RESUMO
From October through mid-December 2015, influenza activity remained low in most regions of the United States. Activity began to increase in late December 2015 and continued to increase slowly through early February 2016. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating during October until early December, and influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominating from mid-December until early February. Most of the influenza viruses characterized during that time are antigenically similar to vaccine virus strains recommended for inclusion in the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere vaccines. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 4, 2015-February 6, 2016, and updates the previous summary (1).
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antivirais/farmacologia , Criança , Mortalidade da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Farmacorresistência Viral , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Gravidez , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
During the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016) in the United States, influenza activity* was lower and peaked later compared with the previous three seasons (2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15). Activity remained low from October 2015 until late December 2015 and peaked in mid-March 2016. During the most recent 18 influenza seasons (including this season), only two other seasons have peaked in March (2011-12 and 2005-06). Overall influenza activity was moderate this season, with a lower percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI),() lower hospitalization rates, and a lower percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) compared with the preceding three seasons. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominated overall, but influenza A(H3N2) viruses were more commonly identified from October to early December, and influenza B viruses were more commonly identified from mid-April through mid-May. The majority of viruses characterized this season were antigenically similar to the reference viruses representing the recommended components of the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine (1). This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016)(§) and reports the vaccine virus components recommended for the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Mortalidade da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Farmacorresistência Viral , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Vacinas contra Influenza/química , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
During May 24September 5, 2015, the United States experienced typical low levels of seasonal influenza activity. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses were detected worldwide and were identified sporadically in the United States. All of the influenza viruses collected from U.S. states and other countries during that time have been characterized antigenically and/or genetically as being similar to the influenza vaccine viruses recommended for inclusion in the 201516 Northern Hemisphere vaccine. During May 24September 5, 2015, three influenza variant virus infections were reported; one influenza A (H3N2) variant virus (H3N2v) from Minnesota in July, one influenza A (H1N1) variant (H1N1v) from Iowa in August, and one H3N2v from Michigan in August.
Assuntos
Saúde Global/estatística & dados numéricos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
CDC collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza activity year-round in the United States. The influenza season generally begins in the fall and continues through the winter and spring months; however, the timing and severity of circulating influenza viruses can vary by geographic location and season. Influenza activity in the United States remained low through October and November in 2015. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3) viruses predominating. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity for the period October 4-November 28, 2015.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Assistência Ambulatorial/estatística & dados numéricos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Criança , Mortalidade da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Farmacorresistência Viral , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza B/efeitos dos fármacos , Influenza Humana/complicações , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/complicações , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
During the 2014-15 influenza season in the United States, influenza activity increased through late November and December before peaking in late December. Influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated, and the prevalence of influenza B viruses increased late in the season. This influenza season, similar to previous influenza A (H3N2)-predominant seasons, was moderately severe with overall high levels of outpatient illness and influenza-associated hospitalization, especially for adults aged ≥65 years. The majority of circulating influenza A (H3N2) viruses were different from the influenza A (H3N2) component of the 2014-15 Northern Hemisphere seasonal vaccines, and the predominance of these drifted viruses resulted in reduced vaccine effectiveness. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during the 2014-15 influenza season (September 28, 2014-May 23, 2015) and reports the recommendations for the components of the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Mortalidade da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Variação Genética , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Vacinas contra Influenza/química , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Influenza activity in the United States began to increase in mid-November, remained elevated through February 21, 2015, and is expected to continue for several more weeks. To date, influenza A (H3N2) viruses have predominated overall. As has been observed in previous seasons during which influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated, adults aged ≥65 years have been most severely affected. The cumulative laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalization rate among adults aged ≥65 years is the highest recorded since this type of surveillance began in 2005. This age group also accounts for the majority of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza. The majority of circulating influenza A (H3N2) viruses are different from the influenza A (H3N2) component of the 2014-15 Northern Hemisphere seasonal vaccines, and the predominance of these antigenically and genetically drifted viruses has resulted in reduced vaccine effectiveness. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* since September 28, 2014, and updates the previous summary.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/induzido quimicamente , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Causas de Morte , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Farmacorresistência Viral , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/classificação , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Gravidez , Estações do Ano , Taxa de Sobrevida , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CDC collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza activity year-round in the United States (http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/fluactivitysurv.htm). The influenza season generally begins in the fall and continues through the winter and spring months; however, the timing and severity of circulating influenza viruses can vary by geographic location and season. Influenza activity in the United States increased starting mid-October through December. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity during September 28-December 6, 2014.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Humanos , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
During May 18-September 20, 2014, the United States experienced low levels of seasonal influenza activity overall. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1), influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses were detected worldwide and were identified sporadically in the United States. In August, two influenza A (H3N2) variant viruses (H3N2v) were detected in Ohio. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States and worldwide during May 18-September 20, 2014.
Assuntos
Saúde Global/estatística & dados numéricos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2 , Vírus da Influenza B , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
During the 2013-14 influenza season in the United States, influenza activity increased through November and December before peaking in late December. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) viruses predominated overall, but influenza B viruses and, to a lesser extent, influenza A (H3N2) viruses also were reported in the United States. This influenza season was the first since the 2009 pH1N1 pandemic in which pH1N1 viruses predominated and was characterized overall by lower levels of outpatient illness and mortality than influenza A (H3N2)-predominant seasons, but higher rates of hospitalization among adults aged 50-64 years compared with recent years. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States for the 2013-14 influenza season (September 29, 2013-May 17, 2014) and reports recommendations for the components of the 2014-15 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Variação Genética , Humanos , Lactente , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas contra Influenza/química , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Influenza activity in the United States began to increase in mid-November and remained elevated through February 8, 2014. During that time, influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) viruses predominated overall, while few B and A (H3N2) viruses were detected. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during September 29, 2013-February 8, 2014, and updates the previous summary.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Farmacorresistência Viral , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza B/efeitos dos fármacos , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Gravidez , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
An outbreak of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) occurred in a long-term care facility. Eight (47%) of 17 and 1 (6%) of 16 residents in 2 wards had oseltamivir-resistant influenza A virus (H1N1) infections. Initial outbreak response included treatment and prophylaxis with oseltamivir. The outbreak abated, likely because of infection control measures.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Surtos de Doenças , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Oseltamivir/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Farmacorresistência Viral , Humanos , Illinois/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Assistência de Longa Duração , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The surveillance of seasonal influenza virus susceptibility to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors was conducted using an NA inhibition assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration values (IC(50)s) of 4,570 viruses collected globally from October 2004 to March 2008 were determined. Based on mean IC(50)s, A(H3N2) viruses (0.44 nM) were more sensitive to oseltamivir than A(H1N1) viruses (0.91 nM). The opposite trend was observed with zanamivir: 1.06 nM for A(H1N1) and 2.54 nM for A(H3N2). Influenza B viruses exhibited the least susceptibility to oseltamivir (3.42 nM) and to zanamivir (3.87 nM). To identify potentially resistant viruses (outliers), a threshold of a mean IC(50) value + 3 standard deviations was defined for type/subtype and drug. Sequence analysis of outliers was performed to identify NA changes that might be associated with reduced susceptibility. Molecular markers of oseltamivir resistance were found in six A(H1N1) viruses (H274Y) and one A(H3N2) virus (E119V) collected between 2004 and 2007. Some outliers contained previously reported mutations (e.g., I222T in the B viruses), while other mutations [e.g., R371K and H274Y in B viruses and H274N in A(H3N2) viruses) were novel. The R371K B virus outlier exhibited high levels of resistance to both inhibitors (>100 nM). A substantial variance at residue D151 was observed among A(H3N2) zanamivir-resistant outliers. The clinical relevance of newly identified NA mutations is unknown. A rise in the incidence of oseltamivir resistance in A(H1N1) viruses carrying the H274Y mutation was detected in the United States and in other countries in the ongoing 2007 to 2008 season. As of March 2008, the frequency of resistance among A(H1N1) viruses in the United States was 8.6% (50/579 isolates). The recent increase in oseltamivir resistance among A(H1N1) viruses isolated from untreated patients raises public health concerns and necessitates close monitoring of resistance to NA inhibitors.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral , Saúde Global , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/efeitos dos fármacos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Neuraminidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza B/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Influenza Humana/virologia , Neuraminidase/genética , Oseltamivir/farmacologia , Oseltamivir/uso terapêutico , Vigilância da População , Estações do AnoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although influenza is common among children, pediatric mortality related to laboratory-confirmed influenza has not been assessed nationally. METHODS: During the 2003-2004 influenza season, we requested that state health departments report any death associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza in a U.S. resident younger than 18 years of age. Case reports, medical records, and autopsy reports were reviewed, and available influenza-virus isolates were analyzed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-three influenza-associated deaths among children were reported by 40 state health departments. The median age of the children was three years, and 96 of them (63 percent) were younger than five years old. Forty-seven of the children (31 percent) died outside a hospital setting, and 45 (29 percent) died within three days after the onset of illness. Bacterial coinfections were identified in 24 of the 102 children tested (24 percent). Thirty-three percent of the children had an underlying condition recognized to increase the risk of influenza-related complications, and 20 percent had other chronic conditions; 47 percent had previously been healthy. Chronic neurologic or neuromuscular conditions were present in one third. The mortality rate was highest among children younger than six months of age (0.88 per 100,000 children; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 1.39 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of influenza-associated deaths occurred among U.S. children during the 2003-2004 influenza season. High priority should be given to improvements in influenza-vaccine coverage and improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of influenza to reduce childhood mortality from influenza.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Infecções Bacterianas/complicações , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana/complicações , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adamantanes have been used to treat influenza A virus infections for many years. Studies have shown a low incidence of resistance to these drugs among circulating influenza viruses; however, their use is rising worldwide and drug resistance has been reported among influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry and human beings in Asia. We sought to assess adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated during the past decade from countries participating in WHO's global influenza surveillance network. METHODS: We analysed data for influenza field isolates that were obtained worldwide and submitted to the WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between Oct 1, 1994, and Mar 31, 2005. We used pyrosequencing, confirmatory sequence analysis, and phenotypic testing to detect drug resistance among circulating influenza A H3N2 (n=6524), H1N1 (n=589), and H1N2 (n=83) viruses. FINDINGS: More than 7000 influenza A field isolates were screened for specific aminoacid substitutions in the M2 gene known to confer drug resistance. During the decade of surveillance a significant increase in drug resistance was noted, from 0.4% in 1994-1995 to 12.3% in 2003-2004. This increase in the proportion of resistant viruses was weighted heavily by those obtained from Asia with 61% of resistant viruses isolated since 2003 being from people in Asia. INTERPRETATION: Our data raise concerns about the appropriate use of adamantanes and draw attention to the importance of tracking the emergence and spread of drug-resistant influenza A viruses.
Assuntos
Adamantano/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2 , Vírus da Influenza A/efeitos dos fármacos , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Cultura de VírusRESUMO
Pyrosequencing has been successfully used to monitor resistance in influenza A viruses to the first class of anti-influenza drugs, M2 blockers (adamantanes). In contrast to M2 blockers, resistance to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) is subtype- and drug-specific. Here, we designed a pyrosequencing assay for detection of the most commonly reported mutations associated with resistance to NAIs, a newer class of anti-influenza drugs. These common mutations occur at residues: H274 (N1), E119 (N2), R292 (N2), and N294 (N2) in seasonal influenza A viruses. Additionally, we designed primers to detect substitutions at D151 in NAs of N1 and N2 subtypes. This assay allows detection of mutations associated with resistance not only in grown viruses but also in clinical specimens, thus reducing the time needed for testing and providing an advantage for disease outbreak investigation and management. The pyrosequencing approach also allows the detection of mixed populations of virus variants at positions of interest. Analysis of viruses in the original clinical specimens reduces the potential for introducing genetic variance in the virus population due to selection by cell culture. Our results showed that, in at least one instance, a D151E change seen in N1NA after virus propagation in cell culture was not detected in the original clinical specimen. Although the pyrosequencing assay allows high throughput screening for established genetic markers of antiviral resistance, it is not a replacement for the NA inhibition assays due to insufficient knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the NAI-resistance.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Neuraminidase/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Proteínas Virais/genética , Antivirais/farmacologia , Sequência de Bases , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A/metabolismo , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Influenza Humana/virologia , Mutação , Neuraminidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Neuraminidase/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
We reviewed reports to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of US travelers suspected of having avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection from February 2003 through May 2006. Among the 59 reported patients, no evidence of H5N1 virus infection was found; none had direct contact with poultry, but 42% had evidence of human influenza A.