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1.
Eur J Appl Physiol ; 121(7): 2077-2090, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33821332

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Vitamin D (Vit-D) supplementation has been shown to increased muscle strength in young adults. It remains unclear if Vit-D supplementation enhances the efficacy of resistance training (RT). This study tested the hypothesis that Vit-D supplementation would enhance the RT-induced increases in muscle strength and lean body mass (LBM) in Vit-D deficient young men. METHODS: Thirty-nine men (baseline serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol L‒1) were quasi-randomly assigned to one of the two groups that performed a 12-week supervised RT program concomitant with either Vit-D (8000 IU daily; VD) or placebo (PLC) supplementation. RESULTS: During 12-week RT, energy and nutrient (except Vit-D) intake and training loads did not differ in the two groups. Serum 25(OH)D levels increased from 36.3 ± 9.2 to 142.4 ± 21.9 nmol L‒1 (P < 0.05) in VD group and remained unchanged between 36.3 ± 8.9 and 29.4 ± 6.6 nmol L‒1 (P > 0.05) in PLC group. Muscle strength (1-repetition maximum) increased (P < 0.05) to an equal extent in the two groups in 5 exercises performed on RT equipment, whereas strength gains in chest press and seated row were greater (P < 0.05) in PLC compared to VD group. Total and regional LBM (measured by DXA scan) increased (P < 0.05) equally in the two groups. Android fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) in VD group only. CONCLUSION: Vit-D supplementation does not enhance the efficacy of RT in terms of muscle strength and LBM gains in Vit-D deficient young healthy men.


Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Treinamento Resistido , Deficiência de Vitamina D/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência de Vitamina D/fisiopatologia , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
2.
Medicina (Kaunas) ; 55(4)2019 Apr 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31013820

RESUMO

Background and objectives: In temperate environments, acute orally induced metabolic alkalosis alleviates exercise stress, as reflected in attenuated stress hormone responses to relatively short-duration exercise bouts. However, it is unknown whether the same phenomenon occurs during prolonged exercise in the heat. This study was undertaken with aim to test the hypothesis that ingestion of an alkalizing substance (sodium citrate; CIT) after dehydrating exercise would decrease blood levels of stress hormones during subsequent 40 km cycling time-trial (TT) in the heat. Materials and Methods: Male non-heat-acclimated athletes (n = 20) lost 4% of body mass by exercising in the heat. Then, during a 16 h recovery period prior to TT in a warm environment (32 °C), participants ate the prescribed food and ingested CIT (600 mg·kg-1) or placebo (PLC) in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with 7 days between the two trials. Blood aldosterone, cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone concentrations were measured before and after TT. Results: Total work performed during TT was similar in the two trials (p = 0.716). In CIT compared to PLC trial, lower levels of aldosterone occurred before (72%) and after (39%) TT (p ˂ 0.001), and acute response of aldosterone to TT was blunted (29%, p ˂ 0.001). Lower cortisol levels in CIT than in PLC trial occurred before (13%, p = 0.039) and after TT (14%, p = 0.001), but there were no between-trial differences in the acute responses of cortisol, prolactin or growth hormone to TT, or in concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone before or after TT (in all cases p > 0.05). Conclusions: Reduced aldosterone and cortisol levels after TT and blunted acute response of aldosterone to TT indicate that CIT ingestion during recovery after dehydrating exercise may alleviate stress during the next hard endurance cycling bout in the heat.


Assuntos
Aldosterona/sangue , Desidratação/dietoterapia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Citrato de Sódio/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Estônia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Teste de Esforço , Hormônio do Crescimento/sangue , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Masculino , Resistência Física , Prolactina/sangue , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo
3.
Medicina (Kaunas) ; 54(6)2018 Dec 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30563153

RESUMO

Background and Objectives: Only a few studies have reported the pre-practice hydration status in soccer players (SPs) who train in a cool climate. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the hydration status of male semiprofessional SPs immediately before their regular training session in winter. The secondary purpose was to compare the urinary indices of the hydration status of Estonian and Latvian SPs. Materials and Methods: Pre-training urine samples were collected from 40 Estonian (age 22.1 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.7 ± 3.9 years) and 41 Latvian (age 20.8 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.3 ± 3.0 years) SPs and analyzed for urine specific gravity (USG). The average outdoor temperature during the sample collection period (January⁻March) was between -5.1 °C and 0.2 °C (Estonia) and -1.9 °C and -5.0 °C (Latvia). Results: The average pre-training USG of Estonian and Latvian SPs did not differ (P = 0.464). Pooling the data of Estonian and Latvian SPs yielded a mean USG value of 1.021 ± 0.007. Hypohydration (defined as a USG ≥ 1.020) was evident altogether in fifty SPs (61.7%) and one of them had a USG value greater than 1.030. Conclusions: Estonian and Latvian SPs do not differ in respect of USG and the prevalence of pre-training hypohydration is high in this athletic cohort. These findings suggest that SPs as well as their coaches, athletic trainers, and sports physicians should be better educated to recognize the importance of maintaining euhydration during the daily training routine in wintertime and to apply appropriate measures to avoid hypohydration.


Assuntos
Clima Frio , Estado de Hidratação do Organismo/fisiologia , Futebol/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Coortes , Desidratação/urina , Estônia , Humanos , Letônia , Masculino , Concentração Osmolar , Estações do Ano , Gravidade Específica , Urina/química , Adulto Jovem
4.
Eur J Appl Physiol ; 115(2): 387-96, 2015 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25327884

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Similarly to a wrestling match, upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test elicits severe acidosis. This study aimed to determine whether sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion would help to better maintain peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) output across four consecutive UBISP tests simulating wrestling matches of a competition-day. METHODS: In a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover manner, 11 trained wrestlers ingested either placebo (PLC) or CIT (900 mg kg(-1)) within a 17-h supplementation period. Thereafter they completed four (T1-T4) 6-min UBISP tests interspersed with 30-min recovery periods. RESULTS: Compared with PLC, CIT supplementation resulted in a persistent increase (P < 0.05) in blood HCO3 (-) concentration and pH: pre-T1 25.6 % and 0.08 units, post-T4 39.1 % and 0.14 units, respectively. Post-T1 blood lactate concentration in CIT (16.1 ± 3.8 mmol L(-1)) was higher (P = 0.037) than that in PLC (13.7 ± 2.3 mmol L(-1)). Decrease in plasma volume across the supplementation period and UBISP tests was greater (P = 0.03) in PLC (-6.91 ± 4.37 %) than in CIT (-1.51 ± 4.34 %). There was an overall decrease (P = 0.028) in ratings of perceived exertion in CIT compared with PLC, but no between-trial difference (P > 0.05) in PP or MP in any UBISP test occurred. CONCLUSION: In trained wrestlers, CIT ingestion induces alkalosis, counteracts reduction in plasma volume, increases post-test blood lactate concentration and reduces perceived exertion, but does not improve PP or MP attained in consecutive UBISP tests simulating four wrestling matches of a competition-day.


Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Citratos/farmacologia , Exercício Físico , Tronco/fisiologia , Luta Romana/fisiologia , Adulto , Citratos/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Competitivo/efeitos dos fármacos , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Esforço Físico/efeitos dos fármacos , Volume Plasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Citrato de Sódio
5.
Eur J Appl Physiol ; 115(4): 813-23, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25471273

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Dietary supplements inducing alkalosis have been shown to be ergogenic during intense endurance exercise in temperate environments, but there is lack of data regarding the efficacy of these substances in the heat. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion on 5,000-m running performance in a warm environment. METHODS: Sixteen non-heat-acclimated endurance-trained males (age 25.8 ± 4.4 years, VO2peak 56.9 ± 4.7 mL kg min) completed two 5,000-m self-paced treadmill runs with preceding CIT or placebo (wheat flour; PLC) ingestion in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner in a climatic chamber (air temperature 32 °C, relative humidity 50 %). RESULTS: CIT ingestion (500 mg kg(-1) body mass) compared to PLC induced increases in water retention, body mass and plasma volume (P < 0.05). Pre- and post-exercise blood HCO3 (-) concentration, base excess and pH were higher (P < 0.001) in CIT compared to PLC trial. Rectal temperature, body heat storage, heat storage rate, heart rate and 5,000-m running time (18.92 ± 2.05 min in CIT, 19.11 ± 2.38 min in PLC; 66 % likelihood of benefit, d = -0.09) were similar (P > 0.05) in the two trials. Post-exercise blood lactate concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in CIT (11.05 ± 3.22 mmol L(-1)) compared to PLC trial (8.22 ± 2.64 mmol L(-1)). Ratings of perceived exertion, fatigue and thermal sensation did not differ in the two trials (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Acute CIT ingestion induces alkalosis, water retention, plasma volume expansion and an increase in post-exercise blood lactate concentration, but does not improve 5,000-m running performance in a warm environment in non-heat-acclimated endurance-trained males.


Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Citratos/farmacologia , Temperatura Alta , Resistência Física/efeitos dos fármacos , Corrida , Administração Oral , Adulto , Citratos/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Masculino , Citrato de Sódio
6.
Nutrients ; 16(9)2024 Apr 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38732553

RESUMO

Considering a lack of respective data, the primary objective of this study was to assess whether seasonal variation in vitamin D status (D-status) affects the extent of improvement in physical performance (PP) in conscripts during basic military training (BMT). D-status, PP and several blood parameters were measured repeatedly in conscripts whose 10-week BMT started in July (cohort S-C; n = 96) or in October (cohort A-C; n = 107). D-status during BMT was higher in S-C compared to A-C (overall serum 25(OH)D 61.4 ± 16.1 and 48.5 ± 20.7 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.0001). Significant (p < 0.05) improvements in both aerobic and muscular endurance occurred in both cohorts during BMT. Pooled data of the two cohorts revealed a highly reliable (p = 0.000) but weak (R2 = 0.038-0.162) positive association between D-status and PP measures both at the beginning and end of BMT. However, further analysis showed that such a relationship occurred only in conscripts with insufficient or deficient D-status, but not in their vitamin D-sufficient companions. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in serum testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and decreases in ferritin levels occurred during BMT. In conclusion, a positive association exists between D-status and PP measures, but seasonal variation in D-status does not influence the extent of improvement in PP in conscripts during BMT.


Assuntos
Militares , Resistência Física , Estações do Ano , Vitamina D , Humanos , Vitamina D/sangue , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Masculino , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Testosterona/sangue , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Adolescente
7.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ; 23(6): 601-9, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23751521

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) attained in upper body sprint performance test are considered important factors for competitive success in wrestling. This study aimed to determine whether acute caffeine ingestion would better maintain PP and MP across a simulated competition day in wrestling. METHODS: In a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study, 14 trained wrestlers ingested either placebo or 5 mg/kg caffeine and completed four 6-min upper body intermittent sprint performance tests with 30-min recovery periods between consecutive tests. PP and MP were recorded during and blood lactate concentration was measured before and after each test. Ratings of perceived fatigue (RPF) and exertion (RPE) were recorded before and after each test, respectively. Heart rate (HR) was monitored across the whole testing period. RESULTS: Mean power decreased across four tests in both trials (p < .05), but the reduction in PP (from 277.2 ± 34.6 W to 257.3 ± 45.1 W; p < .05) only occurred in caffeine trial. Both pretest blood lactate concentration and HR were higher in caffeine than in placebo trial (p < .05) in the third and fourth tests. No between-trial differences occurred in RPF or RPE. CONCLUSIONS: Under simulated competition day conditions mimicking four consecutive wrestling matches, acute caffeine ingestion has a partially detrimental effect on upper body intermittent sprint performance in trained wrestlers. Elevated HR and blood lactate levels observed between tests after caffeine ingestion suggest that caffeine may impair recovery between consecutive maximal efforts.


Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Cafeína/administração & dosagem , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Esportiva , Luta Romana/fisiologia , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Teste de Esforço , Fadiga/sangue , Fadiga/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lactatos/sangue , Masculino , Esforço Físico/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto Jovem
8.
Eur J Appl Physiol ; 112(12): 4091-101, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22487987

RESUMO

We examined the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on endurance capacity and blood prolactin (PRL) response to moderate intensity exercise in the heat in young male subjects (n = 21). Three exercise tests (ET) were completed on a treadmill: H1 (walk at 60% VO(2)peak until exhaustion at 42°C), N (walk at 22°C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42°C after a 10-day HA program). Heart rate (HR), skin (T (sk)) and core (T (c)) temperatures and body heat storage (HS) were measured. Blood samples were taken immediately before, during and immediately after each ET. HA resulted in lower HR, T (sk), T (c) and HS rate (P < 0.05) during ET, whereas endurance capacity increased from 88.6 ± 27.5 min in H1 to 162.0 ± 47.8 min in H2 (P < 0.001). Blood PRL concentration was lower (P < 0.05) during exercise in H2 compared to H1 but the peak PRL level observed at the time of exhaustion did not differ in the two trials. Blood PRL concentration at 60 min of exercise in H1 correlated with time to exhaustion in H1 (r = -0.497, P = 0.020) and H2 (r = -0.528, P = 0.014). In conclusion, HA slows down the increase in blood PRL concentration but does not reduce the peak PRL level occurring at the end of exhausting endurance exercise in the heat. Blood PRL response to exercise in the heat in non-heat-acclimated subjects is associated with their endurance capacity in the heat in a heat-acclimated state.


Assuntos
Aclimatação/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Temperatura Alta , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Prolactina/sangue , Adulto , Temperatura Corporal , Teste de Esforço , Frequência Cardíaca , Exaustão por Calor/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino
9.
Physiol Rep ; 10(9): e15280, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35510322

RESUMO

Changes in hydration status influence plasma volume (PV) which is associated with post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. The present study hypothesized that, after dehydrating cycling exercise in the heat (DE), stimulation of PV expansion with sodium citrate (CIT) supplementation would promote heart rate variability (HRV) recovery in endurance-trained men. Twelve participants lost 4% of body mass during DE. During subsequent 16-h recovery, participants consumed water ad libitum (CIT =5.5-L, PLC =5.1-L) and ate prescribed food supplemented with CIT or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. Relative changes in PV were assessed across DE and 16-h recovery. HRV was analyzed before and 16 h after DE in three conditions for altogether four 5-min periods: supine in a thermoneutral environment, supine in the heat (32°C, 46% relative humidity; 2 periods), and standing in the heat. A larger expansion of PV across 16-h recovery occurred in CIT compared to placebo trial (p < 0.0001). However, no between-trial differences appeared in HRV parameters (lnRMSSD, lnSDNN, lnLF/HF) in any 5-min period analyzed before or 16 h after DE (in all cases p > 0.05). Increases in HR (p < 0.001) and lnLF/HF (p = 0.005) and decreases in lnRMSSD (p < 0.001) and lnSDNN (p < 0.001) occurred following DE in both trials. Larger PV expansion induced by CIT supplementation after DE does not improve recovery of HRV at rest and has no influence on HRV responsiveness in endurance-trained men.


Assuntos
Ingestão de Alimentos , Temperatura Alta , Estudos Cross-Over , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Citrato de Sódio
10.
Nutrients ; 14(24)2022 Dec 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36558461

RESUMO

Data on the effect of vitamin D (Vit-D) supplementation on cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) are conflicting. A possible source of discrepancies in the literature is the heterogeneity in baseline Vit-D status among participants in previous studies. The main objectives of the present study were to assess the impact of Vit-D supplementation on VO2max and inflammatory status in Vit-D deficient young healthy men. Participants (n = 39, baseline serum Vit-D level < 50 nmol/L) were quasi-randomly assigned to one of the two groups, which, in a double-blind manner, supplemented their diet daily with either Vit-D (8000 IU; VD) or placebo (PLC) and concomitantly performed a 12-week supervised resistance training program. During the 12-week intervention, serum Vit-D concentrations increased 3.9-fold (p < 0.001) in the VD group while no changes occurred in the PLC group. Baseline VO2max did not differ in the two groups and remained unchanged during the intervention. Serum interleukin-10/tumour necrosis factor alpha ratio increased significantly (30%, p = 0.007; effect size 0.399) in VD but not in PLC group. In conclusion, 12-week Vit-D supplementation increases serum 25(OH)D levels and improves inflammatory status, but has no impact on VO2max in Vit-D deficient young men engaged in resistance training.


Assuntos
Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Treinamento Resistido , Deficiência de Vitamina D , Masculino , Humanos , Vitamina D , Deficiência de Vitamina D/tratamento farmacológico , Vitaminas , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ergocalciferóis/uso terapêutico , Método Duplo-Cego , Colecalciferol
11.
Mil Med ; 185(7-8): e1134-e1139, 2020 08 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32077951

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Despite the great number of investigations on the effects of injuries during military service, there is limited information available on the use of self-reported instruments. This study evaluated self-reported knee pain (KP) and its effect on physical performance during military service in the Estonian Defense Forces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-five male conscripts aged 19-25 years were divided into two study groups based on the occurrence of KP or not. Self-reported KP and function according to the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were measured. Physical fitness level was scored using the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). KOOS and APFT were measured in the beginning and at the end of the 6-month period of military service. RESULTS: Significant differences in favor of the group without KP (P < 0.001) were found for all subgroups of the KOOS. In spite of KP, the physical condition improved significantly (P < 0.001) in both study groups as measured with both the APFT test (22.2% increase) and running time (10.3% decrease). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, self-reported KP and limited function according to KOOS did not hinder the improvement of physical condition and running speed as assessed by APFT in Estonian conscripts.


Assuntos
Articulação do Joelho , Militares , Dor , Adulto , Estônia/epidemiologia , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Masculino , Aptidão Física , Autorrelato , Adulto Jovem
12.
J Sports Sci Med ; 7(2): 210-7, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24149451

RESUMO

The purpose of the study was to assess the acute effects of the self-selected regimen of rapid body mass loss (RBML) on muscle performance and metabolic response to exercise in combat sports athletes. Seventeen male athletes (20.8 ± 1.0 years; mean ± SD) reduced their body mass by 5.1 ± 1.1% within 3 days. The RBML was achieved by a gradual reduction of energy and fluid intake and mild sauna procedures. A battery of tests was performed before (Test 1) and immediately after (Test 2) RBML. The test battery included the measurement of the peak torque of knee extensors for three different speeds, assessment of total work (Wtot) performed during a 3-min intermittent intensity knee extension exercise and measurements of blood metabolites (ammonia, lactate, glucose and urea). Absolute peak torque was lower in Test 2 compared with Test 1 at angular velocities of 1.57 rad·s(-1) (218.6 ± 40.9 vs. 234.4 ± 42.2 N·m; p = 0.013) and 3.14 rad·s(-1) (100.3 ± 27.8 vs. 111.7 ± 26.2 N·m; p = 0.008). The peak torque in relation to body mass remained unchanged for any speed. Absolute Wtot was lower in Test 2 compared with Test 1 (6359 ± 2326 vs. 7452 ± 3080 J; p = 0.003) as well as Wtot in relation to body mass (89.1 ± 29.9 vs. 98.6 ± 36.4 J·kg(-1); p = 0.034), respectively. As a result of RBML, plasma urea concentration increased from 4.9 to 5.9 mmol·l(-1) (p = 0.003). The concentration of ammonia in a post-test sample in Test 2 tended to be higher in comparison with Test 1 (80.9 ± 29.1 vs. 67.6 ± 26.5 mmol·l(-1); p = 0.082). The plasma lactate and glucose responses to exercise were similar in Test 1 and Test 2. We conclude that the self-selected regimen of RBML impairs muscle performance in 3-min intermittent intensity exercise and induces an increase in blood urea concentration in experienced male combat sports athletes. Key pointsPrevious studies have revealed a negative effect of rapid body mass loss on performance. However, there are some performance characteristics that may not change or even improve.The methods used for inducing rapid body mass loss have been prescribed by researchers and not chosen by the subjects in many previous studies. The duration of tests, which have revealed a negative impact of rapid body mass loss on performance have also been rather long (5-6 min) in previous studies.We assessed the acute effects of the self-selected regimen of rapid body mass loss on muscle performance and metabolic response to 3-min intermittent intensity exercise in experienced male combat sports athletes.The results suggest that the self-selected regimen of rapid body mass loss impairs muscle performance in 3-min intermittent intensity exercise and induces an increase in blood urea concentration. Hence, the recent changes in the rules of some events (wrestling), including shortening of the duration of a match, have not reduced the likelihood of the occurrence of a negative impact of rapid body mass loss on athletes' performance capacity.

13.
J Sports Sci Med ; 7(1): 125-31, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24150144

RESUMO

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic response to exercise and performance in a 1500-m competitive run in trained female middle-distance runners in field conditions. Seventeen athletes (mean (± SD) aged 18.6 ± 2.5 years, VO2max 55.2 ± 7.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) competed in two 1500-m races following ingestion of 0.4 g·kg(-1) body mass of sodium citrate (CIT) and placebo (PLC - 1.0% solution of NaCl). The two substances, CIT and PLC were administered in 800 ml of solution in a randomly assigned double-blind crossover manner. Capillary blood samples were analysed for lactate, glucose, haemoglobin and haematocrit before administering the solutions (baseline) as well as before and after both 1500-m races. The athletes' times for trials CIT and PLC were 321.4 ± 26.4 and 317.4 ± 22.5 s, respectively (p > 0.05). A greater relative increase in plasma volume after administering the experimental solution, an increased body mass (by 0.4 kg; p = 0.006) immediately before the race and a restrained increase in blood glucose concentration (by 2.5 ± 1.2 mmol·l(-1) vs 3.4 ± 0.8 mmol·l(-1); p = 0.002) during the race were observed in the CIT trial compared to the PLC. A significant relationship was observed between body mass of the subjects immediately before the race and performance time (r = 0.374; p = 0.029). There were no between-treatment differences in heart rate in any stage of the run or in blood lactate accumulation during the race (final concentration of lactate was 14.4 ± 3.0 mmol·l(-1) and 13.4 ± 2.5 mmol·l(-1) (p > 0.05) in the CIT and PLC trials, respectively). The results suggest that sodium citrate induces an increase in water retention before exercise and may modify carbohydrate metabolism in high intensity running, but does not improve performance in 1500-m competitive run in female middle-distance runners. Key pointsPrevious studies have found that sodium bicarbonate administration may enhance performance in male athletes in running distances of 400-1500 m.The use of sodium bicarbonate in competitive sports is limited because it induces gastrointestinal distress in many subjects.The limited data on the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic response to exercise and performance suggest that it may have all the benefits of sodium bicarbonate without the associated negative side effects.We assessed the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic response to exercise and performance in a 1500-m competitive run in trained young female middle-distance runners.The results suggest that sodium citrate induces an increase in water retention before exercise and may modify carbohydrate metabolism in high intensity running, but does not improve performance in 1500-m competitive run in female middle-distance runners.

14.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 43(1): 63-70, 2018 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28873320

RESUMO

The adaptogen Rhodiola rosea (RR) may mitigate stress responses and have beneficial effects on endurance capacity (EC) and mental performance. Heat acclimation (HA) improves EC in the heat, but the potential impact of RR on the HA process is unknown. Therefore, our intent was to determine if RR has a positive impact on HA. Twenty male subjects (age, 22.5 ± 3.0 years) completed 2 EC tests involving walking (6 km·h-1) until volitional exhaustion in a climate chamber (air temperature, 42 °C; relative humidity, 18%) before (H1) and after (H2) an 8-day HA period. One group (SHR; n = 10) ingested standardised extract SHR-5 of RR (a single daily dose of 432 mg), while a second group (PLC; n = 10) administered a placebo prior to each HA session. Efficacy of HA was evaluated on the basis of changes that occurred from H1 to H2 in the time to exhaustion (TTE), exercise heart rate (HR), core and skin temperatures (Tc, Tsk), stress hormones, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and fatigue (RPF), and thermal sensation (TS). HA significantly increased TTE (133.1 ± 44.1 min in H1; 233.4 ± 59.8 min in H2; p < 0.0001) and decreased (p < 0.0001) HR, Tc, Tsk, stress hormones as well as RPE, RPF, and TS. However, the magnitude of all these changes was similar (p > 0.05) in the SHR and PLC groups. These results suggest that the use of RR during HA has no beneficial performance, physiological, or perceptual effects in young healthy males.


Assuntos
Aclimatação , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Alta , Resistência Física/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Rhodiola , Adulto , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Método Duplo-Cego , Estônia , Teste de Esforço , Voluntários Saudáveis , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Processos Mentais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fadiga Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais , Rhodiola/química , Temperatura Cutânea/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto Jovem
15.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 43(6): 571-579, 2018 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29324186

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion (600 mg·kg-1) during recovery from dehydrating cycling exercise (DE) on subsequent 40-km cycling performance in a warm environment (32 °C). Twenty male nonheat-acclimated endurance athletes exercised in the heat until 4% body mass (BM) loss occurred. After 16 h recovery with consumption of water ad libitum and prescribed diet (evening meal 20 kcal·kg-1, breakfast 12 kcal·kg-1) supplemented in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with CIT or placebo (PLC), they performed 40-km time-trial (TT) on a cycle ergometer in a warm environment. During recovery greater increases in BM and plasma volume (PV) concomitant with greater water intake and retention occurred in the CIT trial compared with the PLC trial (p < 0.0001). During TT there was greater water intake and smaller BM loss in the CIT trial than in the PLC trial (p < 0.05) with no between-trial differences (p > 0.05) in sweat loss, PV decrement, ratings of perceived exertion, or TT time (CIT 68.10 ± 3.28 min, PLC 68.11 ± 2.87 min). At the end of TT blood lactate concentration was higher (7.58 ± 2.44 mmol·L-1 vs 5.58 ± 1.32 mmol·L-1; p = 0.0002) and rectal temperature lower (39.54 ± 0.50 °C vs 39.65 ± 0.52 °C; p = 0.033) in the CIT trial than in the PLC trial. Compared with pre-DE time point, PV had decreased to a lower level in the PLC trial than in the CIT trial (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, CIT enhances rehydration after exercise-induced dehydration but has no impact on subsequent 40-km cycling TT performance in a warm uncompensable environment.


Assuntos
Ciclismo , Citratos/administração & dosagem , Desidratação/tratamento farmacológico , Temperatura Alta , Resistência Física/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Regulação da Temperatura Corporal , Citratos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Cross-Over , Desidratação/sangue , Desidratação/diagnóstico , Desidratação/fisiopatologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Ingestão de Líquidos , Estônia , Teste de Esforço , Deslocamentos de Líquidos Corporais , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Volume Plasmático , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Citrato de Sódio , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico , Redução de Peso
16.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab ; 42(1): 68-76, 2017 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28002684

RESUMO

Acute caffeine ingestion is considered effective in improving endurance capacity and psychological state. However, current knowledge is based on the findings of studies that have been conducted on male subjects mainly in temperate environmental conditions, but some physiological and psychological effects of caffeine differ between the sexes. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical performance and psychological effects of caffeine in young women and men exercising in the heat. Thirteen male and 10 female students completed 2 constant-load walks (60% of thermoneutral peak oxygen consumption on a treadmill until volitional exhaustion) in a hot-dry environment (air temperature, 42 °C; relative humidity, 20%) after caffeine (6 mg·kg-1) and placebo (wheat flour) ingestion in a double-blind, randomly assigned, crossover manner. Caffeine, compared with placebo, induced greater increases (p < 0.05) in heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentrations in both males and females but had no impact on rectal or skin temperatures or on walking time to exhaustion in subjects of either gender. Caffeine decreased (p < 0.05) ratings of perceived exertion and fatigue in males, but not in females. In females, but not in males, a stronger belief that they had been administered caffeine was associated with a shorter time to exhaustion. In conclusion, acute caffeine ingestion increases HR and blood lactate levels during exercise in the heat, but it has no impact on thermoregulation or endurance capacity in either gender. Under exercise-heat stress, caffeine reduces ratings of perceived exertion and fatigue in males but not in females.


Assuntos
Cafeína/uso terapêutico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Exercício Físico , Fadiga/prevenção & controle , Fadiga Mental/prevenção & controle , Substâncias para Melhoria do Desempenho/uso terapêutico , Resistência Física , Adulto , Desempenho Atlético , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Teste de Esforço , Tolerância ao Exercício , Fadiga/sangue , Fadiga/etiologia , Feminino , Exaustão por Calor/sangue , Exaustão por Calor/etiologia , Exaustão por Calor/prevenção & controle , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Masculino , Fadiga Mental/sangue , Fadiga Mental/etiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Caminhada , Adulto Jovem
17.
Mil Med ; 182(3): e1810-e1818, 2017 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28290964

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In Estonian Defense Forces that are drawn up on the basis of the conscription model considerable numbers of young men are prematurely discharged from military service for medical reasons, but causes leading to premature dropout of conscripts have not been systematically studied. However, one of the factors involved could be relatively demanding physical training that starts at the beginning of military service in the form of basic military training (BMT). Cumulative training and nontraining stresses experienced by conscripts during BMT may exceed their physiological adaptability and increase the probability of becoming prematurely discharged. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to assess physiological responses to 10-week BMT in Estonian conscripts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The protocol of the study confirmed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki and it was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu. Mean ± SD age and body mass index of 94 conscripts studied was 20.9 ± 1.7 years and 24.2 ± 3.0 kg · m-2, respectively. Fasting venous blood analysis was performed four times during BMT (October to December) and once 15 weeks after the end of BMT (in March). One-factor (time) repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the differences within the variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Where a significant main effect was observed, Tukey's honesty significant difference post-hoc analysis was used to locate differences between the means. A Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation (r) with α level set at 0.05 was applied to determine the relationship between variables. RESULTS: Significant increases in serum testosterone concentration (60.6%), testosterone to cortisol ratio (61.1%), blood erythrocyte count (4.3%), hemoglobin concentration (3.8%) and hematocrit (2.2%), and decrease in serum ferritin concentration (39.3%) occurred between weeks 1 and 10 during BMT (in all cases p < 0.0001). Fifteen weeks later, these parameters were still at increased or decreased levels, respectively, compared to week 1. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH) D concentration <50 nmol · L-1) increased from 42.6% in week 1 to 80.8% in week 10 and to 91.5% 15 weeks later. Serum 25(OH)D levels did not correlate with testosterone concentrations (r = 0.062, p = 0.552 in Wk-1 and r = -0.079, p = 0.448 in Wk-25). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that BMT induces anabolic physiological adaptations in conscripts despite vitamin D deficiency and decrease in iron status. However, high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and decline in iron status may limit physiological adaptations and improvement in physical work capacity to a suboptimal level. Furthermore, as vitamin D influences a variety of functions important for health, deficiency in conscripts should be considered a major concern that needs treatment. An acknowledged limitation of the study is the lack of a control group of conscripts possessing normal vitamin D status and stable serum ferritin levels throughout the study period. Nevertheless, the research design employed enabled to determine two factors that potentially limit physiological adaptability of conscripts to military training loads in ecologically authentic environment.


Assuntos
Anabolizantes/análise , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Prevalência , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações , Adolescente , Anabolizantes/sangue , Análise de Variância , Índice de Massa Corporal , Educação/tendências , Contagem de Eritrócitos , Estônia , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Ferro/análise , Ferro/sangue , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Aptidão Física , Testosterona/análise , Testosterona/sangue , Adulto Jovem
18.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 12: 45, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26664350

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Creatine (CR) is considered an effective nutritional supplement having ergogenic effects, which appears more pronounced in upper-body compared to lower-body exercise. Nevertheless, results regarding the impact of CR loading on repeated high-intensity arm-cranking exercise are scarce and in some cases conflicting. Interestingly, few of the conducted studies have structured their research designs to mimic real world sporting events. Therefore, our purpose was to address the hypothesis that CR ingestion would increase anaerobic power output in consecutive upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) tests designed to simulate wrestling matches on a competition-day. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 20 trained wrestlers were assigned to either placebo or CR supplemented group (0.3 g ∙ kg(-1) of body mass per day). Four 6-min UBISP tests interspersed with 30-min recovery periods were performed before (trial 1) and after 5 days (trial 2) of supplementation. Each test consisted of six 15-s periods of arm-cranking at maximal executable cadence against resistance of 0.04 kg ∙ kg(-1) body mass interspersed with 40-s unloaded easy cranking periods and 5-s acceleration intervals (T1-T4). Mean power (MP), peak power (PP), fatigue index and heart rate parameters were measured during UBISP tests. Also, body weight and hydration status were assessed. Principle measures were statistical analysed with mixed-model ANOVAs. RESULTS: Mean individual CR consumption in the CR group was 24.8 ± 2.5 g ∙ d(-1). No significant (P > 0.05) differences occurred in body mass or hydration status indices between the groups or across trials. MP, PP and fatigue index responses were unaffected by supplementation; although, a significant reduction in MP and PP did occurred from T1 to T4 in both trial 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). Overall heart rate responses in the tests tended to be higher in the CR than PLC group (P < 0.05); but, trends in responses in trials and tests were comparable (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that 5-day CR supplementation has no impact on upper-body muscle anaerobic power output in consecutive UBISP anaerobic tests mimicking wrestling matches on a competition day.


Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Creatina/administração & dosagem , Esforço Físico/efeitos dos fármacos , Tronco/fisiologia , Luta Romana , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Creatina/sangue , Creatina/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Fadiga/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactatos/sangue , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Esportiva
19.
Int J Psychophysiol ; 95(3): 261-9, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25451787

RESUMO

Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temperate conditions. These effects are related to both peripheral markers of heats stress and alterations in CNS functioning. Repeated-exposure to heat stress results in physiological adaptations, and therefore improvement in exercise capacity and cognitive functioning are observed. The objective of the current study was to clarify the factors contributing to time perception under heat stress and examine the effect of heat acclimation. 20 young healthy male subjects completed three exercise tests on a treadmill: H1 (at 60% VO(2)peak until exhaustion at 42°C), N (at 22°C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42°C) following a 10-day heat acclimation program. Core temperature (T(C)) and heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived fatigue and exertion were obtained continuously during the exercise, and blood samples of hormones were taken before, during and after the exercise test for estimating the prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol response to acute exercise-heat stress. Interval production task was performed before, during and after the exercise test. Lower rate of rise in core temperature, heart rate, hormone response and subjective ratings indicated that the subjects had successfully acclimated. Before heat acclimation, significant distortions in produced intervals occurred after 60 minutes of exercise relative to pre-trial coefficients, indicating speeded temporal processing. However, this effect was absent after in acclimated subjects. Blood prolactin concentration predicted temporal performance in both conditions. Heat acclimation slows down the increase in physiological measures, and improvement in temporal processing is also evident. The results are explained within the internal clock model in terms of the pacemaker-accumulator functioning.


Assuntos
Temperatura Alta , Percepção do Tempo/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Adulto , Temperatura Corporal , Teste de Esforço , Fadiga , Hormônio do Crescimento/sangue , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Prolactina/sangue , Psicofísica , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
20.
Growth Horm IGF Res ; 24(1): 2-9, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24176485

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The major objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of heat acclimation on blood growth hormone (GH) response to moderate intensity exhausting exercise in the heat. In addition, the potential relationship between inter-individual differences in GH response to exercise and variability in exercise-induced sweat loss was investigated. DESIGN: Twenty young men completed three exercise tests on a treadmill: H1 (walk at 60% VO2peak until exhaustion at 42 °C), N (walk at 22 °C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42 °C after a 10-day heat acclimation program). Core temperature (T(c)) was recorded continuously and venous blood samples were taken before, during and after each exercise test. Exercise-induced sweat production was calculated on the basis of body mass change taking into account water intake and the volume of blood samples drawn. RESULTS: Lower pre-exercise T(c), lower rate of rise in T(c) during exercise, and prolonged time to exhaustion in H2 compared with H1 revealed that the subjects successfully achieved an acclimated state. Overall, serum GH level was higher in H1 compared with both N and H2 (p<0.001) but did not differ between the two latter trials (p>0.05). T(c) correlated with serum GH concentration (r=0.615, p<0.01). Analysis of the individual data revealed a group (n=9) possessing a threshold-like pattern of the relationship between T(c) and blood GH response, whereas a plateau-like pattern was evident in the rest of the subjects (n=11). Both sweat production (r=0.596; p<0.001) and the rate of sweat production (r=0.457; p<0.001) correlated with the growth hormone area under the curve. CONCLUSION: Heat acclimation decreases the GH response to moderate intensity exhausting exercise in the heat. GH may have a modest stimulating effect on whole-body sweat production during exercise.


Assuntos
Aclimatação/fisiologia , Exercício Físico , Exaustão por Calor/fisiopatologia , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/sangue , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Adulto , Glicemia/análise , Temperatura Corporal , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Masculino , Consumo de Oxigênio
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