Chronic pain in elderly caregivers at different levels of frailty. / Dor crônica de idosos cuidadores em diferentes níveis de fragilidade.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are differences in the intensity of chronic pain of elderly caregivers who are frail, pre-frail and non-frail. METHODS: Quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The subjects were 187 elderly caregivers evaluated with a Multidimensional Pain Assessment Scale and the Fried Frailty Phenotype Assessment Components. Descriptive and comparative analyzes, Pearson's chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. RESULTS: 24.1% of the caregivers were frail, 55.1% pre-frail and 20.9% non-frail. The only socio-demographic variable that differed between the three groups was age (p=0.03). Mean pain intensity values were as follows: frail elderly (6.98), pre-frail (6.38) and non-frail (5.85). However, these differences were not significant (p=0.150). CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not find a significant difference in the intensity of chronic pain in elderly. Nevertheless, it is essential that health professionals and health care public policies give special attention to older caregivers.

Comparison of the cognitive performance of elderly caregivers with and without chronic pain.

OBJECTIVE Understanding and characterizing chronic pain in elderly caregivers, verifying the cognitive performance of the elderly of the sample and verifying whether there is difference in the cognitive performance of elderly caregivers with and without chronic pain. METHOD Participants were people aged 60 years or older who lived with another elderly person in the same household and who were registered in Family Health Units. Data collection took place at participants' homes. Pain was assessed by the EMADOR and cognition was assessed by ACE-R. Statistical analyzes were performed using Shapiro-Wilk's and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS The study included 187 elderly caregivers with chronic pain and 133 without chronic pain, with a higher frequency of women. Chronic pain was present in 58.4% of the participants. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, there was no difference between the groups except for the gender variable (p=0.025). No difference was found in cognitive performance among the elderly with chronic pain and those without chronic pain for any domain of the ACE-R instrument. CONCLUSION The results contradicted the initial hypothesis that there would be a difference between the groups; however, there is a gap in the scientific knowledge on chronic pain and cognition, especially in elderly caregivers, opening perspectives for future investigations.

Elderly caregivers living in urban, rural and high social vulnerability contexts.

OBJECTIVE Comparing the differences in the sociodemographic, care and health profiles of elderly caregivers of the elderly living in urban, rural, and high social vulnerability contexts. METHOD A cross-sectional study developed with elderly caregivers enrolled in the Family Health Units of a municipality in the interior of São Paulo. Household interviews and evaluations were conducted on: Activities of Daily Living (ADL), self-reported pain, frailty, cognition, life satisfaction, family functionality, burden, stress and hope. RESULTS A total of 343 elderly caregivers of elderly individuals participated in the study, of which 55.1% lived in an urban context, 23.6% in rural areas, and 21.3% in a context of high social vulnerability. The majority of elderly caregivers were women across the three contexts, with a median age of 67 years and caring for their spouse. Caregivers from regions of high social vulnerability had lower education level, received less emotional and material help to care, were less satisfied with life, more fragile, in more cognitive decline, had worse family functionality and a lower level of hope when compared to caregivers of urban and rural contexts (p≤0.05). However, caregivers from areas of high vulnerability were more independent for ADL. CONCLUSION Professionals working in Primary Care should consider these differences when planning interventions aimed at the specific group of caregivers.

Influence of chronic pain on cognitive performance in elderly caregivers: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: to compare cognitive performance of elderly caregivers with and without chronic pain over four years and verify the effect of pain intensity on cognitive performance of elderly caregivers with chronic pain. METHOD: a longitudinal study with data collected in 2014 and 2018. Community-dwelling elderly caregivers of a Brazilian city participated in the study. Cognition was assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination instrument. Pain was assessed by an 11-point scale. For data analysis, a mixed linear model and ANCOVA with a 5% significance level were used. RESULTS: they were divided into two groups. A cognitive decline over four years was found in elderly people with pain (p=0.02; 95%CI=0.32-4.25), while those without pain did not show a significant change. CONCLUSION: the results show that elderly caregivers with pain had a worse cognitive performance, but when comparing groups with the ANCOVA test for intergroup analysis, there was no difference in cognitive performance.

Cognition and chronic pain: an analysis on community-dwelling elderly caregivers and non-caregivers.

BACKGROUND: In recent years there has been an increasing number of elderly people who care for another elderly person in the same household. These elderly people are more susceptible to overload and the presence of chronic pain, while pain can negatively influence cognitive variables. OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance and cognitive processing of elderly caregivers and non-caregivers with and without chronic pain. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 149 elderly people divided into four groups that were matched according to sex, age and schooling. The tests used were a numerical pain assessment scale, the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACER-R) and cognitive processing through event-related potentials (P300). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between participants with and without chronic pain were found with regard to attention/orientation (p=0.045) and visual-spatial skills (p=0.017), and in the total score (p=0.033). In the pain-free group, the caregivers showed better results than the non-caregivers. There were no effects between subjects or interactions (caregiving and pain factors) either on P300 amplitude or on P300 latency. CONCLUSION: In general, it was observed that pain-free individuals presented better performance. No relationship was observed between the factors care and pain regarding cognitive performance.

Factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain.

OBJECTIVE: to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain. METHOD: the study included people 60 years of age or older who reported chronic pain and cared for another elderly person living in the same household (n=186). Statistical analyzes were performed using the Mann-Whitney test, univariate and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: most participants had no depressive symptoms (70.4%), 24.2% had mild depressive symptoms and 5.4% had severe symptoms. Univariate analysis showed that the variables family income, number of diseases, number of medications in use, pain intensity, overload and perceived stress were associated with depressive symptoms. Multivariate analysis found an association with perceived stress (95% CI 1.101-1207) and number of medications (95% CI 1.139-1.540) in use. CONCLUSION: factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain were stress and the number of medications in use.

Comparison of cognitive performance and aspects of the care context in elderly caregivers in Brazil: A follow-up study.

Cognitive health is important for the quality of life and well-being of elderly caregivers. Cognitive impairments can negatively affect the ability to care for oneself and others. OBJECTIVE: To compare cognitive performance and aspects of the care context in elderly caregivers of older adults in a three-year follow-up investigation. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted of 61 elderly caregivers treated in primary care in a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo with data collected in 2014 and 2017. Sociodemographic characteristics, the care context, cognition, performance for activities of daily living, burden and depressive symptoms were collected in individual interviews. Data analysis was performed to compare categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS: Significant increases were found between baseline and follow-up for the language domain score of the cognitive evaluation (p=0.024), receipt of material support (p=0.020), time providing care (p=0.045) and dependence of elderly care recipient for basic activities of daily living (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: Elderly caregivers performed better on the domain of language, received more material/financial support, spent more time on care and reported greater dependence of the elderly care recipient.

A saúde cognitiva é importante para a qualidade de vida e bem-estar dos cuidadores idosos. O comprometimento cognitivo pode afetar negativamente a capacidade de cuidar de si e dos outros. OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho cognitivo e os aspectos do contexto do cuidado em idosos cuidadores de idosos em uma de acompanhamento de três anos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal com medidas em 2014 e 2017, realizado com 61 cuidadores idosos cadastrados na atenção primária de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Características sociodemográficas, contexto do cuidado, cognição, desempenho nas atividades da vida diária, sobrecarga e sintomas depressivos foram coletados em entrevistas individuais. A análise dos dados foi realizada para comparar variáveis categóricas e contínuas. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados aumentos significativos entre a linha de base e o acompanhamento do escore no domínio da linguagem da avaliação cognitiva (p=0,024), receber ajuda material (p=0,020), tempo de cuidado (p=0,045) e dependência do idoso em relação às atividades básicas da vida diária (p=0,042). CONCLUSÃO: Os cuidadores de idosos tiveram melhor desempenho no campo da linguagem, passaram a receber mais apoio material / financeiro, experimentaram aumentos no tempo gasto no cuidado e na dependência do idoso.

Pain management: education of the adult Intensive Care Unit nursing staff / Gerenciamento da dor: educação da equipe de enfermagem da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva adulta

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Taking into account the complexity and subjectivity of pain for the patient and the need for constant updating of the healthcare team, the objective was to verify the knowledge and care practices of the nursing team regarding pain management in hospitalized adult patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) before and after carrying out an educational activity. METHODS: 32 nurses and nursing technicians who had been working in the ICU for more than six months participated. The stages included the application of the pre-test, educational activity and post-test, addressing assessment scales and pharmacological and non-pharmacological management methods. RESULTS: Regarding the concepts of chronic pain and acute pain, 68% responded that they knew the differences, however 15% answered questions related to acute pain correctly and 3% answered questions related to chronic pain correctly in the pre-test. Regarding prior knowledge about pain assessment scales, 84% knew the Numerical Verbal Scale, 15% knew the Behavioral Pain Scale, and 6% knew the Advanced Dementia Pain Scale; 62% said they had difficulty assessing pain in patients with advanced dementia and/or on mechanical ventilation. In questions related to pharmacological management, 44% got the questions right in the pre-test and 71% got them right in the post-test. Regarding non-pharmacological management, 31% always perform it, and 96% use adequate positioning in bed as a measure. CONCLUSION: After the educational activity, there was an increase in the number of correct answers regarding questions related to assessment scales, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Levando em consideração a complexidade e subjetividade da dor para o paciente e a necessidade de atualização constante da equipe de saúde, objetivou-se verificar o conhecimento e as práticas assistenciais da equipe de enfermagem acerca do manejo da dor de pacientes adultos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) antes e após a realização de uma atividade educativa. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 32 enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem alocados em UTI há mais de seis meses. As etapas compreenderam a aplicação do pré-teste, atividade educativa e pós-teste, abordando escalas de avaliação e métodos de manejo farmacológico e não farmacológico. RESULTADOS: Quanto aos conceitos de dor crônica e dor aguda, 68% responderam que conheciam as diferenças, porém 15% acertaram questões relacionadas à dor aguda e 3% acertaram questões relacionadas à dor crônica no pré-teste. Quanto ao conhecimento prévio sobre as escalas de avaliação da dor, 84% conheciam a Escala Verbal Numérica, 15% conheciam a Behavioral Pain Scale, e 6% conheciam a Escala de dor na Demência Avançada; 62% afirmaram sentirem dificuldade em avaliar a dor em pacientes com demência avançada e/ou em ventilação mecânica. Nas questões relacionadas ao manejo farmacológico, 44% acertaram as questões no pré-teste e 71% acertaram no pós-teste. Em relação ao manejo não farmacológico, 31% realizam sempre, e 96% utilizam como medida o posicionamento adequado no leito. CONCLUSÃO: Após a atividade educativa, houve aumento no número de acertos referente às questões relacionadas às escalas de avaliação, manejo farmacológico e não farmacológico.

Senior caregivers in different housing arrangements: comparison of health and care profiles. / Idosos cuidadores em diferentes arranjos de moradia: comparação do perfil de saúde e de cuidado.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the physical, cognitive and psychological health profile and care context of elder caregivers of the elderly in different home arrangements. METHOD: Quantitative and transversal study with elderly caregivers. The sample consisted of 349 caregivers divided into mono-gerational, bi-gerational and multi-generational housing arrangements. Sociodemographic and care questionnaires and physical, cognitive and psychological health assessment instruments were used for evaluation. The Chi-square distribution and Mann Whitney's U were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Elderly caregivers in mono-generational homes were significantly older and independent for instrumental activities of daily living. In multigenerational households there was a significantly greater proportion of caregivers who considered family income insufficient, received emotional help, and felt overwhelmed and stressed. CONCLUSION: The differences identified between the groups can contribute to the elaboration of care policies and for the health promotion of elderly caregivers.

Brief version of Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) for burden assessment in older caregivers.

The degree of burden related to the demands of daily care provided to a dependent older adult is important to evaluate due to the negative influence exerted on caregivers' physical and psychological health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the validity of the 12-item version of the Zarit Burden Interview administered to older caregivers of community-dwelling older dependent individuals and suggest a cut-off score based on quartiles. METHODS: Three hundred and forty-one older caregivers (mean age: 69.6±7.1 years; 76.8% women) registered with primary healthcare centers were evaluated using the ZBI-12. Additional evaluations addressed stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]) in the older caregivers and the degree of dependence of the older care recipients (Lawton and Brody [L&B]). RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha demonstrated very good internal consistency (α=0.81). Correlations were found between all ZBI-12 items and overall score on the PSS (r=0.53; p<0.01). GDS (r=0.43; p<0.01) and L&B (r= -0.23; p<0.01) scale scores. The PSS demonstrated the strongest correlation with ZBI-12 score and proved to be the standard reference. Based on caregivers with a higher degree of stress considering the PSS score quartiles, a cut-off score of 13 points on the ZBI-12 is suggested for screening burden in community-dwelling older caregivers, but should not be assumed as normative data. CONCLUSION: The ZBI-12 can be considered valid for evaluation of burden in clinical practice and research as a fast, efficient option for screening burden among older caregivers of community-dwelling older adults.

O grau de sobrecarga relacionado às demandas do cuidado diário ao idoso dependente é uma importante medida a ser avaliada por influenciar de modo negativo na saúde física e psicológica do cuidador. OBJETIVO: Analisar a validade da Zarit Burden Interview versão 12 itens (ZBI-12) em idosos cuidadores de idosos da comunidade e sugerir nota de corte de acordo com quartis. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 341 idosos cuidadores (M=69,6±7,1 anos; 76,8% feminino) cadastrados na Estratégia Saúde da Família utilizando a ZBI-12. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas avaliações de estresse (Escala de Estresse Percebido [PSS]) e de sintomas depressivos (Escala de Depressão Geriátrica [GDS]) no idoso cuidador, e avaliada a dependência dos idosos receptores de cuidado (Escala de Atividades da Vida Diária de Lawton e Brody [L&B]). RESULTADOS: As análises por alfa de Cronbach mostraram consistência interna de α=0.81. Foi encontrada correlação entre todos os itens da ZBI-12 e do escore geral com os escores de PSS (r=0,53; p<0,01), GDS (r=0,43; p<0,01) e L&B (r= -0,23; p<0,01). Especificamente, a PSS obteve associação mais estreita com o escore da ZBI-12, se mostrando o padrão-referência. Considerando a divisão por quartil da PSS, para os cuidadores mais estressados, sugere-se nota de corte de 13 pontos na ZBI-12 para rastreio da sobrecarga em idosos cuidadores da comunidade em geral. CONCLUSÃO: A ZBI-12 apresentou boa consistência interna e pode ser considerada válida nessa população. Espera-se que o instrumento auxilie na avaliação da sobrecarga na prática clínica e na pesquisa e se torne uma alternativa de aplicação rápida e eficiente no rastreio de sobrecarga entre cuidadores mais velhos na comunidade.

Factors associated with the development of diabetes mellitus in older caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: evaluate the factors associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus in older caregivers. METHOD: this is a cross-sectional study conducted with 326 older caregivers enrolled in Family Health Units. Data were collected using a sociodemographic characterization questionnaire, clinical and care information, and the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score to assess the risk of developing diabetes. RESULTS: 35.5% of the caregivers presented a high risk of developing diabetes. The factors associated with the risk of developing diabetes were: use of medication (OR = 3.88), satisfactory or poor health assessment (OR = 1.72), and the fact of being female (OR = 0.48). CONCLUSION: more than one third of older caregivers present high risk of developing diabetes. Therefore, being female, living with other people, using medication, and having a poor health assessment are factors associated with increased risk of developing diabetes.

Elderly caregivers of the elderly: frailty, loneliness and depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the association between frailty, loneliness and depressive symptoms of elderly caregivers. METHOD: a cross - sectional study carried out with 341 elderly caregivers enrolled in Family Health Units of a city in the countryside of São Paulo State. The interviews were domiciliary and included questionnaire for characterization of the caregiver, Fried's frailty phenotype, family APGAR (family functionality), Geriatric Depression Scale (depressive symptoms) and item 3 of the Herth Hope Scale (loneliness). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between depressive symptoms and solitude (independent variables), and frailty and pre-frailty (dependent variables). RESULTS: there was an association between frailty, loneliness and depressive symptoms. Elderly caregivers had increased odds of 158% presenting pre-frailty, and 360% of frailty. Elderly caregivers with depressive symptoms had an increased chance of 242% of presenting fragility. CONCLUSION: elderly and lonely caregivers with depressive symptoms are more likely to be frail and pre-frail.

Influência da sobrecarga, estresse e sintomas depressivos na saúde de idosos cuidadores: estudo longitudinal / Influencia de la carga, el estrés y los síntomas depresivos en la salud de los cuidadores de personas mayores: un estudio longitudinal / Influence of burden, stress and depressive symptoms on the health of older adult caregivers: a longitudinal study

Resumo Objetivo analisar o efeito da sobrecarga, do estresse e dos sintomas depressivos sobre as características de saúde de idosos cuidadores de idosos. Métodos estudo quantitativo e longitudinal com 127 idosos cuidadores. As variáveis utilizadas foram caracterização de saúde; sobrecarga; sintomas depressivos e estresse. Realizou-se modelo de regressão linear, teste de Poisson, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados observou-se que um ponto a mais no escore na escala de sobrecarga aumenta em 0,030 o número de doenças (p=0,020) e risco de dor crônica (p=0,005); um ponto a mais no escore na escala de estresse aumenta em 0,058 o número de doenças (p=0,001) e risco para avaliação de saúde regular/ruim (p=<0,001) e dor crônica (p=<0,001); o aumento no escore na escala de sintomas depressivos aumenta o número de doenças (p=<0,001), risco de quedas (p=0,009), avaliação de saúde regular/ruim (p=<0,001) e dor crônica (p=<0,001). Conclusões e implicações para a prática estimativa de piora nos escores das variáveis psicológicas acarreta um risco para o agravamento de características de saúde física dos cuidadores. Com os resultados encontrados, observar-se a necessidade da criação de políticas públicas para os idosos cuidadores, a fim de propiciar uma melhor qualidade de vida.

Resumen Objetivo analizar el efecto de la sobrecarga, el estrés y los síntomas depresivos sobre las características de salud de los cuidadores de ancianos. Métodos estudio cuantitativo y longitudinal con 127 cuidadores de ancianos. Las variables utilizadas fueron caracterización de la salud; sobrecarga; Síntomas depresivos y estrés. Se realizó un modelo de regresión lineal, prueba de Poisson, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados se observó que un punto más en la puntuación de la escala de sobrecarga aumenta en 0,030 el número de enfermedades (p=0,020) y el riesgo de dolor crónico (p=0,005); un punto más en la puntuación de la escala de estrés aumenta en 0,058 el número de enfermedades (p=0,001) y el riesgo de evaluar regular/mala salud (p=<0,001) y dolor crónico (p=<0,001); el aumento de la puntuación en la escala de síntomas depresivos aumenta el número de enfermedades (p=<0,001), riesgo de caídas (p=0,009), valoración regular/mala de la salud (p=<0,001) y dolor crónico (p=<0,001). Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica la estimación del empeoramiento de las puntuaciones de las variables psicológicas conlleva un riesgo de empeoramiento de las características de salud física de los cuidadores. Con los resultados encontrados, se evidencia la necesidad de crear políticas públicas para los cuidadores de adultos mayores, con el fin de brindarles una mejor calidad de vida.

Abstract Objective to analyze the effect of burden, stress, and depressive symptoms on the health characteristics of older adult caregivers of older adults. Method A quantitative and longitudinal study was conducted with 127 older adult caregivers to analyze the effect of burden, stress, and depressive symptoms on their health characteristics. The variables assessed included health characterization, burden, depressive symptoms, and stress. A linear regression model and Poisson test were employed, with a significance level set at 5%. Results The findings revealed that an increase of one point in the burden scale score was associated with a 0.030 increase in the number of diseases (p=0.020) and an increased risk of chronic pain (p=0.005). Similarly, a one-point increase in the stress scale score was associated with a 0.058 increase in the number of diseases (p=0.001), as well as an increased risk of a poor subjective health assessment (p=<0.001) and chronic pain (p=<0.001). Furthermore, an increase in the score on the depressive symptoms scale was associated with an increase in the number of diseases (p=<0.001), risk of falls (p=0.009), poor subjective health assessment (p=<0.001), and chronic pain (p=<0.001). Conclusions and implications for practice The worsening estimate in the scores of psychological variables poses a risk to the deterioration of caregivers' physical health characteristics. The findings underscore the need for the development of public policies aimed at improving the quality of life for older adult caregivers.

Descriptive data in different paper-based cognitive assessments in elderly from the community Stratification by age and education.

Cognitive aging is dynamic and heterogeneous in elderly, thus adequate tools such as paper-based tests are relevant to describe the cognitive profile of this population. OBJECTIVE: To describe different paper-based cognitive assessments tests in elderly people stratified by age and education. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 667 elderly (≥60 years) living in the community was conducted. Sociodemographic information was collected. Global cognition was assessed by the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R), Mini Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS: The findings showed a predominance of women (53.8%), mean age of 71.3 (±7.7) years and 3.6 (±3.5) years of education. The best global cognitive performance and cognitive domain assessment scores were found in the group with higher formal educational level. Each year of education was associated with an increase of up to 10% in scores on the M-ACE and MMSE and up to 11% in ACE-R scores. The mean values of the scores varied according to age, where the 60-69 years group had better scores than other age groups. The correlation matrix between the cognitive tests showed that near perfect correlations (r=1) were frequent in the subgroup with higher education. CONCLUSION: Younger elderly and those with higher educational level had greater global and domain scores. This study describes the scores of elderly for different strata of education and age. In practice, it is important to choose the most suitable screening instrument, considering the characteristics of the elderly.

O envelhecimento cognitivo é dinâmico e heterogêneo, ressaltando a importância de ferramentas adequadas para avaliação da função cognitiva na população idosa brasileira. OBJETIVO: Descrever os dados estratificados em idade e escolaridade do desempenho de idosos em diferentes testes cognitivos baseados em papel. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 667 idosos da comunidade. Informações demográficas foram coletadas. A cognição global foi mensurada pelo Exame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke - Revisado (ACE-R), Mini Exame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke (M-ACE) e pelo Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva, teste T e pelo Coeficiente de Correlação de Person. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos idosos era mulher (53,8%), as médias foram 71,3 (±7,7) anos para idade e 3,6 (±3,5) anos para escolaridade. O melhor desempenho cognitivo global e nos domínios foram nos idosos com maior nível educacional. Cada ano de escolaridade esteve associado com o melhor desempenho em até 10% nos escores de M-ACE e MEEM e até 11% nos escores de ACE-R. Os valores das médias dos escores variaram entre faixas etárias, sendo que o grupo 60-69 anos apresentou melhor desempenho. A matriz de correlação entre os testes cognitivos mostrou que as correlações próximas à perfeição (r=1) aconteceram frequentemente no subgrupo mais escolarizado. CONCLUSÃO: Idosos mais jovens e com maior escolaridade apresentaram melhores escores cognitivos. Esse estudo oferece uma descrição dos dados dos testes cognitivos considerando faixa etária e escolaridade. Na prática, é consistente que a escolha dos testes para o rastreio cognitivo considere as características da população idosa.

Fatores associados à doença renal crônica em idosos cuidadores de idosos / Factores asociados con la enfermedad renal crónica en ancianos cuidadores de ancianos / Factors associated with chronic kidney disease in older adult caregivers of elderly people

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de doença renal crônica em idosos cuidadores de idosos. Método: estudo transversal, realizado no período de janeiro a setembro de 2019 com 111 idosos cuidadores familiares de idosos da atenção primária à saúde. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados o Questionário de Caracterização Sociodemográfica, de Saúde e do Contexto do Cuidado, a Triagem para Doença Renal Oculta, o Exame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke - Versão Revisada, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, o Inventário de Sobrecarga de Zarit e a Escala de Estresse Percebido. Foi realizada estatística descritiva e análise múltipla de regressão logística pelo método stepwise forward (p<0,05). Todos os preceitos éticos foram observados. Resultados: a amostra apresentou predomínio de mulheres, casadas, que ofertavam o cuidado ao cônjuge. Através da triagem para doença renal crônica, constatou-se que 99,1% dos participantes apresentaram alta predisposição para o desenvolvimento da doença renal crônica. Cada acréscimo no número de medicamentos aumenta 1,257 vezes a chance de os idosos cuidadores desenvolverem doença renal crônica. Conclusão: houve predominância de alta predisposição para doença renal crônica na amostra de idosos cuidadores, e o número de medicamentos em uso foi o fator associado a esta predisposição.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados al desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica en ancianos cuidadores de ancianos. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en el período de enero a septiembre de 2019 con 111 ancianos cuidadores familiares de ancianos de la atención primaria de salud. Para la recolección de datos, fueron utilizados el Cuestionario de Caracterización Sociodemográfica, de Salud y del Contexto del Cuidado; la Detección de Enfermedad Renal Crónica Oculta; el Test Cognitivo de Addenbrooke - Versión Revisada; la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica; la Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador de Zarit y la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Se realizaron estadística descriptiva y análisis múltiple de regresión logística por el método stepwise forward (p<0,05). Todos los preceptos éticos fueron observados. Resultados: la muestra presentó predominio de mujeres, casadas, que ofrecían el cuidado al cónyuge. A través de la clasificación de enfermedad renal crónica, se constató que el 99,1% de los participantes presentó alta predisposición para el desarrollo de la enfermedad renal crónica. Cada aumento en el número de medicamentos aumenta 1,257 veces la probabilidad de que los cuidadores mayores desarrollen enfermedad renal crónica. Conclusión: hubo predominancia de alta predisposición para enfermedad renal crónica en la muestra de ancianos cuidadores, y el número de medicamentos en uso fue el factor asociado a esta predisposición.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in older adult caregivers of elderly people. Method: cross-sectional study, carried out from January to September 2019 with 111 older adult family caregivers of elderly people in primary health care. For data collection, the Sociodemographic, Health and Care Context Characterization Questionnaire, the Screening for Occult Kidney Disease, the Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination - Revised Version, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Zarit Burden Inventory and the Perceived Stress Scalewere used. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed using the stepwise forward method (p<0.05). All ethical precepts were observed. Results: the sample showed a predominance of women, married, who offered care to their spouse. Through screening for chronic kidney disease, it was found that 99.1% of the participants had a high predisposition to the development of chronic kidney disease. Each unit of increase in the number of drugs increased the chance of older adult caregivers developing chronic kidney disease by 1,257 times. Conclusion: there was a predominance of high predisposition to chronic kidney disease in the sample of older adult caregivers and the number of drugs in use was the factor associated with this predisposition.

Influence of chronic pain on cognitive performance in elderly caregivers: a longitudinal study / Influência da dor crônica no desempenho cognitivo em cuidadores idosos: estudo longitudinal / Influencia del dolor crónico en el desempeño cognitivo en cuidadores ancianos: un estudio longitudinal

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare cognitive performance of elderly caregivers with and without chronic pain over four years and verify the effect of pain intensity on cognitive performance of elderly caregivers with chronic pain. Method: a longitudinal study with data collected in 2014 and 2018. Community-dwelling elderly caregivers of a Brazilian city participated in the study. Cognition was assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination instrument. Pain was assessed by an 11-point scale. For data analysis, a mixed linear model and ANCOVA with a 5% significance level were used. Results: they were divided into two groups. A cognitive decline over four years was found in elderly people with pain (p=0.02; 95%CI=0.32-4.25), while those without pain did not show a significant change. Conclusion: the results show that elderly caregivers with pain had a worse cognitive performance, but when comparing groups with the ANCOVA test for intergroup analysis, there was no difference in cognitive performance.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o desempenho cognitivo de cuidadores idosos com e sem dor crônica ao longo de quatro anos e verificar o efeito da intensidade da dor no desempenho cognitivo de cuidadores idosos com dor crônica. Método: estudo longitudinal com dados coletados em 2014 e 2018. Participaram do estudo cuidadores idosos residentes na comunidade de um município brasileiro. A cognição foi avaliada usando o Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. A dor foi avaliada por uma escala de 11 pontos. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado um modelo linear misto e ANCOVA com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: foram divididos em dois grupos. Declínio cognitivo ao longo de quatro anos foi encontrado em idosos com dor (p=0,02; IC95%=0,32-4,25), enquanto aqueles sem dor não apresentaram alteração significativa. Conclusão: os resultados mostram que os cuidadores idosos com dor tiveram pior desempenho cognitivo, mas ao comparar os grupos com o teste ANCOVA para análise intergrupos, não houve diferença no desempenho cognitivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el desempeño cognitivo de los cuidadores ancianos con y sin dolor crónico durante cuatro años y verificar el efecto de la intensidad del dolor sobre el desempeño cognitivo de los cuidadores ancianos con dolor crónico. Método: estudio longitudinal con datos recolectados en 2014 y 2018. Los participantes del estudio fueron cuidadores ancianos residentes en la comunidad de un municipio brasileño. La cognición se evaluó mediante el instrumento Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. El dolor se evaluó mediante una escala de 11 puntos. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó un modelo lineal mixto y ANCOVA con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: se dividieron en dos grupos. Se encontró deterioro cognitivo durante cuatro años e ancianos con dolor (p=0,02; IC 95%=0,32-4,25), mientras que aquellos sin dolor no mostraron cambios significativos. Conclusión: los resultados muestran que los cuidadores de ancianos con dolor tuvieron peor desempeño cognitivo, pero al comparar grupos con la prueba ANCOVA para análisis intergrupal, no hubo diferencia en el desempeño cognitivo.

Cognition and chronic pain: an analysis on community-dwelling elderly caregivers and non-caregivers / Cognição e dor crônica: uma análise em idosos cuidadores e não cuidadores residentes na comunidade

ABSTRACT Background: In recent years there has been an increasing number of elderly people who care for another elderly person in the same household. These elderly people are more susceptible to overload and the presence of chronic pain, while pain can negatively influence cognitive variables. Objective: To compare the performance and cognitive processing of elderly caregivers and non-caregivers with and without chronic pain. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 149 elderly people divided into four groups that were matched according to sex, age and schooling. The tests used were a numerical pain assessment scale, the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACER-R) and cognitive processing through event-related potentials (P300). Results: Statistically significant differences between participants with and without chronic pain were found with regard to attention/orientation (p=0.045) and visual-spatial skills (p=0.017), and in the total score (p=0.033). In the pain-free group, the caregivers showed better results than the non-caregivers. There were no effects between subjects or interactions (caregiving and pain factors) either on P300 amplitude or on P300 latency. Conclusion: In general, it was observed that pain-free individuals presented better performance. No relationship was observed between the factors care and pain regarding cognitive performance.

RESUMO Introdução: Nos últimos anos, observou-se crescente número de idosos que realizam o cuidado a outro idoso no mesmo domicílio. Esses idosos estão mais susceptíveis à sobrecarga e à presença de dor crônica, sendo que a dor pode influenciar negativamente as variáveis cognitivas. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho e o processamento cognitivo de cuidadores idosos e não cuidadores com e sem dor crônica. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 149 idosos, divididos em 4 grupos, pareados por sexo, idade e escolaridade. Os testes utilizados foram: escala numérica de avaliação da dor, Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACER-R) e processamento cognitivo por meio de Potenciais Relacionados a Eventos (P300). Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os participantes com e sem dor crônica nos domínios cognitivos atenção/orientação (p=0,045) e habilidades visual-espacial (p=0,017), bem como no escore total do instrumento ACE-R (p=0,033). No grupo sem dor foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre cuidadores e não cuidadores, com melhores resultados no grupo cuidador. Não houve efeitos entre os sujeitos ou interações (fatores de Cuidado e Dor) na amplitude do P300 ou na latência do P300. Conclusão: De maneira geral, observou-se que indivíduos sem dor apresentaram melhor desempenho. Não foi observada relação entre os fatores cuidado e dor no desempenho cognitivo.

Factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain / Factores asociados con síntomas depresivos en carreras de ancianos con dolor crónico / Fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos em idosos cuidadores com dor crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain. Method: the study included people 60 years of age or older who reported chronic pain and cared for another elderly person living in the same household (n=186). Statistical analyzes were performed using the Mann-Whitney test, univariate and multiple logistic regression. Results: most participants had no depressive symptoms (70.4%), 24.2% had mild depressive symptoms and 5.4% had severe symptoms. Univariate analysis showed that the variables family income, number of diseases, number of medications in use, pain intensity, overload and perceived stress were associated with depressive symptoms. Multivariate analysis found an association with perceived stress (95% CI 1.101-1207) and number of medications (95% CI 1.139-1.540) in use. Conclusion: factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly caregivers with chronic pain were stress and the number of medications in use.

RESUMEN Objetivo: para identificar los factores asociados con los síntomas depresivos en cuidadores mayores con dolor crónico. Método: el estudio incluyó a personas de 60 años de edad o mayores que reportaron dolor crónico y cuidaron a otra persona anciana que vive en el mismo hogar (n=186). Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con la prueba de Mann-Whitney, regresión logística univariada y múltiple. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes no tenían síntomas depresivos (70,4%), 24,2% tenían síntomas depresivos leves y 5,4% graves. El análisis univariado mostró que las variables ingreso familiar, número de enfermedades, número de medicamentos en uso, intensidad del dolor, sobrecarga y estrés percibido se asociaron con síntomas depresivos y el análisis multivariado mostró una asociación con el estrés percibido (IC 95% O 1.106 -1,207) y la cantidad de medicamentos (IC 95% O 1,139-1,540) en uso. Conclusión: los factores asociados con los síntomas depresivos en los cuidadores ancianos con dolor crónico fueron el estrés y la cantidad de medicamentos en uso.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos de idosos cuidadores com dor crônica. Método: participaram da pesquisa pessoas com 60 anos ou mais, que relataram dor crônica e que realizam cuidado a outro idoso que mora no mesmo domicílio (n=186). Para as análises estatísticas, foram utilizados os testes de Mann-Whitney, regressão logística univariada e múltipla. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes não apresentou sintomas depressivos (70,4%), 24,2% apresentaram sintomas depressivos leves, e 5,4% severos. A análise univariada mostrou que as variáveis renda familiar, número de doenças, número de medicamentos em uso, intensidade da dor, sobrecarga e estresse percebido apresentaram associação com sintomas depressivos e na análise multivariada verificou-se associação com estresse percebido (IC 95% OR 1,106-1,207) e número de medicamentos (IC 95% OR 1.139-1.540) em uso. Conclusão: foram fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos em idosos cuidadores com dor crônica o estresse e o número de medicamentos em uso.

Comparison of cognitive performance and aspects of the care context in elderly caregivers in Brazil: a follow-up study / Comparação do desempenho cognitivo e aspectos do contexto do cuidado em idosos cuidadores idosos no Brasil: um estudo de acompanhamento

ABSTRACT. Cognitive health is important for the quality of life and well-being of elderly caregivers. Cognitive impairments can negatively affect the ability to care for oneself and others. Objective: To compare cognitive performance and aspects of the care context in elderly caregivers of older adults in a three-year follow-up investigation Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted of 61 elderly caregivers treated in primary care in a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo with data collected in 2014 and 2017. Sociodemographic characteristics, the care context, cognition, performance for activities of daily living, burden and depressive symptoms were collected in individual interviews. Data analysis was performed to compare categorical and continuous variables. Results: Significant increases were found between baseline and follow-up for the language domain score of the cognitive evaluation (p=0.024), receipt of material support (p=0.020), time providing care (p=0.045) and dependence of elderly care recipient for basic activities of daily living (p=0.042). Conclusion: Elderly caregivers performed better on the domain of language, received more material/financial support, spent more time on care and reported greater dependence of the elderly care recipient.

RESUMO. A saúde cognitiva é importante para a qualidade de vida e bem-estar dos cuidadores idosos. O comprometimento cognitivo pode afetar negativamente a capacidade de cuidar de si e dos outros. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho cognitivo e os aspectos do contexto do cuidado em idosos cuidadores de idosos em uma de acompanhamento de três anos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal com medidas em 2014 e 2017, realizado com 61 cuidadores idosos cadastrados na atenção primária de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Características sociodemográficas, contexto do cuidado, cognição, desempenho nas atividades da vida diária, sobrecarga e sintomas depressivos foram coletados em entrevistas individuais. A análise dos dados foi realizada para comparar variáveis categóricas e contínuas. Resultados: Foram encontrados aumentos significativos entre a linha de base e o acompanhamento do escore no domínio da linguagem da avaliação cognitiva (p=0,024), receber ajuda material (p=0,020), tempo de cuidado (p=0,045) e dependência do idoso em relação às atividades básicas da vida diária (p=0,042). Conclusão: Os cuidadores de idosos tiveram melhor desempenho no campo da linguagem, passaram a receber mais apoio material / financeiro, experimentaram aumentos no tempo gasto no cuidado e na dependência do idoso.

Pain and sleeping problems in the elderly / Dor e dificuldade para dormir em idosos

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brazil is going through changes in the sociodemographic profile leading to changes in epidemiological profile and population aging. Considering the increase of the elderly population with chronic noncommunicable disease, and the identification of chronic pain as a public health problem and its persistence associated with the worsening of the quality of sleep, the objective of this study was to identify the association between self-reported sleeping problems and the intensity of chronic pain. METHODS: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted with 187 elderly people living in one of the Family Health Unit areas of the municipality and over 60 years old. A sociodemographic characterization instrument was used with one guiding question about sleeping problems (self-reported) and the Multidimensional Pain Evaluation Scale. RESULTS: Pain was described as moderate and intense, with a higher prevalence in the lumbar, iliac and knee regions, being significantly more intense (p=0.028) in the group of elderly people who have sleeping problems. CONCLUSION: The analyzes allowed to observe an association between sleeping problems and the intensity of chronic pain.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O Brasil apresenta mudanças no perfil sociodemográfico, acarretando mudanças no perfil epidemiológico e no envelhecimento populacional. Considerando o amento da população idosa com doença crônica não transmissível, e identificada a dor crônica como um problema de saúde pública e sua persistência associada à piora da qualidade do sono, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a associação entre dificuldade para dormir autorrelatada e a intensidade da dor crônica. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, descritivo de corte transversal, composto por 187 idosos com mais de 60 anos, residentes em uma das áreas de Unidade de Saúde da Família do município. Foi utilizado um instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfica com uma pergunta norteadora sobre dificuldade para dormir (autorrelatada) e a Escala Multidimensional de Avaliação da Dor. RESULTADOS: A dor foi descrita como moderada e intensa, com maior prevalência nas regiões lombar, ilíaca e joelhos, sendo significativamente mais intensa (p=0,028) no grupo de idosos que tem dificuldade para dormir. CONCLUSÃO: As análises permitiram observar uma associação entre dificuldade para dormir e a intensidade da dor crônica.