Splice Acceptor Mutation [HBB:c.93-2A > T] in a Patient with Hb S/ß0-Thalassemia.

We report a case of Hb S/ß0-thalassemia (Hb S/ß0-thal) in a patient who is a compound heterozygote for the Hb Sickle mutation (HBB:c.20A > T) and a mutation of the canonical splice acceptor sequence of IVS1 (AG > TG, HBB:c.93-2A > T). This is the fifth mutation involving the AG splice acceptor site of IVS1, all of which prevent normal splicing and cause ß0-thal.

ß0-Thalassemia Caused by a Novel Nonsense Mutation [HBB:c.199A > T].

We report two hemoglobinopathy cases involving a novel ß-thalassemia (ß-thal) nonsense mutation, HBB:c.199A > T. One patient had Hb S/ß-thal, and a second unrelated patient had Hb D-Punjab/ß-thal. The HBB:c.199A > T mutation introduces a premature termination codon at amino acid codon 66 (AAA→TAA) in exon 2, resulting in typical high Hb A2 ß0-thal.

Newborn Screening for ß-Thalassemia Identifies a Complex Genotype Involving a Novel ß-Globin Gene Mutation (HBB:c.336dup).

Newborn screening identified a Chinese-Canadian infant who was positive for possible ß-thalassemia (ß-thal). Detailed family studies demonstrated that the proband was a compound heterozygote for the Chinese Gγ(Aγδß)0-thal deletion and a novel frameshift mutation within exon 3 (HBB:c.336dup), and heterozygous for the Southeast Asian α-thal deletion (--SEA/αα). This case illustrates the importance of follow-up molecular testing of positive newborn screening results to confirm the diagnosis and define risks for future pregnancies.

Adapting the ACMG/AMP variant classification framework: A perspective from the ClinGen Hemoglobinopathy Variant Curation Expert Panel.

Accurate and consistent interpretation of sequence variants is integral to the delivery of safe and reliable diagnostic genetic services. To standardize the interpretation process, in 2015, the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) published a joint guideline based on a set of shared standards for the classification of variants in Mendelian diseases. The generality of these standards and their subjective interpretation between laboratories has prompted efforts to reduce discordance of variant classifications, with a focus on the expert specification of the ACMG/AMP guidelines for individual genes or diseases. Herein, we describe our experience as a ClinGen Variant Curation Expert Panel to adapt the ACMG/AMP criteria for the classification of variants in three globin genes (HBB, HBA2, and HBA1) related to recessively inherited hemoglobinopathies, including five evidence categories, as use cases demonstrating the process of specification and the underlying rationale.

Novel High Oxygen Affinity Hemoglobin Variant in a Patient with Polycythemia: Hb Kennisis [ß85(F1)Phe→Leu (TTT>TTG); HBB: c.258T>G].

We report the case of a 61-year-old Canadian male of Maltese descent investigated for unexplained polycythemia. Decreased p50 suggested the presence of a high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb) variant. Molecular genetic testing demonstrated that he carries a novel missense mutation (HBB: c.258T>G), resulting in a Phe→Leu substitution at position 85 of the ß chain. The novel Hb variant has been designated Hb Kennisis in recognition of where the proband resides. Two other missense mutations have been reported at this position [Hb Bryn Mawr or Hb Buenos Aires, ß85(F1)Phe→Ser (HBB: c.257T>C); Hb Grantham, ß85(F1)Phe→Cys; (HBB: c.257T>G)], both of which have increased oxygen affinity.

Hepatoblastoma in a Child With Early-onset Cirrhosis.

Hepatoblastoma is the most common hepatic malignancy of childhood with known genetic predispositions and perinatal risk factors, with rare case reports occurring in the setting of cirrhosis. This case describes a young patient with cirrhosis attributed to early-onset hereditary hemochromatosis who was diagnosed with hepatoblastoma with uncommon histologic findings, evidence of chemotherapy resistance who ultimately succumbed to her disease. It is important to consider diagnoses beyond hepatocellular carcinoma in this scenario and consider early biopsy. With atypical histology, the tumor may respond poorly to conventional treatment and aggressive surgery or intensive therapy should be contemplated.

A Novel Human ß-Globin Gene Variant [Hb London-Ontario, HBB: c.332T>G] is Associated with Transfusion-Dependent Anemia in a Patient with a Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Pattern Consistent with ß-Thalassemia Trait.

We present the case of a novel ß-globin gene variant associated with early-onset transfusion-dependent anemia compatible with a ß-thalassemia major (ß-TM) phenotype in a patient of British descent. As a child, our patient developed chronic symptomatic anemia with hemoglobin (Hb) nadirs of 3.0 g/dL. She started receiving occasional transfusions by the age of 13 years and became transfusion-dependent by the age of 32 years. Work-up performed at our center showed a Hb electrophoresis compatible with ß-thalassemia (ß-thal) trait. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the ß-globin gene detected a novel mutation situated at codon 110 (CTG). This missense mutation led to a substitution of the thymine nucleotide (nt) base for guanine (CGG) at position 332 (HBB: c.332T>G). We have named this new mutation Hb London-Ontario. The majority of previously described dominant allelic mutations of the ß-globin gene led to a ß-thal intermedia (ß-TI) phenotype. The heterozygous mutation which was detected in our patients is unique at it leads to a more severe ß-TM phenotype. We suspect this is a de novo mutation of which the mother of our patient, who was reported to have a form of thalassemia, was the proband.

Data sharing as a national quality improvement program: reporting on BRCA1 and BRCA2 variant-interpretation comparisons through the Canadian Open Genetics Repository (COGR).

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop a national program for Canadian diagnostic laboratories to compare DNA-variant interpretations and resolve discordant-variant classifications using the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes as a case study.MethodsBRCA1 and BRCA2 variant data were uploaded and shared through the Canadian Open Genetics Repository (COGR; http://www.opengenetics.ca). A total of 5,554 variant observations were submitted; classification differences were identified and comparison reports were sent to participating laboratories. Each site had the opportunity to reclassify variants. The data were analyzed before and after the comparison report process to track concordant- or discordant-variant classifications by three different models.ResultsVariant-discordance rates varied by classification model: 38.9% of variants were discordant when using a five-tier model, 26.7% with a three-tier model, and 5.0% with a two-tier model. After the comparison report process, the proportion of discordant variants dropped to 30.7% with the five-tier model, to 14.2% with the three-tier model, and to 0.9% using the two-tier model.ConclusionWe present a Canadian interinstitutional quality improvement program for DNA-variant interpretations. Sharing of variant knowledge by clinical diagnostic laboratories will allow clinicians and patients to make more informed decisions and lead to better patient outcomes.

Clinical evaluation of a hemochromatosis next-generation sequencing gene panel.

BACKGROUND: Next-generation sequencing of an iron metabolism gene panel could identify pathogenic mutations, improving on standard hemochromatosis genetic testing and providing a molecular diagnosis in patients with suspected iron overload. METHODS: A next-generation sequencing panel of 15 genes with known roles in iron metabolism was constructed. A total of 190 patients were sequenced: 94 from a tertiary hemochromatosis clinic and 96 submitted for HFE testing with biochemical evidence of iron overload [elevated ferritin (>450 µg/L) or transferrin saturation (>55%)] obtained from a chart review. RESULTS: From the hemochromatosis clinic cohort, six patients were diagnosed with non-HFE hemochromatosis due to homozygous hemojuvelin (HFE2) mutations. Ten additional heterozygous pathogenic mutations were observed. From the chart review cohort, a C-terminus ferritin light chain (FTL) frameshift mutation was observed consistent with neuroferritinopathy. Heterozygous deletion of HFE2 and four additional rare pathogenic or likely pathogenic heterozygous mutations were identified in seven patients. CONCLUSIONS: An iron metabolism gene panel provided a molecular diagnosis in six patients with non-HFE iron overload and is suitable for diagnostic purposes in exceptional cases in specialized clinics. Further research will be required to assess the modifier effect of rare heterozygous mutations in iron metabolism genes.

α0-Thalassemia Due to a 90.7 kb Deletion (- -NFLD).

We report an α0-thalassemia (α0-thal) trait in Newfoundlanders caused by a novel 90.7 kb deletion. The deletion, designated the Newfoundland deletion (- -NFLD), removes both the HBA2 and HBA1 genes, while leaving the HBZ gene intact. The 5' deletion endpoint is within the HBAP1 pseudogene, approximately 3.7 kb upstream of the HBA2 gene. The 3' deletion endpoint is approximately 82.5 kb downstream of the HBA1 gene, within the second intervening sequence (IVS-II) of the FAM234A gene. This is the second α0-thal deletion reported in Newfoundland families of northern European descent.

Characterization of Two Novel Deletions Involving the 5' Region of the ß-Globin Gene.

We report two novel ß-thalassemia (ß-thal) deletions involving the 5' region of the ß-globin gene (HBB). The first deletion spans 538 bp and removes the ß-globin promoter, 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) and most of exon 1. This deletion was identified in a 3-year-old Vietnamese boy with non transfusion dependent Hb E (HBB: c.79G>A)/ß0-thal. The second deletion spans 1517 bp and removes the ß-globin gene promoter, 5'UTR, and exons 1 and 2. This deletion was identified in two unrelated adults of European descent who had ß-thal trait with unusually high Hb A2 levels. Deletions such as these are generally associated with higher levels of Hb A2 and Hb F than typical ß-thal alleles, which may ameliorate the severity of the disease.

Novel Mutation of the Translation Initiation Codon of the α1-Globin Gene (ATG>AAG or HBA1:c.2T>A).

We report two Italian-Canadian families with α+-thalassemia (α+-thal) trait caused by a novel mutation of the translation initiation codon of the α1-globin gene (ATG>AAG or HBA1:c.2T>A). This is the tenth reported α-thal mutation involving the translation initiation codon or the conserved Kozak consensus sequences of the HBA2 or HBA1 genes.

α(+)-Thalassemia Due to a Frameshift Mutation of the α2-Globin Gene [codons 55/56 (+T) or HBA2: c.168dup].

We report a case of α(+)-thalassemia (α(+)-thal) trait in a Chinese-Canadian family caused by a novel frameshift mutation of the α2-globin gene, specifically the duplication of a single nucleotide at amino acid codon 56 [HBA2: c.168dup]. The mutation results in substitution of a termination codon (TAA) for lysine (AAG) at amino acid position 56.

Sudanese (뫧)0-Thalassemia: Identification and Characterization of a Novel 9.6 kb Deletion.

We report a case of δß-thalassemia (δß-thal) trait in an adult male originally from Sudan. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was used to localize the approximate boundaries of the deletion, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequence analysis of the junction fragment to determine the precise deletion endpoints. The deletion spans 9594 bp, with the 5' deletion endpoint located 1560 bp upstream of the δ-globin gene and the 3' endpoint within the second intervening sequence (IVS-II) of the ß-globin gene.

Non-thalassemic phenotype associated with the -83 (G > A) mutation of the ß-globin gene promoter (HBB: c.-133G > A).

The -83 (G > A) mutation of the ß-globin gene promoter (HBB: c.-133G > A) was first reported in an adult male patient with mild thalassemic indices, suggesting that this may be a mild ß(+)-thalassemia (ß(+)-thal) allele. In this report, we present data from several patients who are simple heterozygotes for the -83 mutation, or compound heterozygotes for -83 and Hb S (HBB: c.20A > T) or ß-thal. These cases illustrate that the -83 sequence variant is not associated with a thalassemic phenotype. This has important implications for carrier screening and genetic counseling, particularly since the -83 mutation is relatively common in African and Hispanic populations.

Normal Hb A2 ß-thalassemia trait: frameshift mutation (HBB: c.187_251dup) in cis with the Hb A2' δ-globin gene missense mutation (HBD: c.49G>C).

We report the case of a father and daughter who are heterozygous for a duplication of 65 bp within exon 2 of the ß-globin gene, resulting in an altered and truncated ß-globin chain that is predicted to be non functional. The ß-globin gene mutation is in cis with the common Hb A2 ' missense mutation of the δ-globin gene (HBD: c.49G>C), resulting in ß-thalassemia (ß-thal) trait with normal levels of Hb A2. This is the second report of this ß(0)-thal mutation, and both families were associated with the Hb A2 ' variant and normal levels of Hb A2. Laboratories should be aware of the rare occurrence of ß-thal trait with normal levels of Hb A2.

Mild ß(+)-thalassemia associated with two linked sequence variants: IVS-II-839 (T>C) and IVS-II-844 (C>A).

We report four unrelated families with a mild ß(+)-thalassemia (ß(+)-thal) allele consisting of two sequence variants at the 3' end of IVS-II: IVS-II-839 (T>C) (HBB: c.316-12T>C) and IVS-II-844 (C>A) (HBB: c.316-7C>A). These sequence variants alter the conserved polypyrimidine tract of the consensus splice acceptor sequence (Y11NYAG/G), which could reduce splicing efficiency. This may represent a common, yet under-diagnosed ß(+)-thal allele in African populations.

Persons with Quebec platelet disorder have a tandem duplication of PLAU, the urokinase plasminogen activator gene.

Quebec platelet disorder (QPD) is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder linked to a region on chromosome 10 that includes PLAU, the urokinase plasminogen activator gene. QPD increases urokinase plasminogen activator mRNA levels, particularly during megakaryocyte differentiation, without altering expression of flanking genes. Because PLAU sequence changes were excluded as the cause of this bleeding disorder, we investigated whether the QPD mutation involved PLAU copy number variation. All 38 subjects with QPD had a direct tandem duplication of a 78-kb genomic segment that includes PLAU. This mutation was specific to QPD as it was not present in any unaffected family members (n = 114), unrelated French Canadians (n = 221), or other persons tested (n = 90). This new information on the genetic mutation will facilitate diagnostic testing for QPD and studies of its pathogenesis and prevalence. QPD is the first bleeding disorder to be associated with a gene duplication event and a PLAU mutation.

α(+)-Thalassemia trait caused by a frameshift mutation in exon 2 of the α2-globin gene [HBA2 c.244delT].

We report a case of α(+)-thalassemia (α(+)-thal) trait caused by a novel frameshift mutation in exon 2 of the α2-globin gene, specifically a deletion of a single nucleotide at amino acid codon 81 [HBA2 c.244delT]. The mutation results in a premature termination of translation at codon 83.