Insight in Quinazoline-based HDAC Inhibitors as Anti-cancer Agents.

Cancer remains a primary cause of death globally, and effective treatments are still limited. While chemotherapy has notably enhanced survival rates, it brings about numerous side effects. Consequently, the ongoing challenge persists in developing potent anti-cancer agents with minimal toxicity. The versatile nature of the quinazoline moiety has positioned it as a pivotal component in the development of various antitumor agents, showcasing its promising role in innovative cancer therapeutics. This concise review aims to reveal the potential of quinazolines in creating anticancer medications that target histone deacetylases (HDACs).

Role of CD44 as cancer stem cell marker in triple-negative breast cancer and its association with histological grade and angiogenesis.

Introduction: Cancer stem cells (CSC) within the tumors play a central role in tumorigenesis. It is, thus, of utmost importance to identify these cells to develop effective cancer therapy. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive molecular subtype of breast cancer associated with poor patient outcomes. The role of CD44 immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a putative CSC in breast carcinomas, particularly of the TNBC-subtype is ambiguous, with equivocal results. Aims and Objectives: The present study aims to assess the role of CSC in breast carcinoma by immunohistochemical analysis of CD44 expression in TNBC. The association of TNBC expressing CSC with histological grade as well as with angiogenesis (using CD34 IHC) has been studied. Materials and Methods: Biopsy samples from 58 patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma, NST were studied. The histology of the tumor was sub-classified into grades 1-3. Based on immunohistochemical analysis (ER, PR, HER2/Neu), the cases were divided into TNBC and NTNBC groups. The tissue sections were also subjected to analysis for CD44 to identify the CSC-phenotype and CD34 to evaluate angiogenesis, to determine the microvascular density (MVD). Results: Out of the 58 cases in the study, 28 were TNBC and 30 were NTNBC. CSC phenotype (CD44 positive) was expressed significantly higher in the TNBC (78%) versus the NTNBC (53%) (p-value 0.043). The MVD estimated using CD34 IHC was lower in the TNBC group in our study, though the difference was not statistically significant. A larger proportion of cases in TNBC showed a higher histological grade (35%) in comparison to NTNBC (27%). However, statistically, it was not significant. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that CD44 as a CSC marker is seen significantly more in the TNBC category of invasive ductal carcinomas. Further large-scale studies, to confirm these findings, will be of potential therapeutic and prognostic value.

'Scrotal "Sack" - A Bag of Worms': Scrotal Arteriovenous Malformation.

Scrotal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an unusual entity with its own important clinical implications. Described only as a few case reports in medical literature, it not only can cause life-threatening haemorrhage because of its superficial location in the scrotum but also can result in infertility. We report the case of a 35-year-old man who had a progressively increasing scrotal swelling for almost 20 years and now presented for infertility workup. He had oligospermia on semen analysis with a normal testosterone level and no history of testicular infection or scrotal surgery. On scrotal sonography and computed tomography angiography, he was diagnosed to have bilateral scrotal AVMs which may have resulted in his oligospermia. Pre-operative embolisation and surgery was offered as a treatment option which the patient declined and was lost to follow-up. However, this case describes scrotal AVM as an important and possibly correctable cause of infertility. Usually diagnosed as scrotal lymphedema clinically, the case has been reported so that the clinician should be aware of this entity as a plausible cause of male infertility and the treatment could be refined and accelerated.

Anaplasia in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: An under reported entity.

Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Anaplasia is a rare phenomenon seen in childhood RMS. The most common histologic subtype was Embryonal followed by Alveolar and spindle subtype. Design: A total of 11 cases of pediatric RMS were selected from January 2017 to June 2019 presenting at various sites. Out of 11 cases, 2 were further diagnosed as Embryonal, 2 as Alveolar, 2 as Pleomorphic, 1 as Spindle subtype and rest 4 as RMS-NOS based on morphology. All cases were positive for Desmin. The presence of cells with lobated, hyperchromatic nuclei at least three times larger than the tumor cell (anaplastic cells) was selected as the main criterion to diagnose Anaplasia. Results: Out of the total 11 cases, anaplasia was seen in 7 cases. Out of these seven, five cases showed Focal Anaplasia (FA) (71.4%) and 2 cases showed Diffuse Anaplasia (DA) (28.6%). Out of 2 cases of Embryonal RMS one exhibited focal anaplasia (50%). One case of Spindle RMS showed diffuse anaplasia, 2 cases of pleomorphic RMS showed focal anaplasia. Out of 3 cases of RMS- NOS, 2 exhibited focal anaplaisa and one displayed Diffuse anaplasia. Both Alveolar RMS had no features of anaplasia. Conclusion: Presence of Anaplasia is a frequent observation in pediatric RMS. Anaplasia is often under reported in pediatric RMS. Pathologist should be more aware of this rare phenomenon.

Unusual presentation of adult Marfan syndrome as a complex diaphragmatic hiatus hernia.

Marfan syndrome is multisystem connective tissue disorder that primarily involves the skeletal, cardiovascular, and ocular systems. The gastrointestinal complications in Marfan syndrome are rare, with only a few case reports described in the literature. We present a 25-year-old woman who presented with acute abdominal pain for 1 day. The imaging features revealed complex diaphragmatic hiatus hernia with organoaxial gastric volvulus. This is a unique case report about an adult patient with Marfan syndrome who presented with symptomatic paraesophageal hernia and organoaxial gastric volvulus.

Genome level analysis of bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria.

Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides which are ribosomally synthesized by mainly all bacterial species. LABs (lactic acid bacteria) are a diverse group of bacteria that include around 20 genera of various species. Though LABs have a tremendous potential for production of anti-microbial peptides, this group of bacteria is still underexplored for bacteriocins. To study the diversity among bacteriocin encoding clusters and the putative bacteriocin precursors, genome mining was performed on 20 different species of LAB not reported to be bacteriocin producers. The phylogenetic tree of gyrB, rpoB, and 16S rRNA were constructed using MEGA6 software to analyze the diversity among strains. Putative bacteriocins operons identified were found to be diverse and were further characterized on the basis of physiochemical properties and the secondary structure. The presence of at least two cysteine residues in most of the observed putative bacteriocins leads to disulphide bond formation and provide stability. Our data suggests that LABs are prolific source of low molecular weight non modified peptides.

Sonographic and MR features of puerperal uterine inversion.

Puerperal uterine inversion is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication of a mismanaged third stage of labour. Early diagnosis is mandatory for proper management of the patient. Complete uterine inversion is a clinical diagnosis. However, incomplete uterine inversion is difficult to identify and warrants further workup. Sonographic evaluation, although a bedside procedure, may be confusing. The conspicuity of findings is much greater on MR examination than on ultrasound. Only a few diagnostic imaging findings in uterine inversion have been described in previous reports. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman who had a full-term vaginal delivery and presented after 20 days with acute urinary retention and mild vaginal bleeding. She was diagnosed as a case of neglected subacute incomplete uterine inversion. Both greyscale and Doppler sonographic and MR features of the case are described with an emphasis on better delineation of uterine and adnexal anatomy on MR imaging.

MR in complete dorsal pancreatic agenesis: Case report and review of literature.

The morphogenesis of the pancreas is a complex process having a very low frequency of anatomic variation. The congenital anomalies are rare. Complete pancreatic and ventral pancreatic agenesis are incompatible with life. Dorsal pancreatic agenesis is exceedingly rare with less than 100 cases reported in the world literature. Patients with this anomaly may be asymptomatic or may present with abdominal pain, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, and acute or chronic pancreatitis. Such anomalies are rarely reported; therefore, clinical awareness of agenesis of the dorsal pancreas as a cause of these symptoms can expand the differential diagnosis and improve patient management.

Isolated primary craniosynostosis in an adult: Imaging findings of a case.

Craniosynostosis means premature closure of calvarial sutures. It may be primary or secondary. The patient presents with unexplained neuropsychological impairment and radiological imaging clinches the diagnosis. We present a case of 31-year-old female having primary isolated craniosynostosis who survived into adulthood without any surgical intervention. The imaging findings of such a case are rarely described in the literature.

Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis with calvarial exostosis - Case report and review of literature.

Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL), also known as Haberland syndrome, is a rare syndrome with unknown etiology. The syndrome is characterized by a triad of unique cutaneous, ocular, and central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. The cutaneous hallmark, nevus psiloliparus (NP), along with overlying alopecia is a constant feature. Choristoma of the eyelid is the most common ocular manifestation, while intracranial lipoma is the predominant CNS finding. Genetic counseling is required to emphasize that the disorder, although congenital, is not inheritable. We present a 21-year-old female with cutaneous, ocular, and CNS features satisfying the diagnostic criteria for ECCL. To our knowledge, this is the first case of ECCL having a large temporal exostosis. The objective of this article is to better understand the phenotypic spectrum of this syndrome whose molecular basis is still unknown.

Sylvian fissure lipoma with angiomatous component and associated brain malformation: A case report.

Intracranial lipomas are congenital malformations. These uncommon lesions have an incidence of 0.1 to 1.7% of all intracranial tumors. Most cases are located at midline and 5% are along the sylvian fissures. If symptomatic, seizures are the most common symptom. These tumors are slow growing and have favorable outcome. We report a case of a 25-year-old man whose CT and MRI revealed a lesion in right sylvian fissure suggesting a lipoma with abnormal vasculature and overlying cortical dysplasia.

Bouveret's Syndrome: 64-Slice CT Diagnosis and Surgical Management-A Case Report.

Gastric outlet obstruction caused by duodenal impaction of a large gallstone migrated through a cholecystoduodenal fistula has been referred to as Bouveret's syndrome. We present a case of gallstone-induced duodenal obstruction in an elderly female patient, diagnosed on a 64-slice MDCT scanner. One-stage surgery, that is, stone removal and cholecystectomy, was performed resulting in relief of obstruction and complete cure. Clinical features, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings, and surgical management are discussed.