Suicidal behaviours and associated factors among residents of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal behaviour is a major public health concern in Africa and a cause of premature mortality. The availability of community epidemiological data in Ethiopia is limited. This study assessed the prevalence of suicidal behaviour and its associated factors in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: Using the Suicide Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), a community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between September and November 2021. Multistage sampling was used to screen 636 participants for suicidal behaviour. The association between suicidal behaviour and other variables was explored using binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The overall estimated prevalence of suicidal behaviour of the respondents in the study was 7.9% (95% CI 5.9% to 10.3%), using the SBQ-R score (>7). One-third of the individuals with lifetime attempts encountered stigma. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that being female (AOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.48 to 5.31), having depression (AOR 6.9, 95% CI 1.98 to 24.57), family history of mental illness (AOR 4.11, 95% CI 1.38 to 12.19), poor social support (AOR 3.86, 95% CI 1.23 to 12.15) and good coping efficacy (AOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.94))were significantly associated for suicidal behaviour with p value less than 0.05. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of suicidal behaviour was relatively higher in this population than in other studies done in Ethiopia. In addition, the current study indicates the presence of suicide stigma, which further influences poor health-seeking behaviours. The factors significantly associated with suicidal behaviour in this study included being female, having a family history of mental illness, poor social support, poor coping self-efficacy and depressive symptoms. Findings warrant the attention of policy-makers in early screening of depression, developing preventive measures targeting risk factors and enhancing access to mental healthcare services.

Psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: A brief review with two case-reports.

Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus is a severe neurological and psychiatric manifestation following systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus is a global concern with limited data on its impact on quality of life in Africa. Furthermore, there is a lack of published research on neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in Ethiopia. In this article, we present two case reports of Ethiopian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, highlighting the challenges of diagnosing neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus worldwide. Although the patients were treated with alternative pharmacological agents based on available medications, interdisciplinary collaboration between psychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and internists is necessary to decrease the burden of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations. Overall, symptomatic therapy for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in developing countries is a good approach until future evidence-based pharmacotherapy is developed.

Association of Khat Use Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder Among Inmates in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: To examine the relationship between khat use disorder and antisocial personality disorder in newly admitted inmates in a correctional facility in Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study using successive sampling was conducted among 411 new inmates from April 20 to July 19, 2019. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test was utilized to measure khat use. DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were used to identify antisocial personality disorder. Environmental, criminal, and clinical backgrounds of the inmates were also evaluated.Results: The prevalence of current khat use and khat use disorder was 49.4% and 37%, respectively. The prevalence of khat use disorder among inmates with antisocial personality disorder was 76%. Inmates with antisocial personality disorder were twice as likely as those without antisocial personality disorder to have khat use disorder (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4). Punishment for misconduct in prior imprisonment (AOR = 3; 95% CI, 1.6-5.3), family history of alcohol use (AOR = 2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.5), and chronic physical illness (AOR = 5.3; 95% CI, 2.4-11.8) were significantly associated with khat use disorder.Conclusions: The prevalence of khat use disorder was higher among inmates with antisocial personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder is linked to khat use disorder. The findings of this study suggest the need for the establishment of a mental health system in all prison institutions in Ethiopia to enhance early screening for underlying medical conditions, history of substance use, and antisocial personality disorder. Those inmates with identified substance use need detoxification therapy and motivational interviews after prison admission.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2023;25(5):22m03470. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

A case report of anorexia nervosa in a 23-year-old Ethiopian woman.

Key Clinical Messages: Limited studies on AN in Africa, including Ethiopia. Internet and media have changed body image portrayal in developing countries. A need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, training on positive coaching styles, and future research. Abstract: The Global Burden of Disease had estimated anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa to be 13.6 million people. The lifetime prevalence of AN ranges from 2.4 to 4.3 percent. During their lifetime, up to 4% of females and up to 0.3% of males suffer from anorexia nervosa. Studies assessing AN in Africa, including Ethiopia, are limited. This case report describes a 23-year-old female patient who presented with anorectic symptoms and signs in Ethiopia. This case report describes a 23-year-old female patient who participated in sports activities. She had a low body weight based on a BMI of 13.15 kg/m2 and lost around 10 kg within the past 6 months. She feared gaining weight or becoming fat, thus restricting food intake. The findings on psychiatric evaluation encompassing detailed history and mental state examination suggested the diagnosis of Extreme anorexia nervosa, restricting type; adult malnutrition; major depressive disorder (MDD) (in remission); low risk of aggression; low risk of suicide; severe functional impairment. The general management principles implemented in this patient included assessment of medical complications, weight restoration, psychological intervention, medication for comorbid depression, and long-term psychological and biological treatment follow-up to avoid relapse. The presented case of a 23-year-old Ethiopian female patient who is athletic shows weight-controlled sports activities and the manifestation of anorexia nervosa. Easy access to the Internet and media has changed body image portrayal in developing countries including Ethiopia. There is a need for a multidisciplinary approach involving psychiatrists, psychologists, internists, and nutritionists for the management of AN. The early screening and management of medical complications are crucial. There is a need for close monitoring of vital signs, restriction of caffeine, excess fluid, and salt, and limiting excessive exercise. Furthermore, to assess micronutrient deficiencies, vitamin supplements should be prescribed in the form of multivitamin and thiamine preparations. The need for future training about positive coaching styles for coaches is mandatory to reduce the future impacts on young athletes. There is a need for future research on eating disorders in developing countries such as Ethiopia.