Demographic history and population genetic structure of Anisakis pegreffii in the cutlassfish Trichiurus japonicus along the coast of mainland China and Taiwan.

Studying the genetic diversity of nematode parasite populations is crucial to gaining insight into parasite infection dynamics and informing parasite phylogeography. Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the consumption of infectious third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis spp. carried by marine fish. In the present study, a total of 206 mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome c oxidase 2, cox2) were used to study the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and historical demography of twelve A. pegreffii populations from Trichiurus japonicas along the coast of mainland China and Taiwan. Two distinct evolutionary lineages of A. pegreffii and no significant genealogical structures corresponding to sampling localities suggested that isolation in the marginal seas shaped their patterns of phylogeographic distribution along the coast of mainland China and Taiwan during glaciation with lower sea levels. Furthermore, pairwise FST values and AMOVA did not indicate any significant genetic differentiation among groups with no relation to the geographic area, which might be attributed to fewer barriers to gene flow as well as large population sizes. The results of the neutrality test, mismatch distribution, and Bayesian skyline plot analyses showed that entire population underwent population expansion during the late Pleistocene. Analysis of the demographic history revealed that A. pegreffii underwent historical lineage diversification and admixture due to secondary contact based on ABC analysis. The present research represents the first definitive population structure and demographic history across sampling locations of A. pegreffii along the coast of mainland China and Taiwan.

The inhibition of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 by connexin 43.

Upregulation of connexin 43 (Cx43) showed potential in enhancing immune surveillance that was suppressed in the tumor microenvironment. The expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is one of the crucial factors contributing to tumor immune tolerance by depletion of tryptophan and IDO-mediated tryptophan metabolites. Here, we aim to investigate the role of Cx43 in IDO production in murine tumor by using Cx43 inducers. Resveratrol (trans-3, 5, 4 '-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural plant-derived polyphenol possessing positive effect against cancer. Salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (S.C.) was proved to target and inhibit tumor growth. Both of them regulated Cx43 expression in tumor cells and led to either chemosensitizing or immune-activating. In this study, the correlation between Cx43 and IDO were determined by the treatment of resveratrol and S.C. Our data showed an increase in Cx43 while IDO protein and IDO-mediated inhibited effects on T cell decreased after tumor cells are given with resveratrol and S.C. TREATMENTS: All of which could be inhibited once the expression of Cx43 was blocked. Cx43 involved in IDO regulation might be useful in developing IDO-targeted cancer immune therapy.

Hinokitiol induces autophagy in murine breast and colorectal cancer cells.

Hinokitiol is found in the heartwood of cupressaceous plants and possesses several biological activities. Hinokitiol may play an important role in anti-inflammation and antioxidant processes, making it potentially useful in therapies for inflammatory-mediated disease. Previously, the suppression of tumor growth by hinokitiol has been shown to occur through apoptosis. Programmed cell death can also occur through autophagy, but the mechanism of hinokitiol-induced autophagy in tumor cells is poorly defined. We used an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine) to demonstrate that hinokitiol can induce cell death via an autophagic pathway. Further, we suggest that hinokitiol induces autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Markers of autophagy were increased after tumor cells were treated with hinokitiol. In addition, immunoblotting revealed that the levels of phosphoprotein kinase B (P-AKT), phosphomammalian target of rapamycin (P-mTOR), and phospho-p70 ribosomal s6 kinase (P-p70S6K) in tumor cells were decreased after hinokitiol treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate that hinokitiol induces the autophagic signaling pathway via downregulation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Therefore, our findings show that hinokitiol may control tumor growth by inducing autophagic signaling.

Hinokitiol Inhibits Melanogenesis via AKT/mTOR Signaling in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells.

H inokitiol purified from the heartwood of cupressaceous plants has had various biological functions of cell differentiation and growth. Hinokitiol has been demonstrated as having an important role in anti-inflammation and anti-bacteria effect, suggesting that it is potentially useful in therapies for hyperpigmentation. Previously, hinokitiol inhibited the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. The autophagic signaling pathway can induce hypopigmentation. This study is warranted to investigate the mechanism of hinokitiol-induced hypopigmentation through autophagy in B16F10 melanoma cells. The melanin contents and expression of microthphalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase were inhibited by treatment with hinokitiol. Moreover, the phosphorylation of the protein express levels of phospho-protein kinase B (P-AKT) and phospho-mammalian targets of rapamycin (P-mTOR) were reduced after hinokitiol treatment. In addition, the microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) -II and beclin 1 (autophagic markers) were increased after the B16F10 cell was treated with hinokitiol. Meanwhile, hinokitiol decreased cellular melanin contents in a dose-dependent manner. These findings establish that hinokitiol inhibited melanogenesis through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Resveratrol Enhances Chemosensitivity in Mouse Melanoma Model Through Connexin 43 Upregulation.

Although current studies indicate that resveratrol exhibits potential antitumor activities, the precise mechanisms of its beneficial effects combined with chemotherapy are not fully understood. This work is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanism of antitumor effects by the combination therapy of resveratrol and cisplatin. The presence of functional gap junctions is highly relevant for the success of chemotherapy. Gap junctions mediate cell communication by allowing the passage of molecules from one cell to another. Connexin (Cx) 43 is ubiquitous and reduced in a variety of tumor cells. Cx43 may influence the response of tumor cells to treatments by facilitating the passage of antitumor drugs or death signals between neighboring tumor cells. Following resveratrol treatment, dose-dependent upregulation of Cx43 expressions was observed. In addition, gap junction intercellular communication was increased. To study the mechanism underlying these resveratrol-induced Cx43 expressions, we found that resveratrol induced a significant increase in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways. The MAPK inhibitors significantly reduced the expression of Cx43 protein after resveratrol treatment. Specific knockdown of Cx43 resulted in a reduction of cell death after resveratrol and cisplatin treatment. Our results suggest that treatment of resveratrol in tumor leads to increase Cx43 gap junction communication and enhances the combination of resveratrol and cisplatin therapeutic effects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 877-886, 2015.

Connexin 43 suppresses tumor angiogenesis by down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor via hypoxic-induced factor-1α.

Previous work showed that connexin 43 (Cx43) reduced the expression of hypoxic-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) in astrocytes. HIF-1α is a master transcription factor for angiogenesis in tumor. Angiogenesis is essential for tumor progression. Here, we investigated the role of Cx43 in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and angiogenesis in murine tumor. In the study, mouse B16F10 and 4T1 cells were overexpressed or knockdown with Cx43. The expression profiles as well as activity of the treated cells were examined. Furthermore, reduced Cx43 expression in B16F10 and 4T1 cells causes increased expression of VEGF and enhanced the proliferation of endothelial cells. On the contrary, the expression of VEGF and the proliferation of endothelial were increased in the conditioned medium of Cx43-knockdown tumor cells. We subcutaneously transplanted Cx43-overexpressing B16F10 cells into mice to evaluate the roles of Cx43 in the tumor angiogenesis. Both tumor size and the number of vessels growing in the tumor were markedly decreased compare with control group. Our findings suggest that Cx43 inhibited tumor growth by reducing angiogenesis.

Complete chloroplast genome of Angelica hirsutiflora Liu et al. 1961 (Apiaceae).

Angelica hirsutiflora Liu et al.1961, is a perennial herb in the Apiaceae family that is endemic to Taiwan. In this study, the complete circular chloroplast genome of A. hirsutiflora was reconstructed and annotated using Illumina sequencing. The size of the chloroplast genome is 154,266 bp, consisting of two inverted repeats (IRs, 25,075 bp) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC, 86,569 bp) and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,547 bp). The GC content of the chloroplast genome is 37.6%. There are 114 different genes in the chloroplast genome of A. hirsutiflora, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that A. hirsutiflora forms a distinct clade, and separated from other species within the genus Angelica. This study provided insights into the evolutionary relationships among different species of Angelica.

Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs (Ficus pumila) and their pollinating wasps (Wiebesia pumilae).

To study interactions between host figs and their pollinating wasps and the influence of climatic change on their genetic structures, we sequenced cytoplasmic and nuclear genes and genotyped nuclear microsatellite loci from two varieties of Ficus pumila, the widespread creeping fig and endemic jelly fig, and from their pollinating wasps, Wiebesia pumilae, found in Taiwan and on nearby offshore islands. Great divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) with no genetic admixture in nuclear markers indicated that creeping- and jelly-fig wasps are genetically distinct. Compared with creeping-fig wasps, jelly-fig wasps also showed better resistance under cold (20 °C) than warm (25 and 30 °C) conditions in a survival test, indicating their adaptation to a cold environment, which may have facilitated population expansion during the ice age as shown by a nuclear intron and 10 microsatellite loci. An excess of amino acid divergence and a pattern of too many rare mtCOI variants of jelly-fig wasps as revealed by computer simulations and neutrality tests implied the effect of positive selection, which we hypothesize was associated with the cold-adaptation process. Chloroplast DNA of the two fig plants was completely segregated, with signs of genetic admixture in nuclear markers. As creeping- and jelly-fig wasps can pollinate creeping figs, occasional gene flow between the two figs is thus possible. Therefore, it is suggested that pollinating wasps may be playing an active role in driving introgression between different types of host fig.

The extract of Rhodobacter sphaeroides inhibits melanogenesis through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

Reducing hyperpigmentation has been a big issue for years. Even though pigmentation is a normal mechanism protecting skin from UV-causing DNA damage and oxidative stress, it is still an aesthetic problem for many people. Bacteria can produce some compounds in response to their environment. These compounds are widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Some probiotics have immunomodulatory activities and modulate the symptoms of several diseases. Previously, we found that the extracts of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Lycogen™) inhibited nitric oxide production and inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in activated macrophages. In this study, we sought to investigate an anti-melanogenic signaling pathway in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-treated B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish. Treatment with Lycogen™ inhibited the cellular melanin contents and expression of melanogenesis-related protein, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase in B16F10 cells. Moreover, Lycogen™ reduced phosphorylation of MEK/ERK without affecting phosphorylation of p38. Meanwhile, Lycogen™ decreased zebrafish melanin expression in a dose-dependent manner. These findings establish Lycogen™ as a new target in melanogenesis and suggest a mechanism of action through the ERK signaling pathway. Our results suggested that Lycogen™ may have potential cosmetic usage in the future.

Complete chloroplast genome and phylogenetic analysis of Bupleurum kaoi Liu, Chao, and Chuang, 1977: an endemic species in Taiwan.

Bupleurum kaoi Liu, Chao, and Chuang is an endemic and endangered herb in Taiwan. In this study, the complete circular chloroplast genome of B. kaoi was reconstructed and annotated using Illumina sequencing. The genome size of B. kaoi is 155,938 bp, including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs: 26308 bp), separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,784 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,538 bp. The GC content of the chloroplast genome is 37.6%. There are 113 different genes in the chloroplast genome of B. kaoi, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that Bupleurum species is the monophyletic group, and B. kaoi belongs to subgenus Bupleurum and is closely related to B. scorzonerifolium.

Genetic population structure of the alpine species Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum sensu lato (Ericaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA.

BACKGROUND: A complex of incipient species with different degrees of morphological or ecological differentiation provides an ideal model for studying species divergence. We examined the phylogeography and the evolutionary history of the Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum s. l. RESULTS: Systematic inconsistency was detected between gene genealogies of the cpDNA and nrDNA. Rooted at R. hyperythrum and R. formosana, both trees lacked reciprocal monophyly for all members of the complex. For R. pseudochrysanthum s.l., the spatial distribution of the cpDNA had a noteworthy pattern showing high genetic differentiation (FST=0.56-0.72) between populations in the Yushan Mountain Range and populations of the other mountain ranges. CONCLUSION: Both incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization/introgression may have contributed to the lack of monophyly among R. hyperythrum, R. formosana and R. pseudochrysanthum s.l. Independent colonizations, plus low capabilities of seed dispersal in current environments, may have resulted in the genetic differentiation between populations of different mountain ranges. At the population level, the populations of Central, and Sheishan Mountains may have undergone postglacial demographic expansion, while populations of the Yushan Mountain Range are likely to have remained stable ever since the colonization. In contrast, the single population of the Alishan Mountain Range with a fixed cpDNA haplotype may have experienced bottleneck/founder's events.

Conservation genetics and phylogeography of endangered and endemic shrub Tetraena mongolica (Zygophyllaceae) in Inner Mongolia, China.

BACKGROUND: Tetraena mongolica (Zygophyllaceae), an endangered endemic species in western Inner Mongolia, China. For endemic species with a limited geographical range and declining populations, historical patterns of demography and hierarchical genetic structure are important for determining population structure, and also provide information for developing effective and sustainable management plans. In this study, we assess genetic variation, population structure, and phylogeography of T. mongolica from eight populations. Furthermore, we evaluate the conservation and management units to provide the information for conservation. RESULTS: Sequence variation and spatial apportionment of the atpB-rbcL noncoding spacer region of the chloroplast DNA were used to reconstruct the phylogeography of T. mongolica. A total of 880 bp was sequenced from eight extant populations throughout the whole range of its distribution. At the cpDNA locus, high levels of genetic differentiation among populations and low levels of genetic variation within populations were detected, indicating that most seed dispersal was restricted within populations. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic fluctuations, which led to random losses of genetic polymorphisms from populations, due to frequent flooding of the Yellow River and human disturbance were indicated by the analysis of BEAST skyline plot. Nested clade analysis revealed that restricted gene flow with isolation by distance plus occasional long distance dispersal is the main evolutionary factor affecting the phylogeography and population structure of T. mongolica. For setting a conservation management plan, each population of T. mongolica should be recognized as a conservation unit.

Enhancing the compost maturation of swine manure and rice straw by applying bioaugmentation.

Microorganisms capable of decomposing cellulose, xylan, starch and protein were individually isolated from swine manure compost and soil in this study. The correlations with pH, carbon source concentration, C/N ratio and enzyme activity among these isolated microorganisms were also investigated. Furthermore, the effect of additional inoculation in the compost was studied by measuring variations in the C/N ratio, enzyme activity and compost maturation rate. The inoculated microorganisms used in this study included four bacterial isolates and one commercial microorganism Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The results indicated that the isolated Kitasatospora phosalacinea strain C1, which is a cellulose-degraded microorganism, presented the highest enzyme activity at 31 â„ƒ and pH 5.5, while the C/N ratio was 0.8%. The isolated xylan-degraded microorganism Paenibacillus glycanilyticus X1 had the highest enzyme activity at 45 â„ƒ and pH 7.5, while the C/N ratio was 0.5%. The starch-degraded microorganism was identified as Bacillus licheniformis S3, and its highest enzyme activities were estimated to be 31 â„ƒ and pH 7.5 while the C/N ratio was 0.8%. The highest enzyme activity of the protein-degraded microorganism Brevinacillus agri E4 was obtained at 45 â„ƒ and pH 8.5, while the C/N ratio was 1.0%. The rate of temperature increase in the compost inoculated with P. chrysosporium was only higher than that of the compost without inoculation, and its compost maturation level was also lower than that of other composts with additional inoculation. The optimal initial C/N ratio of the compost was 27.5 and the final C/N ratio was 18.9. The composting results also indicated that the secondary inoculation would benefit compost maturation, and the lowest final C/N ratio of 17.0 was obtained.

Shift of bacterial communities in heavy metal-contaminated agricultural land during a remediation process.

Anthropogenic activities accompanied by heavy metal waste threaten the environment. Heavy metal pollution alters the soil microbial community composition, and the microorganisms that adapt to this stress increase in abundance. The remediation process of contaminated soil not only reduces the concentration of heavy metals but also alters the bacterial communities. High-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing techniques were applied to understand the changes in soil microbial communities. Using the remediation approach of the soil mixing, the concentrations of heavy metals in the contaminated areas were diluted and the soil environment was changed. The change of soil environment as a disturbance contributed to the alteration of microbial diversity of the remediated areas. The pH and heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were the most influential factors driving the changes in community structure. The bacterial community structure was significantly different among sample areas. The decrease of heavy metals in soil may be the important factors that changed the microbial composition. This study provides the better understanding of the changes in composition of microbial communities affected by the remediation process in heavy metal-contaminated soil.

Transcriptomic analysis elucidates the molecular processes associated with hydrogen peroxide-induced diapause termination in Artemia-encysted embryos.

Treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) raises the hatching rate through the development and diapause termination of Artemia cysts. To comprehend the upstream genetic regulation of diapause termination activated by exterior H2O2 elements, an Illumina RNA-seq analysis was performed to recognize and assess comparative transcript amounts to explore the genetic regulation of H2O2 in starting the diapause termination of cysts in Artemia salina. We examined three groupings treated with no H2O2 (control), 180 µM H2O2 (low) and 1800 µM H2O2 (high). The results showed a total of 114,057 unigenes were identified, 41.22% of which were functionally annotated in at least one particular database. When compared to control group, 34 and 98 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in 180 µM and 1800 µM H2O2 treatments, respectively. On the other hand, 162 and 30 DEGs were downregulated in the 180 µM and 1800 µM H2O2 treatments, respectively. Cluster analysis of DEGs demonstrated significant patterns among these types of 3 groups. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed the DEGs involved in the regulation of blood coagulation (GO: 0030193; GO: 0050818), regulation of wound healing (GO:0061041), regulation of hemostasis (GO: 1900046), antigen processing and presentation (KO04612), the Hippo signaling pathway (KO04391), as well as the MAPK signaling pathway (KO04010). This research helped to define the diapause-related transcriptomes of Artemia cysts using RNA-seq technology, which might fill up a gap in the prevailing body of knowledge.

Genetic diversity of Rhinogobius delicatus (Perciformes: Gobiidae): origins of the freshwater fish in East Taiwan.

Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b and d-loop sequences (1,984 bp) from 92 specimens of the freshwater goby Rhinogobius delicatus from seven drainages in East Taiwan were identified as two major lineages exhibiting a southern or northern distribution. The existence of low genetic diversity, a pattern of population decline and high population differentiation (FST=0.711) support the need for the development of management strategies for the conservation of localized populations. The results of a statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis suggested that the ancestral populations of R. delicatus were widely distributed in East Taiwan. Compared with the phylogeographic patterns of the other endemic eastern Taiwan freshwater fishes, Onychostoma alticorpus, Aphyocypris kikuckii and Hemimyzon taitungensis, our study suggests that the freshwater fishes colonized East Taiwan through northeastern and southwestern Taiwan, although the ancestral populations colonized the island before it reached its present shape.

Multilocus analysis of genetic divergence between outcrossing Arabidopsis species: evidence of genome-wide admixture.

• Outcrossing Arabidopsis species that diverged from their inbreeding relative Arabidopsis thaliana 5 million yr ago and display a biogeographical pattern of interspecific sympatry vs intraspecific allopatry provides an ideal model for studying impacts of gene introgression and polyploidization on species diversification. • Flow cytometry analyses detected ploidy polymorphisms of 2× and 4× in Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. kamchatica of Taiwan. Genomic divergence between species/subspecies was estimated based on 98 randomly chosen nuclear genes. Multilocus analyses revealed a mosaic genome in diploid A. l. kamchatica composed of Arabidopsis halleri-like and A. lyrata-like alleles. • Coalescent analyses suggest that the segregation of ancestral polymorphisms alone cannot explain the high inconsistency between gene trees across loci, and that gene introgression via diploid A. l. kamchatica likely distorts the molecular phylogenies of Arabidopsis species. However, not all genes migrated across species freely. Gene ontology analyses suggested that some nonmigrating genes were constrained by natural selection. • High levels of estimated ancestral polymorphisms between A. halleri and A. lyrata suggest that gene flow between these species has not completely ceased since their initial isolation. Polymorphism data of extant populations also imply recent gene flow between the species. Our study reveals that interspecific gene flow affects the genome evolution in Arabidopsis.

Population history in Arabidopsis halleri using multilocus analysis.

A. halleri is a psuedometallophyte with a patchy distribution in Europe and is often spread by human activity. To determine the population history and whether this history is consistent with potential human effects, we surveyed nucleotide variation using 24 loci from 12 individuals in a large A. halleri population. The means of total and silent nucleotide variation (theta(W)) are within the range expected for the species. The population genetic neutrality tests Tajima's D and Wall's B had significant composite results rejecting panmixia, and Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis revealed that a subdivision model better explained the variation than the standard neutral model, refugia (or admixture), bottleneck or change of population size models. A categorical regression analysis further supports the subdivision model, and under the subdivision model, the neutrality tests are no longer significant. The best support was for two source populations, a situation consistent with the mixing of two populations possibly mediated by human activity. This scenario might limit the genetic diversity and adaptive potential of the population. The non-neutral population variation described here should be considered in bioinformatic searches for adaptation.

A full-scale study of high-rate anaerobic bioreactors for whiskey distillery wastewater treatment with size fractionation and metagenomic analysis of granular sludge.

Two full-scale high-rate bioreactors, i.e. external circulation sludge bed (ECSB) and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB), were monitored for three years. Their performances for treating wastewater in a whiskey distillery were compared in terms of COD, pH, alkalinity and VFA. Even though feed flowrate highly fluctuated, COD removals of ECSB and EGSB were both excellent (95.7 ± 1.3% and 94.8 ± 3.0%, respectively). The influent and effluent characteristics of ECSB reactor were profiled and urea and urethane were also detected. High-strength properties of raw spent wash were exhibited in TOC, soluble COD and BOD5,20°C of 13500, 37750, and 1950 mg·L-1, respectively and characterized by GC-MS. Anaerobic granular sludge sampled from different heights of ECSB reactor were fractionated for demonstrating vertical size distributions. Moreover, major species found by next-generation sequencing technique were archaea, i.e. Methanosaeta and Methanolinea, while major bacteria were Bacteroidetes with minor Nitrospiraceae. This metagenomic analysis provided an insight of anaerobic microbial consortium.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the freshwater fish Onychostoma lepturum (Teleostei, Cyprinidae): genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis.

The cyprinid genus Onychostoma Günther, 1896 consists of 24 valid species distributed in Southeast Asia, including Taiwan, Hainan, mainland China and the Indochina region. In the present study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of O. lepturum, which is 16,598 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a typical control region (D-loop). To verify the molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Acrossocheilinae, we provide new insights to better understand the taxonomic status of Acrossocheilus, Onychostoma and Folifer brevifilis. The phylogenetic trees presented three major clades based on the 13 protein-coding genes from 28 Acrossocheilinae species. Clades I and II represent the Onychostoma and Acrossocheilus groups, respectively. Species of Acrossocheilus, Onychostoma and F. brevifilis are included in Clade III, which is considered as an ancestral group. This work provides genomic variation information and improves our understanding of the Acrossocheilinae mitogenome, which will be most valuable in providing new insights for phylogenetic analysis and population genetics research.