of any given intervention to prevent gestational diabetes (high blood sugar levels that arise during pregnancy) may depend on the way it is delivered (how, when, what, etc). This study reviewed published literature to investigate if the effects of interventions (diet, exercise, metformin, probiotics, myoinositol) to prevent gestational diabetes differ according to the way it is being delivered (e.g., online vs in-person, by health professionals or others, etc.). Exercise delivered to group settings, or those delivered at a healthcare facility worked better to prevent gestational diabetes. Although we did not observe any differences with other delivery characteristics (e.g., online vs in-person), it does not mean they are always equally effective, it is important to consider individual situations when prescribing or developing interventions.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of participant characteristics in the prevention of gestational diabetes: a summary of evidence for precision medicine.

Background and aims: Precision prevention involves using the unique characteristics of a particular group to determine their responses to preventive interventions. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the participant characteristics associated with interventions in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevention. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Pubmed to identify lifestyle (diet, physical activity, or both), metformin, myoinositol/inositol and probiotics interventions of GDM prevention published up to May 24, 2022. Results: From 10347 studies, 116 studies (n=40940 women) were included. Physical activity resulted in greater GDM reduction in participants with a normal body mass index (BMI) at baseline compared to obese BMI (risk ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.06 [0.03, 0.14] vs 0.68 [0.26, 1.60]). Diet and physical activity interventions resulted in greater GDM reduction in participants without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than those with PCOS (0.62 [0.47, 0.82] vs 1.12 [0.78-1.61]) and in those without a history of GDM than those with unspecified history (0.62 [0.47, 0.81] vs 0.85 [0.76, 0.95]). Metformin interventions were more effective in participants with PCOS than those with unspecified status (0.38 [0.19, 0.74] vs 0.59 [0.25, 1.43]), or when commenced preconception than during pregnancy (0.22 [0.11, 0.45] vs 1.15 [0.86-1.55]). Parity, history of having a large-for-gestational-age infant or family history of diabetes had no effect. Conclusions: GDM prevention through metformin or lifestyle differs according to some individual characteristics. Future research should include trials commencing preconception and provide results stratified by participant characteristics including social and environmental factors, clinical traits, and other novel risk factors to predict GDM prevention through interventions. Plain language summary: Precision prevention involves using a group’s unique context to determine their responses to preventive interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the participant characteristics associated with interventions in GDM prevention. We searched medical literature databases to identify lifestyle (diet, physical activity), metformin, myoinositol/inositol and probiotics interventions. A total of 116 studies (n=40903 women) were included. Diet and physical activity interventions resulted in greater GDM reduction in participants without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and those without a history of GDM. Metformin interventions resulted in greater GDM reduction in participants with PCOS or when started during the preconception period. Future research should include trials starting in the preconception period, and provide results stratified by participant characteristics to predict GDM prevention through interventions.

Participant characteristics in the prevention of gestational diabetes as evidence for precision medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Precision prevention involves using the unique characteristics of a particular group to determine their responses to preventive interventions. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the participant characteristics associated with responses to interventions in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevention. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Pubmed to identify lifestyle (diet, physical activity, or both), metformin, myoinositol/inositol and probiotics interventions of GDM prevention published up to May 24, 2022. RESULTS: From 10347 studies, 116 studies (n = 40940 women) are included. Physical activity results in greater GDM reduction in participants with a normal body mass index (BMI) at baseline compared to obese BMI (risk ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.06 [0.03, 0.14] vs 0.68 [0.26, 1.60]). Combined diet and physical activity interventions result in greater GDM reduction in participants without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than those with PCOS (0.62 [0.47, 0.82] vs 1.12 [0.78-1.61]) and in those without a history of GDM than those with unspecified GDM history (0.62 [0.47, 0.81] vs 0.85 [0.76, 0.95]). Metformin interventions are more effective in participants with PCOS than those with unspecified status (0.38 [0.19, 0.74] vs 0.59 [0.25, 1.43]), or when commenced preconception than during pregnancy (0.21 [0.11, 0.40] vs 1.15 [0.86-1.55]). Parity, history of having a large-for-gestational-age infant or family history of diabetes have no effect on intervention responses. CONCLUSIONS: GDM prevention through metformin or lifestyle differs according to some individual characteristics. Future research should include trials commencing preconception and provide results disaggregated by a priori defined participant characteristics including social and environmental factors, clinical traits, and other novel risk factors to predict GDM prevention through interventions.

An individual's characteristics, such as medical, biochemical, social, and behavioural may affect their response to interventions aimed at preventing gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy. Here, we evaluated the published literature on interventions such as diet, lifestyle, drug treatment and nutritional supplement and looked at which individual participant characteristics were associated with response to these interventions. Certain participant characteristics were associated with greater prevention of gestational diabetes through particular treatments. Some interventions were more effective when started prior to conception. Future studies should consider individual characteristics when assessing the effects of preventative measures.

Second international consensus report on gaps and opportunities for the clinical translation of precision diabetes medicine.

Precision medicine is part of the logical evolution of contemporary evidence-based medicine that seeks to reduce errors and optimize outcomes when making medical decisions and health recommendations. Diabetes affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, many of whom will develop life-threatening complications and die prematurely. Precision medicine can potentially address this enormous problem by accounting for heterogeneity in the etiology, clinical presentation and pathogenesis of common forms of diabetes and risks of complications. This second international consensus report on precision diabetes medicine summarizes the findings from a systematic evidence review across the key pillars of precision medicine (prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis) in four recognized forms of diabetes (monogenic, gestational, type 1, type 2). These reviews address key questions about the translation of precision medicine research into practice. Although not complete, owing to the vast literature on this topic, they revealed opportunities for the immediate or near-term clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine; furthermore, we expose important gaps in knowledge, focusing on the need to obtain new clinically relevant evidence. Gaps include the need for common standards for clinical readiness, including consideration of cost-effectiveness, health equity, predictive accuracy, liability and accessibility. Key milestones are outlined for the broad clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine.

Sexual health-seeking behaviour and associated factors in men with diabetes mellitus attending the northwest Amhara region hospitals, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sexual health-seeking behaviour and identify the associated factors in men with diabetes mellitus attending in the northwest Amhara region hospitals, Ethiopia. DESIGN: Hopital-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was conducted in the northwest Amhara region hospitals between 20 February and 30 April 2020. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 389 men with diabetes were approached using a systematic random sampling technique. A face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. The binary logistic regression was employed to identify factors contributing to sexual health-seeking behaviour. Odds Ratio with its corresponding 95% CI was used to measure the association. Factors with a p value ≤0.05 in multivariable logistic regression were deemed as significant factors. OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants were interviewed to respond whether they had sought sexual health service since they were notified to have diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: A quarter of men with diabetes (25%; 23.4%-27.6%) has sought sexual health service since they were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The odds of seeking sexual health service was reduced by 67% in participants who were not able to read and write (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.33; 0.1-0.87) and 71% in participants who have attended primary/secondary education (AOR=0.29; 0.1-0.67) than those who have a diploma and above. Experiencing sexual dysfunction was also significantly associated with an increased odds of seeking sexual health service (AOR=7.1; 2.1-23). CONCLUSIONS: The study remarks that just one-fourth of men with diabetes had sought sexual health services. Participants with lower educational status are less likely to seek sexual health services. Patients who have experienced sexual dysfunction sought the service well compared with their counterparts. Therefore, special emphasis should be given to men with lower educational status. Similarly, counselling patients to seek sexual health service before experiencing sexual dysfunction would help to improve sexual health-seeking behaviour.

Incidence and predictors of chronic kidney disease in type-II diabetes mellitus patients attending at the Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia: A follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the severest form of kidney disease characterized by poor filtration. The magnitude of chronic kidney disease is trending upward in the last few years linked with the rapidly escalating cases of non-communicable chronic diseases, particularly diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about when this problem may occur, the incidence as well as predictors of chronic kidney disease among type-II diabetes mellitus patients. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the incidence, time to the occurrence, and predictors of chronic kidney disease in type-II diabetic patients attending the Amhara region referral hospitals, Ethiopia. METHODS: A retrospective follow-up study was conducted involving 415 participants with type-II diabetes mellitus that enrolled in the chronic follow-up from 2012 to 2017. Multivariable shared Frailty Weibull (Gamma) survival model was employed considering the hospitals as a clustering variable. Model fitness was checked by both the Akaike information criteria (AIC) and log-likelihood. Factors having a p-value of ≤0.2 in the bi-variable analysis were considered to enter the multivariable model. Variables that had a p-value of <0.05 with its corresponding 95% confidence level were deemed to be significant predictors of chronic kidney disease. RESULTS: The overall cumulative incidence of chronic kidney disease was 10.8% [95%; CI: 7.7-14.0%] with a median occurrence time of 5 years. The annual incidence rate was 193/10,000 [95%; CI: 144.28-258.78]. Having cardiovascular disease/s [AHR = 3.82; 95%CI: 1.4470-10.1023] and hypercholesterolemia [AHR = 3.31; 95% CI: 1.3323-8.2703] were predictors of chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION: One out of every ten diabetic patients experienced chronic kidney disease. The median time to develop chronic kidney disease was five years. Hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases have escalated the hazard of developing CKD. Thus, health promotion and education of diabetic patients to optimize cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease is recommended to limit the occurrence of this life-threatening disease.

Anti-Inflammatory Diets in Fertility: An Evidence Review.

Infertility is a global health concern affecting 48 million couples and 186 million individuals worldwide. Infertility creates a significant economic and social burden for couples who wish to conceive and has been associated with suboptimal lifestyle factors, including poor diet and physical inactivity. Modifying preconception nutrition to better adhere with Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) is a non-invasive and potentially effective means for improving fertility outcomes. While several dietary patterns have been associated with fertility outcomes, the mechanistic links between diet and infertility remain unclear. A key mechanism outlined in the literature relates to the adverse effects of inflammation on fertility, potentially contributing to irregular menstrual cyclicity, implantation failure, and other negative reproductive sequelae. Therefore, dietary interventions which act to reduce inflammation may improve fertility outcomes. This review consistently shows that adherence to anti-inflammatory diets such as the Mediterranean diet (specifically, increased intake of monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, and reduced intake of red and processed meat) improves fertility, assisted reproductive technology (ART) success, and sperm quality in men. Therefore, integration of anti-inflammatory dietary patterns as low-risk adjunctive fertility treatments may improve fertility partially or fully and reduce the need for prolonged or intensive pharmacological or surgical interventions.

Evaluation of the community-based outpatient therapeutic feeding program implementation for managing children with severe acute malnutrition in Northwest Ethiopia: A mixed-method evaluation protocol.

BACKGROUND: Community-based outpatient therapeutic feeding program (C-OTP) in Ethiopia has been launched to manage uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) by trained Health Extension Workers (HEWs). This program is believed to be the most effective strategy for reaching a large group of children suffering from SAM in rural and disadvantaged communities. Nonetheless, poor treatment outcomes, notably mortality and prolonged recovery time, become pressing public health problems, which could be a result of suboptimal implementation and poor service quality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the implementation of C-OTP for managing uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition in the Central Gondar Zone. METHODS: Multiple studies involving both qualitative and quantitative will be conducted. Availability of essential drugs and equipment, acceptability of the program by mothers/caregivers, health extension workers' compliance to the treatment protocol, and treatment outcome will be assessed employing different methods. Likewise, knowledge of health extension workers about SAM diagnosis and management and their skills to diagnose and manage uncomplicated malnutrition will be determined. Health extension workers, mothers/caregivers, supervisors, and healthcare administrators will be enrolled in the study. Besides, children's medical records registered between 2017 and 2020 will be reviewed to determine the treatment outcome. The data will be collected using pretested self-administered and face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaires. Similarly, focus group discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews, and observation checklists will be applied. Binary logistic regression analysis will be conducted, while the qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic content analysis. DISCUSSION: Severe acute malnutrition is a public health problem that remains the underlying cause for over half of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. As a result, community-based therapeutic care has been launched in the country to address these problems and maximize population-level impact by improving treatment coverage, access, and cost-effectiveness. Despite its achievement, the program has been threatened with unfavourable treatment outcomes and a shortfall of resources. Hence, this implementation evaluation study will also identify gaps between healthcare systems and service users. The output will help programmers pass evidence-based and sound decisions to tackle the key barriers.

Stunting at birth and associated factors among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Stunting at birth is a chronic form of undernutrition majorly attributable to poor prenatal nutrition, which could persist in children's later life and impact their physical and cognitive health. Although multiple studies have been conducted in Ethiopia to show the magnitude of stunting and factors, all are concentrated on children aged between 6 to 59 months. Therefore, this study was done to determine the prevalence and associated factors of stunting at birth among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 26th to April 25th/2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used, to select a total of 422 newborn-mother pairs. The binary logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with stunting and all independent variables were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model to adjust for confounders. Variables that had significant association were identified based on p-value < 0.05 and the adjusted odds ratio with its respective 95% confidence interval was applied to determine the strength as well as the direction of the association. RESULTS: About 30.5% (95% CI: 26.3%, 35.1%) of newborns were stunted at birth. Being male [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.9(1.62, 5.21)], newborns conceived in Kiremt(rainy season) [AOR = 2.7(1.49, 4.97)], being low birth weight [AOR = 3.1(1.64, 6.06)] were factors associated with stunting at birth. Likewise, newborns born to short stature mothers [AOR = 2.8(1.21, 6.62)] and chronically malnourished mothers [AOR = 15.3(8.12, 29.1)] were at greater risk of being stunted. CONCLUSION: Just under a third of newborns are stunted at birth, implying a pressing public health problem. Newborns born to chronically malnourished and short stature mothers were more stunted. Besides, stunting was prevalently observed among male neonates, newborns conceived in Kiremet, and being low birth weight. Thus, policymakers and nutrition programmers should work on preventing maternal undernutrition through nutrition education to reduce the burden of low birth weight and stunting. Further, paying due attention to newborns conceived in Kiremet season to improve nutritional status is recommended.

Malnutrition and contributing factors among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of various indicators of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, low birth weight, concurrent stunting and wasting, overweight/obesity and double burden malnutrition) among newborns and to investigate factors associated with these nutritional disorders. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 10 March through to May 2020. A total of 419 newborns were recruited into the study to estimate the prevalence of low birth weight and stunting. After excluding 28 newborns whose length was less than 45 cm, 394 newborn-mother dyads were approached to estimate wasting and overweight/obesity. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select participants. All independent variables were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model and variables that had significant associations were identified based on a p value. RESULTS: A very small proportion of the newborns 2.5% (0.9% to 4.1%) were concurrently wasted and stunted. The prevalence rates of low birth weight and wasting were 20.8% (16.8% to 24.6%) and 10.9% (7.82% to 14.01%), respectively. The magnitude of overweight/obesity was 12.7% (9.3% to 15.9%) where 2.8% (1.1% to 4.4%) of newborns have the double burden of malnutrition. Having a father with a primary level of education 2.82 (1.19 to 6.65) and being stunted at birth 3.17 (1.6 to 6.0) were variables that were associated with increased odds of low birth weight. The odds of being overweight/obese are significantly higher among newborns born to mothers who are urban dwellers 0.35 (0.12 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The study underscores that malnutrition is a pressing public health concern that demands due emphasis. Fathers' educational status (low level) and being stunted are associated with a high burden of low birth weight. Mothers' residency (being urban) is associated with an elevated risk of overweight/obesity among newborns. Thus, improving the health literacy of fathers and preventing stunting at birth are recommended to mitigate low birth weight.

Do adult patients with diabetes mellitus living in rural part of Ethiopia and having poor social support have disproportionately poor self-care practice? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at determining the pooled national percentage of diabetic self-care practice and its determinants among adult diabetic patients in Ethiopian. METHODS: Different electronic databases including PubMed/Medline and search engines such as Google scholar were used to retrieve published studies. The Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal checklists were used to appraise the quality of studies. Data were extracted using excel spreadsheets and analyses were done by STATA 14. Heterogeneity among studies was diagnosed using the I2 test. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was employed for substantial heterogeneity (I2 > 50%). The pooled estimate of diabetic self-care and odds ratio was reported based on the 95% CI. RESULTS: A total of 3861 studies were identified, of which only 19 studies have reached the final qualitative synthesis and quantitative analysis. Well over half of the Ethiopian diabetic patients have good self-care 54.04% (47.07-61.01, I2 = 97.3, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis by region showed that the highest pooled estimate was observed in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples 81.96% (71.85-92.04), I2 = 89.1, p < 0.002), whereas the lowest was from the Harari region 44.53% (32.16-56.89%) I2 = 94%, p < 0.001). Being knowledgeable about diabetes Mellitus 2.69 (1.62, 4.46; I2 = 99%, p < 0.001), having good social support 2.25 (1.49-3.39; I2 = 99%, p = 0.00), owning private glucometer 3.04(1.64, 5.65; I2 = 97.4, P < 0.001), and being urban residents 3.26 (2.24, 4.74; I2 = 96.3%, P < 0.001) promote diabetic victims to apply self-care practice. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the life-threatening complications of diabetes Mellitus, the percentage of patients applying self-care has remained low in Ethiopia, depicting the high proportion of diabetic patients are prone to develop long and short-term sequelae of diabetes Mellitus. Therefore, improving the client's awareness about the disease and counseling clients about the significance of social support are believed to be possible strategies to improve self-care practice and policymakers are strongly recommended to combat complications to attain sustainable development goal 3.4 Aims to reduce premature death. REGISTRATION: The protocol has been registered under the prospective Register of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PROSPERO) and received a unique registration number CRD42020151014.

Anemia and Contributing Factors in Severely Malnourished Infants and Children Aged between 0 and 59 Months Admitted to the Treatment Centers of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Multicenter Chart Review Study.

BACKGROUND: Anemia among severely malnourished children is a double burden that could make the treatment outcome of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) more unfavorable. The burden and the factors are, however, uncovered among children in the Amhara region. Therefore, the study was aimed at determining the prevalence of anemia and identifying contributing factors in severely malnourished children aged between 0 and 59 months admitted to the treatment centers of the Amhara region referral hospitals. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted that included 1,301 infants and children, who developed SAM and were admitted to the three referral hospitals of the Amhara region. Data were extracted using a data extraction checklist. The binary logistic regression analysis was employed to show an association between the dependent and independent variables. Multicollinearity was assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF) and no problem was detected (overall VIF = 1.67). The presence of association was declared based on the p-value (≤0.05), and the adjusted odds ratio with its respective 95% confidence interval was used to report the direction, as well as the strength of association. RESULTS: About 41.43% (95% CI: 38.78%-44.13%) of severely malnourished infants and children have developed anemia, of which around half (47%) of them were under six months old. Rural residence (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.14-2.12) and HIV infection (AOR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.04-3.86) were significantly associated with higher odds of anemia. Furthermore, being exclusively breastfed (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.39-0.83) remarkably reduced the likelihood of anemia. CONCLUSIONS: This data confirms that anemia among severely malnourished infants and children is a public health problem in the Amhara region. Infants younger than six months were at a higher risk of anemia. Being a rural resident and contracting HIV infection have elevated the occurrence of anemia, whereas being exclusively breastfed decreased the risk. Therefore, the study gives an insight to policymakers and planners to strengthen the existing exclusive breastfeeding practice. Strategies being practiced to prevent HIV transmission and early detection, as well as treatment, should also be strengthened. Furthermore, mothers/caretakers of infants and children residing in the rural areas deserve special attention through delivering nutrition education.

Time to recovery from severe acute malnutrition and its predictors: a multicentre retrospective follow-up study in Amhara region, north-west Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the time to recovery from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and its predictors in selected public health institutions in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. DESIGN: An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted using data extracted from 1690 patient cards from September 2012 to November 2016. SETTING: Selected government health institutions in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: Children treated in therapeutic feeding units for SAM were included. OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to recovery from SAM. RESULTS: One thousand and fifty children have recovered from SAM, 62.13% (95% CI 59.8% to 64.5%). The median time to recovery was 16 days (IQR=11-28). Female gender (adjusted HR (AHR)=0.81, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.98), oedematous malnutrition (AHR=0.74 95% CI 0.59 to 0.93), pneumonia (AHR=0.66, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.83), tuberculosis (AHR=0.53, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.77), HIV/AIDS (AHR=0.47, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.79), anaemia (AHR=0.73, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.89) and receiving vitamin A (AHR=1.43, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.82) were notably associated with time to recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The time to recovery in this study was acceptable but the proportion of recovery was far below the minimum standard. Special emphasis should be given to the prevention and treatment of comorbidities besides the therapeutic feeding. Supplementing vitamin A would also help to improve the recovery rate.

Maternal HIV infection and preeclampsia increased risk of low birth weight among newborns delivered at University of Gondar specialized referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, more than 20 million infants are born with low birth weight. The risk of neonatal mortality among low birth weight infants is 25 to 30 times greater than neonates with birth weight ≥ 2500 g. Low birth weight infants are at increased risk of infection, difficulty of feeding, and neurologic problems following birth. So far, the prevalence and factors associated with low birth weight have not been studied in the study area after completion of the time set for millennium development goals. Therefore, the study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among newborns delivered at University of Gondar specialized referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017. METHODS: Institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to May 28, 2017. A total of 240 newborns were included in the study. Systematic random sampling technique was used for selecting study participant's medical record charts from delivery registration log book. Data were collected using data extraction tool. Binary logistic regression followed by multivariable regression model was fitted and interpretation was made based on the adjusted odds ratio and p-value of less than 0.05 with corresponding 95% CI. RESULTS: The prevalence of low birth weight was 12.9% (95%CI: 8.94, 17.83%). No history of preeclampsia (AOR = 0.193, 95%CI: 0.0516, 0.723), negative maternal HIV infection (AOR = 0.015, 95%CI: 0.001, 0.277), and being preterm (AOR = 17.6, 95%CI: 5.18, 60.17) were significantly associated with low birth weight. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The result of this study highlighted that the burden of low birth weight is a public health concern among babies delivered in University of Gondar specialized referral Hospital. Maternal HIV infection, preeclampsia, and prematurity were associated with low birth weight. Prevention and treatment of Human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy, tackling prematurity and prevention of preeclampsia through strengthening of antenatal care service and other comprehensive strategies are strongly recommended.

Prelacteal feeding and associated factors among mothers having children less than 24 months of age, in Mettu district, Southwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Despite prelacteal feeding contravenes with exclusive breastfeeding, it is a prevailing problem in Ethiopia. However, its burden and factors were not investigated in Mettu district. Therefore, the objective of our study was to conduct the burden of prelacteal feeding and its associated factors. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 730 mother-child pairs. Stratified cluster sampling was used. Data were collected by face- to- face interview. Logistic regression model was fitted. RESULTS: A total of 719 mother-child pairs with a response rate of 98.5% were participated. The overall proportion of prelacteal feeding among mothers was 14.2% [95% CI (12.0, 17.0)]. No maternal education [AOR: 3.54 (95% CI 1.7, 6.98)], single ANC visits [AOR: 6.87 (95% CI 3.21, 14.73)], didn't know risks of prelacteal feeding [AOR: 2.73 (95% CI 1.47, 5.05)], colostrums avoidance [AOR: 6.030 (95% CI 3.48, 10.46)], home delivery [AOR: 3.04 (95% Cl 1.60, 5.75] and cesarean delivery [AOR: 4.27 (95% CI 2.28, 7.99)] were significantly associated factors. Prelacteal feeding among mother-child pairs was high. Hence, increasing maternal education and institutional delivery are vital for prompt infant feeding.

Undernutrition and its determinants among Ethiopian adolescent girls: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: In Ethiopia, undernutrition is the common public health concern, swaying the lives of lots of adolescent girls. Its sequelae are not only limited to them, but rather their upcoming offspring are vulnerable too. Even though some studies have been carried out in different parts of the country, the national pooled prevalence and determinants of undernutrition are not known. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the pooled prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. METHODS: Published articles will be retrieved from databases such as Medline and PubMed. Electronic search engines such as Google Scholar and Google will be used. To identify eligible studies, the Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal checklists prepared for different study designs will be used. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist will be used to maintain the scientific robustness of the study. The presence of heterogeneity among studies will be examined by forest plot as well as I2 heterogeneity test. Potential causes of heterogeneity will be explored by carrying out sensitivity and subgroup analyses. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model will be used provided that heterogeneity is observed. Publication bias will be examined by observing funnel plots, and objectively by Egger's regression test. If the funnel plot is asymmetric and/or Egger's test was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05), the trim and fill (Duval and Tweedie's) analysis will be performed. The presence of a statistical association between independent and dependent variables will be declared if the p value is <0.05 with the 95% CI. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Since this is a systematic review and meta-analysis, ethical clearance will not be a concern. The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed reputable journal and presented at different scientific research conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018106180.

Psychotropic medication non-adherence among patients with severe mental disorder attending at Bahir Dar Felege Hiwote Referral hospital, north west Ethiopia, 2017.

OBJECTIVE: Medication non-adherence is a major public health problem that has been called an "invisible epidemic". Globally, non-adherence rates among patients with severe mental illness ranged between 30 and 65%. It greatly increases the risk of illness exacerbation and hospitalizations. However, there is a paucity of studies examining treatment non-adherence and its associated factors among patients with severe mental disorder. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the magnitude of medication non-adherence and associated factors among patients with severe mental disorder. RESULTS: A total of 409 study subjects were participated making a response rate of 92%. The overall prevalence of medication non-adherence was found to be 55.2% (95%, CI; 49.9%, 60.2%). Study participants whose age group of (25-34) [AOR = 3.04 (95% CI 1.27, 7.29)], study subjects taking their medication twice per day [AOR = 4.60 (95% CI 2.25, 9.43)], no social support [AOR = 4.4 (95% CI 1.78, 11.08)] and no insight for their treatment [AOR = 5.88 (CI 2.08, 16.59)] were significantly associated with medication non-adherence. The result of this study showed that non-adherence among patients with severe mental disorder was found to be high. Psychiatry health care providers have to consider the frequency of medication become once per day, continual awareness creation among professionals and engaging significant others for good social support system and continual treatment alliance is strongly commended for adherence.