Leveraging artificial intelligence in neurosurgery-unveiling ChatGPT for neurosurgical discharge summaries and operative reports.

PURPOSE: Chat generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a novel large pre-trained natural language processing software that can enable scientific writing amongst a litany of other features. Given this, there is a growing interest in exploring the use of ChatGPT models as a modality to facilitate/assist in the provision of clinical care. METHODS: We investigated the time taken for the composition of neurosurgical discharge summaries and operative reports at a major University hospital. In so doing, we compared currently employed speech recognition software (i.e., SpeaKING) vs novel ChatGPT for three distinct neurosurgical diseases: chronic subdural hematoma, spinal decompression, and craniotomy. Furthermore, factual correctness was analyzed for the abovementioned diseases. RESULTS: The composition of neurosurgical discharge summaries and operative reports with the assistance of ChatGPT leads to a statistically significant time reduction across all three diseases/report types: p < 0.001 for chronic subdural hematoma, p < 0.001 for decompression of spinal stenosis, and p < 0.001 for craniotomy and tumor resection. However, despite a high degree of factual correctness, the preparation of a surgical report for craniotomy proved to be significantly lower (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: ChatGPT assisted in the writing of discharge summaries and operative reports as evidenced by an impressive reduction in time spent as compared to standard speech recognition software. While promising, the optimal use cases and ethics of AI-generated medical writing remain to be fully elucidated and must be further explored in future studies.

Estimation of prognosis in patients after decompressive craniectomy after malignant hemispheric infarction: multifactorial scoring scale.

BACKGROUND: Patient's age is considered to be one of the most relevant factors in selecting surgical candidates for decompressive hemicraniectomy after malignant hemispheric infarction. However, questions about surgical indication in older patients, patients with consciousness disorder or patients with large infarctions remain unanswered. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to design a multifactorial scoring scale based on a combination of patient-specific factors in order to optimize the assessment of prognosis in patients after hemicraniectomy malignant strokes. METHODS: In this prospective observational study with a one-year follow-up, we assessed clinical and imaging data of patients who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy due to malignant brain infarction. Barthel index was used as a single outcome measure to distinguish favorable vs. unfavorable outcomes. Associations between multiple variables and clinical outcome were assessed. Subsequently, a design of a predictive scoring system was proposed. RESULTS: Age of the patient, preoperative level of consciousness, midline shift, and volume of infarction showed a significant association with postoperative Barthel index. According to the identified factors, a multifactorial prognostic scoring system was introduced, aimed to distinguish between favorable and unfavorable outcomes. Using ROC analysis, it has achieved an AUC of 0.74 (95%CI 0.58‒0.89, p=0.01)CONCLUSIONS: Prediction of postoperative outcome should be based on multiple variables. Our scale, based on the clinical and imaging data, can be used during decision-making to estimate potential benefit of decompressive craniectomy in patients after malignant brain infarction (Tab. 5, Fig. 1, Ref. 32). Text in PDF www.elis.sk Keywords: decompressive hemicraniectomy, malignant hemispheric infarction, indication, outcome, prediction.

Cerebellar Stroke Score and Grading Scale for the Prediction of Mortality and Outcomes in Ischemic Cerebellar Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Several individual predictors for outcomes in patients with cerebellar stroke (CS) have been previously identified. There is, however, no established clinical score for CS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop simple and accurate grading scales for patients with CS in an effort to better estimate mortality and outcomes. METHODS: This multicentric retrospective study included 531 patients with ischemic CS presenting to 5 different academic neurosurgical and neurological departments throughout Germany between 2008 and 2021. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors related to 30-day mortality and unfavorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 4-6). By weighing each parameter via calculation of regression coefficients, an ischemic CS-score and CS-grading scale (CS-GS) were developed and internally validated. RESULTS: Independent predictors for 30-day mortality were aged ≥70 years (odds ratio, 5.2), Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 4 at admission (odds ratio, 2.6), stroke volume ≥25 cm3 (odds ratio, 2.7), and involvement of the brain stem (odds ratio, 3.9). When integrating each parameter into the CS-score, age≥70 years and brain stem stroke were assigned 2 points, Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 4, and stroke volume≥25 cm3 1 point resulting in a score ranging from 0 to 6. CS-score of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 points resulted in 30-day mortality of 1%, 6%, 6%, 17%, 21%, 55%, and 67%, respectively. Independent predictors for 30-day unfavorable outcomes consisted of all components of the CS-score with an additional variable focused on comorbidities (CS-GS). Except for Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 4 at admission, which was assigned 3 points, all other parameters were assigned 1 point resulting in an overall score ranging from 0 to 7. CS-GS of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 points resulted in 30-day unfavorable outcome of 1%, 17%, 33%, 40%, 50%, 80%, 77%, and 100%, respectively. Both 30-day mortality and unfavorable outcomes increased with increasing CS-score and CS-GS (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The CS-score and CS-GS are simple and accurate grading scales for the prediction of 30-day mortality and unfavorable outcome in patients with CS. While the score systems proposed here may not directly impact treatment decisions, it may help discuss mortality and outcome with patients and caregivers.

Intracranial pressure monitoring in posterior fossa lesions-systematic review and meta-analysis.

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) with reduced cerebral perfusion pressure is a well-known cause of secondary brain injury. Previously, there have been some reports describing different supra- and infratentorial ICP measurements depending on the location of the mass effect. Therefore, we aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the issue of optimal ICP monitoring in the infratentorial mass lesion. A literature search of electronic databases (PUBMED, EMBASE) was performed from January 1969 until February 2021 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Two assessors are independently screened for eligible studies reporting the use of simultaneous ICP monitoring in the supra- and infratentorial compartments. For quality assessment of those studies, the New Castle Ottawa Scale was used. The primary outcome was to evaluate the value of supra- and infratentorial ICP measurement, and the secondary outcome was to determine the time threshold until equalization of both values. Current evidence surrounding infratentorial ICP measurement was found to be low to very low quality according to New Castle Ottawa Scale. Eight studies were included in the systematic review, four of them containing human subjects encompassing 27 patients with infratentorial pathology. The pooled data demonstrated significantly higher infratentorial ICP values than supratentorial ICP values 12 h after onset (p < 0.05, 95% CI 3.82-5.38) up to 24 h after onset (p < 0.05; CI 1.14-3.98). After 48-72 h, both ICP measurements equilibrated showing no significant difference. Further, four studies containing 26 pigs and eight dogs showed a simultaneous increase of supra- and infratentorial ICP value according to the increase of supratentorial mass volume; however, there was a significant difference towards lower ICP in the infratentorial compartment compared to the supratentorial compartment. The transtentorial gradient leads to a significant discrepancy between supra- and infratentorial ICP monitoring. Therefore, infratentorial ICP monitoring is warranted in case of posterior fossa lesions for at least 48 h.

Blood Clots May Compromise Intracranial Pressure Measurement Using Air-Pouch Intracranial Pressure Probes.

Background: Air-pouch balloon-assisted probes have proven to be both simple and reliable tools for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. However, we experienced reproducible falsely high ICP measurements when the ICP probe was inserted into the intracerebral hematoma cavity. Thus, the aim of the experimental and translational study was to analyze the influence of ICP probe placement with regard to measured ICP values. Methods: Two Spiegelberg 3PN sensors were simultaneously inserted into a closed drain system and were connected to two separate ICP monitors thereby allowing for simultaneous ICP measurements. This closed system was also engineered to allow for pressure to be gradually increased in a controlled fashion. Once the pressure was verified using two identical ICP probes, one of the probes was coated with blood in an effort to replicate placement within an intraparenchymal hematoma. Pressures recorded using the coated probe and control probe were then recorded and compared across a range of 0-60 mmHg. In an effort to further the translational relevance of our results, two ICP probes were inserted in a patient that presented with a large basal ganglia hemorrhage that met criteria for ICP monitoring. One probe was inserted into the hematoma and the other into brain parenchyma; ICP values were recorded from both probes and the results compared. Results: The experimental set-up demonstrated a reliable correlation between both control ICP probes. Interestingly, the ICP probe covered with clot displayed a significantly higher average ICP value when compared to the control probe between 0 mmHg and 50 mmHg (p < 0.001); at 60 mmHg, there was no significant difference noted. Critically, this trend in discordance was even more pronounced in the clinical setting with the ICP probe placed within the hematoma cavity having reported significantly higher ICP values as compared to the probe within brain parenchyma. Conclusions: Our experimental study and clinical pilot highlight a potential pitfall in ICP measurement that may result secondary to probe placement within hematoma. Such aberrant results may lead to inappropriate interventions in an effort to address falsely elevated ICPs.

Frailty in cerebellar ischemic stroke-The significance of temporal muscle thickness.

While comprising only 2% of all ischemic strokes, cerebellar strokes are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality due to their subtle initial presentation and the morbidity of posterior fossa swelling. Furthermore, low temporal muscle thickness (TMT) has recently been identified as a prognostic imaging parameter to assess patient frailty and outcome. We analyzed radiological and clinical data sets of 282 patients with cerebellar ischemic stroke. Our analysis showed a significant association between low TMT, reduced NIHSS and mRS at discharge (p = 0.035, p = 0.004), and reduced mRS at 12 months (p = 0.001). TMT may be used as a prognostic imaging marker and objective tool to assess outcomes in patients with cerebellar ischemic stroke.

Frailty in Traumatic Brain Injury-The Significance of Temporal Muscle Thickness.

BACKGROUND: Temporal muscle thickness (TMT) on cranial CT scans has recently been identified as a prognostic imaging parameter for assessing a patient's baseline frailty. Here, we analyzed whether TMT correlates with Traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity and whether it can be used to predict outcome(s) after TBI. METHODS: We analyzed the radiological and clinical data sets of 193 patients with TBI who were admitted to our institution and correlated the radiological data with clinical outcomes after stratification for TMT. RESULTS: Our analyses showed a significant association between high TMT and increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage (p = 0.0135) but improved mRS at 6 months (p = 0.001) as compared to patients with low TMT. Congruent with such findings, a lower TMT was associated with falls and reduced outcomes at 6 months (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: High TMT was robustly associated with head trauma sequelae but was also associated with good clinical outcomes in TBI patients. These findings consolidate the significance of TMT as an objective marker of frailty in TBI patients; such measurements may ultimately be leveraged as prognostic indicators.

Irrigation can cause prolonged intracranial pressure elevations during endoscopic treatment of intraventricular haematomas.

BACKGROUND: Irrigation may elevate the intracranial pressure (ICP) during neuroendoscopic procedures. It is unlikely that rinsing the ventricles during routine endoscopic ventriculostomy causes persistent neurological impairment or damage, but procedures such as the endoscopic evacuation of intraventricular haematomas (IVH) are performed in patients who may be prone to elevated ICP. We report a series of such patients in which we measured the ICP intraoperatively. METHOD: The charts and intraoperative ICP recording protocols of 22 patients were analysed for ICP elevations of more than 30 seconds. The measurements were performed remote from the endoscope using intraventricular catheters in 20 cases and epidural probes in 2 cases. These had been placed before the endoscopic operation for the purpose of monitoring unconscious patients or definitively diagnosing hydrocephalus. Thirteen patients suffered from intraventricular haemorrhages. Nine patients had an occlusive hydrocephalus without intraventricular blood. FINDINGS: Intraoperatively, at least one episode of ICP exceeding 30 mmHg was observed in all of the IVH patients and in seven of the remaining patients. Seven out of thirteen patients suffering from IVH exhibited more than one episode with ICP exceeding 50 mmHg, ranging from 35 up to 180 seconds. Three out of nine patients without IVH presented with such episodes, but only one of these patients presented with more than one. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic procedures within the cerebral ventricles are considered relatively uncomplicated procedures. However, patients undergoing treatment of IVH may suffer prolonged elevated ICP which may be critical because of their age and co-morbidity.

Significance of Temporal Muscle Thickness in Chronic Subdural Hematoma.

Background: Reduced temporal muscle thickness (TMT) was verified as an independent negative prognostic parameter for outcome in brain tumor patients. Independent thereof, chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a neurosurgical condition with high recurrence rates and unreliable risk models for poor outcome. Since sarcopenia was associated with poor outcome, we investigated the possible role of TMT and the clinical course of CSDH patients. Methods: This investigation is a single-center retrospective study on patients with CSDH. We analyzed the radiological and clinical data sets of 171 patients with surgically treated CSDH at a University Hospital from 2017 to 2020. Results: Our analysis showed a significant association between low-volume TMT and increased hematoma volume (p < 0.001), poor outcome at discharge (p < 0.001), and reduced performance status at 3 months (p < 0.002). Conclusion: TMT may represent an objective prognostic parameter and assist the identification of vulnerable CSDH patients.

Recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma due to low-grade infection.

Despite the high incidence and multitudes of operative techniques, the risk factors for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) recurrence are still under debate and a universal consensus on the pathophysiology is lacking. We hypothesized that clinically inapparent, a low-grade infection could be responsible for CSDH recurrence. This investigation is a single-center prospective observational study including patients with recurrent CSDH. In total, 44 patients with CSDH recurrence received an intraoperative swab-based microbiological test. The intraoperative swab revealed an inapparent low-grade hematoma infection in 29% of the recurrent CSDH cases. The majority (69%) of the identified germs belonged to the staphylococcus genus. We therefore, propose a novel potential pathophysiology for CSDH recurrence.

An ultrasound study of brain tissue biomechanics in patients following craniectomy.

So far, little attention has been paid to the biomechanical aspects of decompressive craniectomy. The brain tissue deformation occurring in these patients is difficult to quantify. Twenty-six patients suffering from a large bone defect after craniectomy were examined in supine position. The third ventricle's axial diameter was measured by transcranial ultrasound. Subsequently, the patient was brought into a sitting position. After 5 minutes, another measurement was taken. This procedure was repeated about 7 days after cranioplasty. The patients were grouped according to "early cranioplasty" (cranioplasty within 40 days after craniectomy, median 30 days) and "late cranioplasty", (cranioplasty more than 40 days, median 80 days). Data of 13 healthy volunteers were used as a reference standard. In the healthy volunteers, the third ventricle was enlarging after reaching the sitting position. The median diameter was 2.35 mm in the lying and 2.9 mm in the sitting position (p > 0.05). In the patients before early cranioplasty, a decrease of the diameter after reaching the sitting position was observed. The mean diameter was 7.0 mm in the lying and 5.9 mm in the sitting position (p > 0.01). This difference was not significant in patients before late cranioplasty (9.7 vs. 9.4 mm). After cranioplasty, the mean diameter was 6.6 and 6.2 mm in the early cranioplasty group and 9.2 mm and 9.4 mm in the late cranioplasty group (lying and sitting position, respectively). This data demonstrate for the first time that unphysiological orthostatic brain tissue deformation occurs in patients after craniectomy.

Successful treatment of multiple Pseudallescheria boydii brain abscesses and ventriculitis/ependymitis in a 2-year-old child after a near-drowning episode.

RATIONALE: We report on a cerebral infection by Pseudallescheria boydii in a 21-month-old boy after a near-drowning episode. MRI revealed multiple (> 60) intracerebral abscesses. METHODS: The surgical therapy included CSF drainage and microsurgical resection of one abscess for microbiological diagnosis. Antimycotic therapy included terbinafine and intraventricular caspofungin in addition to voriconazole. RESULTS: Systemic side effects of chemotherapy were not observed. After placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, the boy was transferred to a rehabilitation clinic and improved neurologically. After 20 months, MRI documented a continuing remission of the disease. CONCLUSION: Our case proves that an aggressive treatment should be undertaken and can be successful in CNS pseudallescheriasis.