Trends of epidemiological characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury in China, 2009-2018.

OBJECTIVE: We focus on providing the first comprehensive national dataset on the incidence, injury aetiology and mortality of TSCI in China. METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used. We included TSCI cases from all hospitals in three regions, nine provinces and 27 cities in China via search of electronic medical records and retrospectively analysed the characteristics of TSCI in China from 2009 to 2018. We estimated the incidence of TSCI in the total population and subgroups. RESULTS: There were 5954 actual cases in 2009, corresponding to a total estimated TSCI incidence of 45.1 cases per million population (95% CI, 44.0-46.3). There were 10,074 actual cases in 2018, corresponding to a total estimated TSCI incidence of 66.5 cases per million population (95% CI, 65.2-67.8) (P < 0.001; annual average percentage change (AAPC), 4.4%). From 2009 to 2018, the incidence of almost all sex/age groups showed an increasing trend over time (P < 0.001; AAPC, 0.7-8.8%). The elderly population (aged 65-74) displayed the highest incidence of TSCI (with an average annual incidence of 127.1 cases per million [95% CI, 119.8-134.3]). CONCLUSIONS: The TSCI incidence increased significantly from 2009 to 2018. The incidence in the elderly populations was consistently high and continues to increase over time. The mortality of TSCI patients in hospitals is relatively low and continues to decrease each year, but elderly individuals remain at a high risk of hospital death.

The Effect of Organizational Innovation Climate on Employee Innovative Behavior: The Role of Psychological Ownership and Task Interdependence.

In today's era of rapid development of science and technology, organizations are confronted with unprecedented opportunities and challenges. Employee innovative behavior has become the key element to promote organizational innovation and achieve sustainable competitive advantages. This study examines the relationship between organizational innovation climate and employee innovative behavior by focusing on the mediating role of psychological ownership and the moderating role of task interdependence. The survey data were collected from the matched samples of 326 employees and their direct supervisors from 13 enterprises in Guangdong Province, China. The results indicate that organizational innovation climate is positively related to employee innovative behavior and that psychological ownership plays a fully mediating role between them. For the moderating effects, task interdependence positively moderates the relationship between organizational innovation climate and employees' psychological ownership. The results also reveal an indirect effect of organizational innovation climate on employee innovative behavior through psychological ownership. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Effect of Root and Mycelia on Fine Root Decomposition and Release of Carbon and Nitrogen Under Artemisia halodendron in a Semi-arid Sandy Grassland in China.

Plant fine root turnover is a continuous process both spatially and temporally, and fine root decomposition is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. However, the effect of the living roots and the associated mycorrhizal fungal mycelia on fine root decomposition remains unclear. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of these biotic factors on fine root decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the effect of fine roots and mycelia on fine root decomposition of a pioneer shrub (Artemisia halodendron) in Horqin sandy land, northeast China, by the ingrowth core method combined with the litterbag method. Litterbags were installed in cores. Results showed that core a allowed the growth of both fine roots and mycelia (treatment R + M), core b only allowed the growth of mycelia (treatment M), and in core c the fine root and mycelia growth were restricted and only bulk soil was present (treatment S). These findings suggest that the process of root decomposition was significantly affected by the living roots and mycelia, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration dynamics during root decomposition differed among treatments. Mycelia significantly stimulated the mass loss and C and N release during root decomposition. Treatment R + M significantly stimulated the accumulation of soil total C, total N, and organic N under litterbags. The mycelia significantly stimulated the accumulation of the inorganic N (ammonium-N and nitrate-N) but the presence of fine roots weakened nitrate-N accumulation. The presence of living roots and associated mycelia strongly affected the process of root decomposition and matter release in the litter-soil system. The results of this study should strengthen the understanding of root-soil interactions.

Effects of Myricitrin and Relevant Molecular Mechanisms.

In humans, oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction and depression. Myricitrin, a botanical flavone, is abundantly distributed in the root bark of Myrica cerifera, Myrica esculenta, Ampelopsis grossedentata, Nymphaea lotus, Chrysobalanus icaco, and other plants. Considering the abundance of its natural sources, myricitrin is relatively easy to extract and purify. Myricitrin reportedly possesses effective anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive activities, and can protect a variety of cells from in vitro and in vivo injuries. Therefore, our current review summarizes the research progress of myricitrin in cardiovascular diseases, nerve injury and anti-inflammatory, and provides new ideas for the development of myricitrin.

The Study of Cellular Mechanism of Triptolide in the Treatment of Cancer, Bone Loss and Cardiovascular Disease and Triptolide's Toxicity.

Triptolide (TPL), the active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (Twhf) has been used to treat cancer and bone loss conditions for over two hundred years in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this paper, we reviewed the specific molecular mechanisms in the treatment of cancer, bone loss and cardiovascular disease. In addition, we analyze the toxicity of TPL and collect some optimized derivatives extracted from TPL. Although positive results were obtained in most cell culture and animal studies, further studies are needed to substantiate the beneficial effects of TPL.

Overview of Therapeutic Effects of Statins on Inflammatory Diseases Through Regulating Adhesive Molecules.

Simvastatin, lovastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin and cerivastatin belong to the statin family, which are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A. As the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol metabolism, statins are classically prescribed to patients as lipidlowering agents. However, statins also possess several extra bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-tumor. Interestingly, the most essential mechanism of these activities is that statins could regulate the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), especially, targeting lymphocytes function-associated molecules (LFA)-1, macrophage (Mac)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-1. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed the regulatory effect of statins on CAMs among different diseases. In addition, we provided speculation for the role of statins in treating orthopedic disease.

Natural Products for Regulating Macrophages M2 Polarization.

Macrophages M2 polarization have been taken as an anti-inflammatory progression during inflammation. Natural plant-derived products, with potential therapeutic and preventive activities against inflammatory diseases, have received increasing attention in recent years because of their whole regulative effects and specific pharmacological activities. However, the molecular mechanisms about how different kinds of natural compounds regulate macrophages polarization still unclear. Therefore, in the current review, we summarized the detailed research progress on the active compounds derived from herbal plants with regulating effects on macrophages, especially M2 polarization. These natural occurring compounds including flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, lignans, coumarins, alkaloids, polyphenols and quinones. In addition, we extensively discussed the cellular mechanisms underlying the M2 polarization for each compound, which could provide potential therapeutic strategies aiming macrophages M2 polarization.

M1 and M2 macrophage polarization and potentially therapeutic naturally occurring compounds.

Macrophages, as crucial cellular components of innate immunity, are characterized by possessing high plasticity and an abnormal ability to differentiate in response to numerous stimuli. Given this, macrophages show extreme heterogeneity under both physiological and pathological conditions. Typically, macrophages can be polarized into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) depending on their environment. The relative functions of these two subtypes are almost exactly opposed to one another. Recent studies have suggested that some naturally occurring compounds can exert regulatory effects on the progression of macrophage polarization, which implies that they could be promising therapeutic tools to treat relevant diseases. Therefore, in our current review, we summarize recent studies on several naturally occurring compounds that may possess the ability to regulate macrophage polarization and explore the associated molecular mechanisms.

Macrophages in Bone Homeostasis.

Aberrant or prolonged immune responses has been proved to be involved in bone homeostasis. As a component of the innate immune system, macrophages play a critical role in bone homeostasis. Conventionally, according to response to the various panel of stimuli, macrophages can be plastically classified into two major phenotypes: M1 and M2. M1 macrophages are generally proinflammatory, whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory. Although studies demonstrated that both M1 and M2 phenotypes have been implicated in various inflammatory bone diseases, their direct role in bone homeostasis remains unclear. Thus, in this review, we briefly discuss the term "osteoimmunology", which deals with the crosstalk and shared mechanisms of the bone and immune systems. In addition, we overview M1 and M2 macrophages for their role in osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis as well as relevant signaling cascades involved.