Atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in twisted-bilayer optical lattices.

Observation of strong correlations and superconductivity in twisted-bilayer graphene1-4 has stimulated tremendous interest in fundamental and applied physics5-8. In this system, the superposition of two twisted honeycomb lattices, generating a moiré pattern, is the key to the observed flat electronic bands, slow electron velocity and large density of states9-12. Extension of the twisted-bilayer system to new configurations is highly desired, which can provide exciting prospects to investigate twistronics beyond bilayer graphene. Here we demonstrate a quantum simulation of superfluid to Mott insulator transition in twisted-bilayer square lattices based on atomic Bose-Einstein condensates loaded into spin-dependent optical lattices. The lattices are made of two sets of laser beams that independently address atoms in different spin states, which form the synthetic dimension accommodating the two layers. The interlayer coupling is highly controllable by a microwave field, which enables the occurrence of a lowest flat band and new correlated phases in the strong coupling limit. We directly observe the spatial moiré pattern and the momentum diffraction, which confirm the presence of two forms of superfluid and a modified superfluid to insulator transition in twisted-bilayer lattices. Our scheme is generic and can be applied to different lattice geometries and for both boson and fermion systems. This opens up a new direction for exploring moiré physics in ultracold atoms with highly controllable optical lattices.

Disposable Peptidoglycan-Specific Biosensor for Noninvasive Real-Time Detection of Broad-Spectrum Gram-Positive Bacteria in Exhaled Breath Condensates.

Rapidly identifying and quantifying Gram-positive bacteria are crucial to diagnosing and treating bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). This work presents a field-deployable biosensor for detecting Gram-positive bacteria from exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) based on peptidoglycan recognition using an aptamer. Dielectrophoretic force is employed to enrich the bacteria in 10 s without additional equipment or steps. Concurrently, the measurement of the sensor's interfacial capacitance is coupled to quantify the bacteria during the enrichment process. By incorporation of a semiconductor condenser, the whole detection process, including EBC collection, takes about 3 min. This biosensor has a detection limit of 10 CFU/mL, a linear range of up to 105 CFU/mL and a selectivity of 1479:1. It is cost-effective and disposable due to its low cost. The sensor provides a nonstaining, culture-free and PCR-independent solution for noninvasive and real-time diagnosis of Gram-positive bacterial LRTIs.

Compact and low-insertion-loss polarization beam-splitting multimode filter using pixelated waveguides.

A polarization beam-splitting multimode filter using pixelated waveguides has been presented and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. Finite difference time domain method and direct binary search optimization algorithm are employed to optimize pixelated waveguides to realize compact size, broad bandwidth, large extinction ratio, low insertion loss, and good polarization extinction ratio. Measurement results show that, in a wavelength range from 1520 to 1560 nm, for the fabricated device working at transverse-electric polarization, the measured insertion loss is less than 1.23 dB and extinction ratio is larger than 15.14 dB, while for transverse-magnetic polarization, the corresponding insertion loss lower than 0.74 dB and extinction ratio greater than 15.50 dB are realized. The measured polarization extinction ratio larger than 15.02 dB is achieved. The device's length is only 15.4 µm.

Low-loss and low-cross talk polarization-insensitive multimode silicon waveguide crossing.

A polarization-insensitive multimode silicon waveguide crossing is investigated and experimentally characterized in this Letter. By employing the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, the lengths and widths of the waveguides in the proposed device are optimized for attaining wide bandwidth, small insertion loss (IL), low cross talk (CT), and compact size. Measurement results reveal that the footprint of the presented device is 11.92 µm × 11.92 µm. From 1520 to 1600 nm, the measured insertion loss and cross talk are smaller than 0.67 dB and -28.6 dB in the case of the TE0 mode, lower than 0.65 dB and -28.7 dB in the case of the TE1 mode, less than 0.48 dB and -36.3 dB in the case of the TM0 mode, and lower than 0.62 dB and -28 dB in the case of the TM1 mode.

Association of NOTCH3 With Elastic Fiber Dispersion in the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta of Cynomolgus Monkeys.

BACKGROUND: The regional heterogeneity of vascular components and transcriptomes is an important determinant of aortic biology. This notion has been explored in multiple mouse studies. In the present study, we examined the regional heterogeneity of aortas in nonhuman primates. METHODS: Aortic samples were harvested from the ascending, descending thoracic, suprarenal, and infrarenal regions of young control monkeys and adult monkeys with high fructose consumption for 3 years. The regional heterogeneity of aortic structure and transcriptomes was examined by histological and bulk RNA sequencing analyses, respectively. RESULTS: Immunostaining of CD31 and αSMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) revealed that endothelial and smooth muscle cells were distributed homogeneously across the aortic regions. In contrast, elastic fibers were less abundant and dispersed in the infrarenal aorta compared with other regions and associated with collagen deposition. Bulk RNA sequencing identified a distinct transcriptome related to the Notch signaling pathway in the infrarenal aorta with significantly increased NOTCH3 mRNA compared with other regions. Immunostaining revealed that NOTCH3 protein was increased in the media of the infrarenal aorta. The abundance of medial NOTCH3 was positively correlated with the dispersion of elastic fibers. Adult cynomolgus monkeys with high fructose consumption displayed vascular wall remodeling, such as smooth muscle cell loss and elastic fiber disruption, predominantly in the infrarenal region. The correlation between NOTCH3 and elastic fiber dispersion was enhanced in these monkeys. CONCLUSIONS: Aortas of young cynomolgus monkeys display regional heterogeneity of their transcriptome and the structure of elastin and collagens. Elastic fibers in the infrarenal aorta are dispersed along with upregulation of medial NOTCH3.

Vincamine alleviates brain injury by attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative damage in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease through the NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease featured by progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, the etiology of which is associated with the existence of neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress. Vincamine is an indole alkaloid that was reported to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in many central and/or peripheral diseases. Nevertheless, the specific role of vincamine in PD development remains unknown. In our study, dopaminergic neuron loss was determined through immunohistochemistry staining and western blot analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD mice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels were detected through DHE staining and commercially available kits to assess oxidative stress. Pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) levels in the SN were measured via RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Microglial and astrocyte activation was examined through immunofluorescence staining of Iba-1 (microglia marker) and GFAP (astrocyte marker) in the SN. The regulation of vincamine on the NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was estimated through western blot analysis. Our results showed that vincamine treatment decreased TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels, reduced GFAP and Iba-1 expression, decreased ROS production and MDA level, and increased SOD activity and GSH level in the SN of PD mice. Mechanically, vincamine repressed the phosphorylation levels of p65, IKKß, and IκBα but enhanced the protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in PD mice. Collectively, vincamine plays a neuroprotective role in PD mouse models by alleviating neuroinflammation and oxidative damage via suppressing the NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Flexible Sensors Based on Conductive Polymer Composites.

Elastic polymer-based conductive composites (EPCCs) are of great potential in the field of flexible sensors due to the advantages of designable functionality and thermal and chemical stability. As one of the popular choices for sensor electrodes and sensitive materials, considerable progress in EPCCs used in sensors has been made in recent years. In this review, we introduce the types and the conductive mechanisms of EPCCs. Furthermore, the recent advances in the application of EPCCs to sensors are also summarized. This review will provide guidance for the design and optimization of EPCCs and offer more possibilities for the development and application of flexible sensors.

The impact of ulinastatin on wound infection and healing in patients with burn wounds: A meta-analysis.

Burn injuries result in localised tissue damage and precipitate systemic responses; routine clinical treatments, which typically include metabolic nutritional support and anti-infection therapies, do not yield optimal outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of ulinastatin on wound infection and healing in patients with burns to provide reliable evidence-based recommendations for burn treatment. An electronic search of the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, supplemented by manual searches, was conducted from database inception to October 2023 to collect randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of ulinastatin for the treatment of burns. Two researchers screened all retrieved articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; the included studies were evaluated for quality, and the relevant data were extracted. Stata 17.0 software was employed for data analysis. Overall, 8 RCTs with 803 patients were included, with 404 and 399 in the ulinastatin and conventional treatment groups, respectively. The analysis revealed that wound infections (odds ratio [OR] = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.02-0.35, p = 0.001) and complications (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.10-0.42, p < 0.001) were significantly lower, and wound healing time (standardised mean differences [SMD] = -1.31, 95% CI: -2.05 to -0.57, p = 0.001) was significantly shorter, in the ulinastatin groups than in the control group. This meta-analysis revealed that ulinastatin can effectively reduce the incidence of wound infections and complications and significantly shorten the duration of wound healing in patients with burns, thereby promoting early recovery in these patients.

On-chip Ce:YIG/Si Mach-Zehnder optical isolator with low power consumption.

The integrated optical isolator is an essential building block in photonic integrated chips. However, the performance of on-chip isolators based on the magneto-optic (MO) effect has been limited due to the magnetization requirement of permanent magnets or metal microstrips on MO materials. Here, an MZI optical isolator built on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) without any external magnetic field is proposed. A multi-loop graphene microstrip operating as an integrated electromagnet above the waveguide, instead of the traditional metal microstrip, generates the saturated magnetic fields required for the nonreciprocal effect. Subsequently, the optical transmission can be tuned by varying the intensity of currents applied on the graphene microstrip. Compared with gold microstrip, the power consumption is reduced by 70.8%, and temperature fluctuation is reduced by 69.5% while preserving the isolation ratio of 29.44 dB and the insertion loss of 2.99 dB at1550 nm.

Low-loss and broadband polarization-insensitive high-order mode pass filter based on photonic crystal and tapered coupler.

In this Letter, a polarization-insensitive high-order mode pass filter is presented, designed, and experimentally demonstrated. When TE0, TM0, TE1, and TM1 modes are injected into the input port, TM0 and TE0 modes are filtered, and TE1 and TM1 modes exit from the output port. To attain compactness, broad bandwidth, low insertion loss, excellent extinction ratio, and polarization-insensitive property, the finite difference time domain method and direct-binary-search or particle swarm optimization algorithm are employed for the optimization of structural parameters of the photonic crystal region and the coupling region in the tapered coupler. Measurement results reveal that, for the fabricated filter working at TE polarization, the extinction ratio and insertion loss are 20.42 and 0.32 dB at 1550 nm. In the case of TM polarization, the corresponding extinction ratio and insertion loss are 21.43 and 0.30 dB. Within a bandwidth from 1520 to 1590 nm, insertion loss smaller than 0.86 dB and extinction ratio larger than 16.80 dB are obtained for the fabricated filter working at TE polarization, while in the case of TM polarization, insertion loss lower than 0.79 dB and extinction ratio greater than 17.50 dB are realized.

Protocatechuic Aldehyde Alleviates d -Galactose-Induced Cardiomyocyte Senescence by Regulating the TCF3/ATG5 Axis.

ABSTRACT: Cardiomyocyte senescence is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA) is a natural chemical in the Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza . PCA could protect against oxidative stress and inflammation in the cardiovascular system. In present study, we treated H9C2 cells with d -galactose to establish an in vitro model of cardiomyocyte senescence and investigated the role and underlying mechanisms of PCA in myocardial cell senescence. It was found that d -galactose induced transcription factor 3 (TCF3) expression and decreased autophagy-related genes 5 (ATG5) expression. Meanwhile, inflammation and senescence were exacerbated by d -galactose. TCF3 transcriptionally inhibited ATG5 expression. TCF3 knockdown abolished the effects of d -galactose on H9C2 by activating ATG5-mediated autophagy. PCA hindered TCF3 and inflammation to alleviate the d -galactose-induced senescence of H9C2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas, the anti-inflammation and anti-senescence effects of PCA were reversed by TCF3 knockdown. Furthermore, absence of ATG5 partially eliminated the impacts of PCA on H9C2 cells treated with d -galactose. Conclusively, PCA alleviated d -galactose-induced senescence by downregulating TCF3, promoting ATG5-mediated autophagy, and inhibiting inflammation in H9C2 cells. These results elucidated the potential mechanism by which PCA alleviated cardiomyocyte senescence and enabled its application in treating cardiomyocyte senescence.

First report of Meloidogyne javanica infecting Bletilla striata in Yunnan, China.

Bletilla striata (Thunb. ex Murray) Rchb. F. (Orchidaceae) is an endangered traditional Chinese medicinal plant and has been traditionally used for hemostasis and detumescence in China (Wang et al. 2022). In March of 2021, during a field survey in Xuanwei city, Yunnan province, China, some B. striata plants with symptoms of plant dwarfing and leaf yellowing were observed. Roots of diseased plants presented numerous galls, typical symptoms of root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infection. The diseased area was approximately 66667 m2, showing a patchy disease distribution pattern. To identify the species of RKNs, females and eggs were isolated from galled tissue, and second-stage juveniles (J2s) were collected from eggs hatched. Nematodes were identified through comprehensive morphological and molecular methods. The perineal pattern of females is round to ovoid with a flat or moderately high dorsal arch and has two conspicuous lateral line striae. Morphological measurements of females (n=20) included body length (L) = 702.9 ± 70.8 (556.2-780.2) µm, body width (BW) = 404.1 ± 48.5 (327.5-470.1) µm, stylet length = 15.5 ± 2.2 (12.3-18.6) µm, distance from base of stylet to dorsal esophageal gland opening (DGO) = 3.7 ± 0.8 (2.1-4.9) µm. The morphometrics of J2s (n=20), L = 438.4 ± 22.6 (354.1-464.8) µm, BW = 17.4 ± 2.0 (12.9-20.8) µm, stylet length = 13.5 ± 0.4 (13.0-14.2) µm, DGO = 3.2 ± 0.6 (2.6-4.7) µm, and hyaline tail terminus = 12.3 ± 1.9 (9.6-15.7) µm. These morphological characteristics were similar to the original descriptions of Meloidogyne javanica (Rammah and Hirschmann 1990). DNA extraction was done 60 times, each from a different single females following the method of Yang et al. (2020). Amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and the coxI region of mtDNA was done by using primers 18S/26S (5'-TTGATTACGTCCCTGCCCTTT-3'/5'-TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG-3') (Vrain et al. 1992) and cox1F/cox1R (5'-TGGTCATCCTGAAGTTTATG-3'/5'-CTACAACATAATAAGTATCATG-3') (Trinh et al. 2019) respectively. The PCR amplification program followed the method described by Yang et al. (2021). The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene sequence (768 bp, GenBank Accession No. OQ091922) showed 99.35-100% identical to the known sequences of M. javanica (GenBank Accession Nos. KX646187, MW672262, KJ739710, KP901063, MK390613). The coxI gene sequence (410 bp, OQ080070) showed 99.75%-100% identical to the known sequences of M. javanica (OP646645, MZ542457, KP202352, KU372169, KU372170). Furthermore, M. javanica species-specific primers Fjav/Rjav (5'-GGTGCGCGATTGAACTGAGC-3'/5'-CAGGCCCTTCAGTGGAACTATAC-3') were used for PCR amplification. An expected fragment of approximately 670 bp was obtained, which was identical to that previously reported for M. javanica (Zijlstra et al. 2000). To verify pathogenicity of this nematode on B. striata, six 1.6-year-old tissue culture seedings of B. striata were maintained in 10-cm-diameter × 9-cm-high plastic pots containing a sterilized mixed soil (humus soil: laterite soil: perlite=3:1:1), and each plant was inoculated with 1000 J2s hatched from eggs of M. javanica. Three non-inoculated B. striata were used as the negative controls. All plants were placed in a greenhouse at approximately 14～26 ℃. After 90 days, the inoculated plants presented symptoms of leaf yellowing, and the roots with root knots identical to those observed in the fields. The root gall rating was 2 according to the 0-5 RKNs rating scale (Anwar and McKenry, 2002) and the reproductive factor (RF= final population/initial population) was 1.6. No symptoms or nematodes were observed on control plants. The nematode was reisolated and identified as M. javanica by morphological and molecular methods as above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection of M. javanica on B. striata. The infection of this economically important medicinal plant with M. javanica could pose a great threat to B. striata production in China, and further research will be necessary to develop control strategies.

Boosted crow search algorithm for handling multi-threshold image problems with application to X-ray images of COVID-19.

COVID-19 is pervasive and threatens the safety of people around the world. Therefore, now, a method is needed to diagnose COVID-19 accurately. The identification of COVID-19 by X-ray images is a common method. The target area is extracted from the X-ray images by image segmentation to improve classification efficiency and help doctors make a diagnosis. In this paper, we propose an improved crow search algorithm (CSA) based on variable neighborhood descent (VND) and information exchange mutation (IEM) strategies, called VMCSA. The original CSA quickly falls into the local optimum, and the possibility of finding the best solution is significantly reduced. Therefore, to help the algorithm avoid falling into local optimality and improve the global search capability of the algorithm, we introduce VND and IEM into CSA. Comparative experiments are conducted at CEC2014 and CEC'21 to demonstrate the better performance of the proposed algorithm in optimization. We also apply the proposed algorithm to multi-level thresholding image segmentation using Renyi's entropy as the objective function to find the optimal threshold, where we construct 2-D histograms with grayscale images and non-local mean images and maximize the Renyi's entropy on top of the 2-D histogram. The proposed segmentation method is evaluated on X-ray images of COVID-19 and compared with some algorithms. VMCSA has a significant advantage in segmentation results and obtains better robustness than other algorithms. The available extra info can be found at https://github.com/1234zsw/VMCSA.

Broadband multimode 3 dB optical power splitter using tapered couplers.

A design of a 1 × 2 multimode 3 dB optical power splitter using tapered couplers is proposed and investigated in this paper. As an example, a 1 × 2 splitter processing five-lowest order transverse-electric-polarized modes is designed and optimized by utilizing finite difference time domain method and particle swarm optimization algorithm. To verify the feasibility of this novel design, the optimized device is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator platform. The coupling lengths of tapered couplers are respectively 6.5 µm, 6.0 µm, 3.5 µm, 5.0 µm, 5.0 µm, 7.5 µm, 6.0 µm, 5.0 µm, and 8.0 µm. Measurement results reveal that, for the fabricated splitter, the power uniformity varies from 0.041 to 0.88 dB, the crosstalk ranges from -23.96 to -14.12 dB, and the insertion loss changes from 0.089 to 1.50 dB within a bandwidth from 1520 to 1600 nm.

Protective Role of Hepassocin against Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice.

Hepassocin (HPS) is a hepatokine that has multiple proposed physiological functions. Some of the biological processes in which it is involved are closely related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but the role of HPS in the regulation of ER stress remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that HPS transcription is induced by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) cascade upon ER stress in hepatocytes. Additionally, fasting/refeeding also induced HPS expression in mice liver. The loss of HPS sensitizes hepatocytes to ER stress-related cytotoxicity in vitro, whereas HPS treatment altered these phenotypes. HPS deficiency exacerbates fasting/refeeding-induced ER stress in vivo. The preliminary administration of HPS ameliorates liver steatosis, cell death, and inflammation in mice injected with tunicamycin (TM). The improvement of HPS can be observed even if HPS protein is injected after TM treatment. Furthermore, the administration of an ER stress inhibitor alleviated steatohepatitis in methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed HPS-deficient mice. These results suggest that HPS protects hepatocytes from physiological and pathological ER stress, and that the inactivation of HPS signaling aggravating ER stress may be a novel mechanism that drives the development of steatohepatitis. The protective mechanism of HPS against ER stress in hepatocytes was associated with the regulation of ER calcium handling, and the suppression of calcium influx release from ER upon stressor treatment. Collectively, our findings indicate that HPS may act in a negative feedback fashion to regulate hepatic ER stress and protect hepatocytes from ER stress-related injury. HPS has the potential to be a candidate drug for the treatment of ER stress-related liver injury.

Laminated polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane codoped with boehmite nanoparticles for efficient electrostatic capture of particulate matters.

Particulate matters (PMs) air pollution is identified as the major threat to public health and climate. High-performance air filter technology based on various electrospun nanofibers is considered as an effective strategy to eliminate the effects of PMs air pollution. However, to date, nearly all the existing micro-/nanofibers are hard to meet both requirements of high PMs removal efficiency and long service life. In this work, we reported the production of laminated polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-boehmite nanoparticles (BNPs) nanofiber structured membrane by the electrospinning process. The dimension of PAN-BNPs nanofiber can be tunable from (0.09 ± 0.03)µm to (0.81 ± 0.11)µm by controlling the PAN and BNPs concentrations in precursors. The optimized PAN-BNPs nanofiber air filter with a basis weight of 1 g m-2demonstrates the attractive attributes of high PM2.5removal efficiency up to 99.962% and low pressure drop of 58 Pa. Most importantly, after introducing the BNPs as electret, the removal efficiency is very stable under the air flow rate of 6 l min-1. This PAN-BNPs nanofiber with a long electrostatic duration time offers an approach for fabricating future high-performance air filters.

Autophagy: A Novel Horizon for Hair Cell Protection.

As a general sensory disorder, hearing loss was a major concern worldwide. Autophagy is a common cellular reaction to stress that degrades cytoplasmic waste through the lysosome pathway. Autophagy not only plays major roles in maintaining intracellular homeostasis but is also involved in the development and pathogenesis of many diseases. In the auditory system, several studies revealed the link between autophagy and hearing protection. In this review, we aimed to establish the correlation between autophagy and hair cells (HCs) from the aspects of ototoxic drugs, aging, and acoustic trauma and discussed whether autophagy could serve as a potential measure in the protection of HCs.

Ultra-compact and low-loss silicon polarization beam splitter using a particle-swarm-optimized counter-tapered coupler.

In this paper, an on-chip silicon polarization beam splitter using a particle-swarm-optimized counter-tapered directional coupler is proposed, designed, and fabricated. The coupling length of the proposed device is only 5 µm. As the waveguide width variation ΔW increases from -20 to 20 nm, the simulated polarization extinction ratio larger than 18.67 dB and the corresponding insertion loss lower than 0.17 dB are achieved. Measured experimental results achieved insertion loss <0.50 dB, TE polarization extinction between 16.68 to 31.87 dB, TM polarization extinction between 17.78 to 31.13 dB, over the wavelength range 1525 to 1600 nm.

Compact and low-loss 1 × 3 polarization-insensitive optical power splitter using cascaded tapered silicon waveguides.

In this Letter, a 1×3 polarization-insensitive optical power splitter based on cascaded tapered silicon waveguides is proposed and experimentally demonstrated on a silicon-on-insulator platform. By utilizing the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the finite difference time domain method, the structural parameters of the coupling regions are carefully designed to achieve polarization-insensitive property, compact size, low insertion loss, high uniformity, and broad bandwidth. The coupling length can be as short as 7.3 µm. Our measurement results show that, at 1550 nm, the insertion losses of the fabricated device operating in transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations are, respectively, 0.068 dB and 0.62 dB. Within a bandwidth from 1525 to 1575 nm, the insertion loss is lower than 0.82 dB and the uniformity is less than 1 dB for the fabricated device operating in TE polarization, while the fabricated device operating in TM polarization can have an insertion loss smaller than 1.50 dB and a uniformity lower than 1 dB from 1528 to 1582 nm.

Contrast-Enhanced MRI Combined With the Glycerol Test Reveals the Heterogeneous Dynamics of Endolymphatic Hydrops in Patients With Menière's Disease.

BACKGROUND: The sensitivity of endolymphatic hydrops (EH) to the glycerol test varies in patients with Menière's disease (MD). PURPOSE: To explore the features of EH and its glycerol-induced dynamics in MD. STUDY TYPE: Case-control study. POPULATION: Twenty patients with MD (24 affected ears) were included. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3.0T 3D-FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) MRI and late gadolinium enhancement. ASSESSMENT: Intratympanic gadolinium-enhanced MRI was performed in the MD-affected ears before and after the glycerol test. The borders of the endolymphatic and total lymphatic space were contoured on the axial MRI slices to evaluate the volume of hydrops in both the cochlear and vestibular regions. STATISTICAL TESTS: Paired and unpaired t-tests, the Mann-Whitney U-test, linear discriminant analysis, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression. RESULTS: After glycerol ingestion, vestibular EH decreased in all patients, whereas cochlear EH significantly decreased only in patients with positive glycerol test results (all P < 0.01). At baseline, cochlear EH in the positive result group was greater than in the negative result group (P = 0.007). Unexpectedly, in the positive result group a drastic glycerol-induced dehydrating effect was observed in patients whose pretest cochlear EH ratio was >16% (P = 0.011). Moreover, the dehydrating role of glycerol was positively correlated with the baseline cochlear hydrops level (r = 0.7691, P < 0.001). DATA CONCLUSION: MRI provides evidence that glycerol administration improves the hearing threshold via dehydrating the EH. In the cochlear region, the baseline level of cochlear EH is a closely related factor for the validity of the glycerol test, whereas EH is consistently dehydrated in the vestibular component. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:1066-1073.