A single dose of cocaine raises SV2A density in hippocampus of adolescent rats.

OBJECTIVE: Cocaine is a highly addictive psychostimulant that affects synaptic activity with structural and functional adaptations of neurons. The transmembrane synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) of pre-synaptic vesicles is commonly used to measure synaptic density, as a novel approach to the detection of synaptic changes. We do not know if a single dose of cocaine suffices to affect pre-synaptic SV2A density, especially during adolescence when synapses undergo intense maturation. Here, we explored potential changes of pre-synaptic SV2A density in target brain areas associated with the cocaine-induced boost of dopaminergic neurotransmission, specifically testing if the effects would last after the return of dopamine levels to baseline. METHODS: We administered cocaine (20 mg/kg i.p.) or saline to rats in early adolescence, tested their activity levels and removed the brains 1 hour and 7 days after injection. To evaluate immediate and lasting effects, we did autoradiography with [3H]UCB-J, a specific tracer for SV2A, in medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and dorsal and ventral areas of hippocampus. We also measured the striatal binding of [3H]GBR-12935 to test cocaine's occupancy of the dopamine transporter at both times of study. RESULTS: We found a significant increase of [3H]UCB-J binding in the dorsal and ventral sections of hippocampus 7 days after the cocaine administration compared to saline-injected rats, but no differences 1 hour after the injection. The [3H]GBR-12935 binding remained unchanged at both times. CONCLUSION: Cocaine provoked lasting changes of hippocampal synaptic SV2A density after a single exposure during adolescence.

Autoradiographic characterization of [18 F]PSMA-1007 binding in rat brain.

Carboxypeptidase II (CBPII) in brain metabolizes the neuroactive substance N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate (NAGG) to yield the elements of glutamate and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA). In peripheral organs, CBPII is known as prostrate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which presents an important target for nuclear medicine imaging in prostate cancer. Available PSMA ligands for PET imaging do not cross the blood-brain barrier, and there is scant knowledge of the neurobiology of CBPII, despite its implication in the regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. In this study we used the clinical PET tracer [18 F]-PSMA-1007 ([18 F]PSMA) for an autoradiographic characterization of CGPII in rat brain. Ligand binding and displacement curves indicated a single site in brain, with KD of about 0.5 nM, and Bmax ranging from 9 nM in cortex to 19 nM in white matter (corpus callosum and fimbria) and 24 nM in hypothalamus. The binding properties of [18 F]PSMA in vitro should enable its use for autoradiographic investigations of CBPII expression in animal models of human neuropsychiatric conditions.

PET imaging reveals early and progressive dopaminergic deficits after intra-striatal injection of preformed alpha-synuclein fibrils in rats.

Alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can aggregate and form toxic oligomers and insoluble fibrils which are the main component of Lewy bodies. Intra-neuronal Lewy bodies are a major pathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD). These fibrillar structures can act as seeds and accelerate the aggregation of monomeric a-syn. Indeed, recent studies show that injection of preformed a-syn fibrils (PFF) into the rodent brain can induce aggregation of the endogenous monomeric a-syn resulting in neuronal dysfunction and eventual cell death. We injected 8 µg of murine a-syn PFF, or soluble monomeric a-syn into the right striatum of rats. The animals were monitored behaviourally using the cylinder test, which measures paw asymmetry, and the corridor task that measures lateralized sensorimotor response to sugar treats. In vivo PET imaging was performed after 6, 13 and 22 weeks using [11C]DTBZ, a marker of the vesicular monoamine 2 transporter (VMAT2), and after 15 and 22 weeks using [11C]UCB-J, a marker of synaptic SV2A protein in nerve terminals. Histology was performed at the three time points using antibodies against dopaminergic markers, aggregated a-syn, and MHCII to evaluate the immune response. While the a-syn PFF injection caused only mild behavioural changes, [11C]DTBZ PET showed a significant and progressive decrease of VMAT2 binding in the ipsilateral striatum. This was accompanied by a small progressive decrease in [11C]UCB-J binding in the same area. In addition, our histological analysis revealed a gradual spread of misfolded a-syn pathology in areas anatomically connected to striatum that became bilateral with time. The striatal a-syn PFF injection resulted in a progressive unilateral degeneration of dopamine terminals, and an early and sustained presence of MHCII positive ramified microglia in the ipsilateral striatum and substantia nigra. Our study shows that striatal injections of a-syn fibrils induce progressive pathological synaptic dysfunction prior to cell death that can be detected in vivo with PET. We confirm that intrastriatal injection of a-syn PFFs provides a model of progressive a-syn pathology with loss of dopaminergic and synaptic function accompanied by neuroinflammation, as found in human PD.

Serotonin-2B receptor (5-HT2BR) expression and binding in the brain of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice and in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue.

Despite well-documented dysregulation in central serotonergic signaling in Alzheimer's disease (AD), knowledge about the potential involvement of the serotonin-2B receptor (5-HT2BR) subtype remains sparse. Here, we assessed the levels of 5-HT2BRs in brain tissue from APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (TG) mice, AD patients, and adult microglial cells. 5-HT2BR mRNA was measured by RT-qPCR in ageing TG and wild-type (WT) mice, in samples from the middle frontal gyrus of female, AD and control subjects, and in microglia from the cerebral cortex of WT mice. The density of 5-HT2BRs was measured by autoradiography using [3H]RS 127445. Both mouse and human brains had low levels of 5-HT2BR mRNA. In whole-brain mouse samples, mRNA expression was significantly lower in TG mice compared to WT at > 18 months of age. In the Aß-plaque-burdened neocortex and hippocampus of old TG mice, however, levels of 5-HT2BR mRNA were two-fold higher over control, with similar elevations observed in the Aß-plaque-burdened frontal cortex of human AD patients. 5-HT2BR mRNA expression varied widely in adult microglia and was higher compared to other cortical cell subtypes. In mice, specific [3H]RS-127445 binding in the cortex was first detected after 3 months of age. The density of 5-HT2BRs was low and overall reduced in TG, compared to WT mice. Binding was detectable but too low to be reliably quantified in the human cortex. Our results document Aß-associated increases in 5-HT2BR mRNA expression and suggest reduced receptor binding in the context of AD. Studies investigating the functional involvement of microglial 5-HT2BRs in AD are considered relevant.

In vivo imaging of synaptic SV2A protein density in healthy and striatal-lesioned rats with [11C]UCB-J PET.

The number of functionally active synapses provides a measure of neural integrity, with reductions observed in neurodegenerative disorders. [11C]UCB-J binds to synaptic vesicle 2A (SV2A) transmembrane protein located in secretory vesicles. We aimed to assess [11C]UCB-J PET as an in vivo biomarker of regional cerebral synaptic SV2A density in rat lesion models of neurodegeneration. Healthy anesthetized rats had [11C]UCB-J PET and arterial blood sampling. We compared different models describing [11C]UCB-J brain uptake kinetics to determine its regional distribution. Blocking studies were performed with levetiracetam (LEV), an antiepileptic SV2A antagonist. Tracer binding was measured in rodent unilateral acute lesion models of Parkinsonism and Huntington's disease, induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and quinolinic acid (QA), respectively. [3H]UCB-J autoradiography was performed in postmortem tissue. Rat brain showed high and fast [11C]UCB-J uptake and washout with up to 80% blockade by LEV. [11C]UCB-J PET showed a 6.2% decrease in ipsilateral striatal SV2A binding after 6-OHDA and 39.3% and 55.1% decreases after moderate and high dose QA confirmed by autoradiography. In conclusion, [11C]UCB-J PET provides a good in vivo marker of synaptic SV2A density which can potentially be followed longitudinally along with synaptic responses to putative neuroprotective agents in models of neurodegeneration.

Neonatal domoic acid alters in vivo binding of [11C]yohimbine to α2-adrenoceptors in adult rat brain.

RATIONALE: Epilepsy is a debilitating seizure disorder that affects approximately 50 million people. Noradrenaline reduces neuronal excitability, has anticonvulsant effects and is protective against seizure onset. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the role of α2-adrenoceptors in vivo in a neonatal domoic acid (DOM) rat model of epilepsy. METHODS: We injected male Sprague-Dawley rats daily from postnatal day 8-14 with saline or one of two sub-convulsive doses, 20 µg/kg (DOM20) or 60 µg/kg (DOM60) DOM, an AMPA/kainate receptor agonist. The rats were observed in open field, social interaction and forced swim tests at day 50, 75 and 98, respectively. At ~120 days of age, four rats per group were injected and scanned with [11C]yohimbine, an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, and scanned in a Mediso micro positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to measure α2-adrenoceptor binding. RESULTS: DOM60-treated rats spent more time in the periphery during the open field test and had a significant 26-33 % reduction in [11C]yohimbine binding in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and orbital prefrontal cortex compared to saline-treated rats. On the other hand, DOM20 rats had a significant 34-40 % increase in [11C]yohimbine binding in the hypothalamus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex compared to saline-treated rats, with no obvious behavioural differences. CONCLUSIONS: The current data clearly indicate that low concentrations of DOM given to rats in their second week of life induces long-term changes in α2-adrenoceptor binding in rat brain that may have relevance to the progression of an epilepsy phenotype.