A Self-Healing Conductive Elastomer Based on a Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvent.

Conductive elastomers are extensively used in electronics; however, they are prone to mechanical damage, have shortened service life, and cause environmental pollution and resource waste under the influence of external factors. Therefore, conductive elastomers with rapid self-healing properties are crucial for solving these problems. To that end, a conductive elastomer based on a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent as the matrix is developed in this study. The contents of certain small molecules and conductive particles are adjusted to yield a conductive elastomer with excellent comprehensive performance. The elastomer exhibited noteworthy fracture strength (15.7 MPa), ultrahigh fracture elongation (2400%), excellent light transmittance (95.6%), and remarkable self-healing characteristics, with complete electrical healing achieved within 0.6 s, ≈63% strain, and ≈64% stress recovered within 1 min, and healing efficiency close to 99% realized within 24 h. By leveraging these properties, the elastomer is used to construct a sensor that exhibited a gauge factor of ≈0.574 in the strain range 0-2400% and excellent stability. Moreover, the CCK-8 toxicity test and fluorescence staining experiment have demonstrated that conductive elastomers have excellent cell compatibility and also have excellent potential in the field of biomedicine. In particular, the sensor is effectively applied in human motion detection, health monitoring.

Comprehensive risk factor predictions for 3-year survival among HIV-associated and disseminated cryptococcosis involving lungs and central nervous system.

BACKGROUND: The global mortality rate resulting from HIV-associated cryptococcal disease is remarkably elevated, particularly in severe cases with dissemination to the lungs and central nervous system (CNS). Regrettably, there is a dearth of predictive analysis regarding long-term survival, and few studies have conducted longitudinal follow-up assessments for comparing anti-HIV and antifungal treatments. METHODS: A cohort of 83 patients with HIV-related disseminated cryptococcosis involving the lung and CNS was studied for 3 years to examine survival. Comparative analysis of clinical and immunological parameters was performed between deceased and surviving individuals. Subsequently, multivariate Cox regression models were utilized to validate mortality predictions at 12, 24, and 36 months. RESULTS: Observed plasma cytokine levels before treatment were significantly lower for IL-1RA (p < 0.001) and MCP-1 (p < 0.05) when in the survivor group. Incorporating plasma levels of IL-1RA, IL-6, and high-risk CURB-65 score demonstrated the highest area under curve (AUC) value (0.96) for predicting 1-year mortality. For 1-, 2- and 3-year predictions, the single-factor model with IL-1RA demonstrated superior performance compared to all multiple-variate models (AUC = 0.95/0.78/0.78). CONCLUSIONS: IL-1RA is a biomarker for predicting 3-year survival. Further investigations to explore the pathogenetic role of IL-1RA in HIV-associated disseminated cryptococcosis and as a potential therapeutic target are warranted.

Characteristics of lipid metabolism after treatment of colon cancer mice with American ginseng vesicles.

INTRODUCTION: Lipid molecules are present in tumours and play an important role in the anti-inflammatory response as well as in antiviral protection. Changes in the type and location of lipids in the intestine following exposure to environmental stressors play an important role in several disorders, including ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to provide a new theoretical basis for tumour initiation and development by accurately measuring the spatial distribution of lipids and metabolites in intestinal tissue. Spatial metabolomics allows the detection of samples with minimal sample volume by label-free imaging of complex samples in their original state. The distribution of lipid molecules in tumours has not been reported, although the distribution of lipid molecules in intestinal tissue has been reported in the literature. METHODS: The range of lipid profiles in colon cancer mouse tumour tissue was compiled using a spatial metabolomics: lipid extraction method. The changes in lipid distribution in two regions after oral administration of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) vesicles were also compared. Tumour tissue samples were extracted with 80% methanol-20% formic acid in water. RESULTS: The resulting spatial metabolic profile allowed the identification of seven lipid classes in mouse tumours. The distribution of fibre tissue cells was 23.2% higher than tumour tissue cells, with the exception of the fatty acid (FA) species.

SUMO-Activating Enzyme Subunit 1 Is Associated with Poor Prognosis, Tumor Progression, and Radio-Resistance in Colorectal Cancer.

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is an effective treatment option for patients with low-grade colorectal cancer (CRC) in the local disease stage. At present, the principle of the Taiwan Medical Center is to treat CRC patients with combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy (high-dose 5-FU) for a period of about five weeks prior to surgery. Radical resection of the tumor is performed at least six to eight weeks after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). However, this approach fails to produce the desired therapeutic effect in approximately 20% to 30% of patients, and such patients are unnecessarily exposed to the risks of radiation and drug toxicity posed by this therapy. Therefore, it is crucial to explore new biomarkers to predict the prognosis of CRC. SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1 (SAE1) plays an important role in SUMOylation, a post-translational modification involved in cellular functions, such as cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In our study, to explore the clinical-pathological role of SAE1 protein in CRC, we evaluated the clinical data and paraffin sections from CRC patients. The expression of SAE1 was evaluated using immunohistochemical analysis, and clinical parameters were analyzed using chi-square and Kaplan-Meier survival tests. The results of in vitro proliferation and radiosensitive assays were compared between control groups and SAE1 siRNA groups. Western blotting was also used to detect the expressions of the SAE1, PARP, cyclin D1, p-NF-κB, and NF-κB proteins. Flow cytometry and colony formation assays were used to detect the effect of SAE-1 on radiosensitivity. In vivo, we detected the growth curve in a mouse xenograft model. The results showed that SAE-1 was revealed to be an independent prognostic biomarker of CRC. SAE1 knockdown inhibited CRC proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and led to the cleavage of PARP, downregulation of cyclin D1 protein expression, and downregulation of p-NF-κB/NF-κB. Additionally, SAE1 knockdown promoted radiosensitivity in CRC cells. Therefore, it was inferred that SAE1 may be used as a potential therapeutic target in CRC treatment.

GSN gene frameshift mutations in Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenic missense mutations of the gelsolin (GSN) gene lead to familial amyloidosis of the Finnish type (FAF); however, our previous study identified GSN frameshift mutations existed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The GSN genotype-phenotype heterogeneity and the role of GSN frameshift mutations in patients with AD are unclear. METHOD: In total, 1192 patients with AD and 1403 controls were screened through whole genome sequencing, and 884 patients with AD were enrolled for validation. Effects of GSN mutations were evaluated in vitro. GSN, Aß42, Aß40 and Aß42/40 were detected in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS: Six patients with AD with GSN P3fs and K346fs mutations (0.50%, 6/1192) were identified, who were diagnosed with AD but not FAF. In addition, 13 patients with AD with GSN frameshift mutations were found in the validation cohort (1.47%, 13/884). Further in vitro experiments showed that both K346fs and P3fs mutations led to the GSN loss of function in inhibiting Aß-induced toxicity. Moreover, a higher level of plasma (p=0.001) and CSF (p=0.005) GSN was observed in AD cases than controls, and a positive correlation was found between the CSF GSN and CSF Aß42 (r=0.289, p=0.009). Besides, the GSN level was initially increasing and then decreasing with the disease course and cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS: GSN frameshift mutations may be associated with AD. An increase in plasma GSN is probably a compensatory reaction in AD, which is a potential biomarker for early AD.

Exosomal ACADM sensitizes gemcitabine-resistance through modulating fatty acid metabolism and ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of exosomes from cancer cells to predict chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer (PC) and explore the molecular mechanisms through RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry. We sought to understand the connection between the exosomal Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADM) level and the reaction to gemcitabine in vivo and in patients with PC. We employed loss-of-function, gain-of-function, metabolome mass spectrometry, and xenograft models to investigate the effect of exosomal ACADM in chemoresistance in PC. Our results showed that the molecules involved in lipid metabolism in exosomes vary between PC cells with different gemcitabine sensitivity. Exosomal ACADM (Exo-ACADM) was strongly correlated with gemcitabine sensitivity in vivo, which can be used as a predictor for postoperative gemcitabine chemosensitivity in pancreatic patients. Moreover, ACADM was found to regulate the gemcitabine response by affecting ferroptosis through Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and mevalonate pathways. It was also observed that ACADM increased the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids and decreased intracellular lipid peroxides and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In conclusion, this research suggests that Exo-ACADM may be a viable biomarker for predicting the responsiveness of patients to chemotherapy.

Diagnostic value of nerve conduction study in NOTCH2NLC-related neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly caused by abnormally expanded GGC repeats within the NOTCH2NLC gene. Most patients with NIID show polyneuropathy. Here, we aim to investigate diagnostic electrophysiological markers of NIID. METHODS: In this retrospective dual-center study, we reviewed 96 patients with NOTCH2NLC-related NIID, 94 patients with genetically confirmed Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, and 62 control participants without history of peripheral neuropathy, who underwent nerve conduction studies between 2018 and 2022. RESULTS: Peripheral nerve symptoms were presented by 53.1% of patients with NIID, whereas 97.9% of them showed peripheral neuropathy according to electrophysiological examinations. Patients with NIID were characterized by slight demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy; some patients also showed mild axonal lesions. Motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) of the median nerve usually exceeded 35 m/s, and were found to be negatively correlated with the GGC repeat sizes. Regarding the electrophysiological differences between muscle weakness type (n = 27) and non-muscle weakness type (n = 69) of NIID, nerve conduction abnormalities were more severe in the muscle weakness type involving both demyelination and axonal impairment. Notably, specific DWI subcortical lace sign was presented in only 33.3% of muscle weakness type, thus it was difficult to differentiate them from CMT. Combining age of onset, distal motor latency, and compound muscle action potential of the median nerve showed the optimal diagnostic performance to distinguish NIID from major CMT (AUC = 0.989, sensitivity = 92.6%, specificity = 97.4%). INTERPRETATION: Peripheral polyneuropathy is common in NIID. Our study suggest that nerve conduction study is useful to discriminate NIID.

Ginseng-derived nanoparticles potentiate immune checkpoint antibody efficacy by reprogramming the cold tumor microenvironment.

Cold tumor microenvironment (TME) marked with low effector T cell infiltration leads to weak response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Thus, switching cold to hot TME is critical to improve potent ICI therapy. Previously, we reported extracellular vesicle (EV)-like ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs) that were isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey and can alter M2 polarization to delay the hot tumor B16F10 progression. However, the cold tumor is more common and challenging in the real world. Here, we explored a combinatorial strategy with both GDNPs and PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) monoclonal antibody (mAb), which exhibited the ability to alter cold TME and subsequently induce a durable systemic anti-tumor immunity in multiple murine tumor models. GDNPs enhanced PD-1 mAb anti-tumor efficacy in activating tumor-infiltrated T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrated that GDNPs could reprogram tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to increase CCL5 and CXCL9 secretion for recruiting CD8+ T cells into the tumor bed, which have the synergism to PD-1 mAb therapy with no detected systemic toxicity. In situ activation of TAMs by GDNPs may broadly serve as a facile platform to modulate the suppressive cold TME and optimize the PD-1 mAb immunotherapy in future clinical application.

Edible and cation-free kiwi fruit derived vesicles mediated EGFR-targeted siRNA delivery to inhibit multidrug resistant lung cancer.

Clinically, activated EGFR mutation associated chemo-drugs resistance has severely threaten NSCLC patients. Nanoparticle based small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy representing another promising alternative by silencing specific gene while still suffered from charge associated toxicity, strong immunogenicity and poor targetability. Herein, we reported a novel EGFR-mutant NSCLC therapy relying on edible and cation-free kiwi-derived extracellular vesicles (KEVs), which showed sevenfold enhancement of safe dosage compared with widely used cationic liposomes and could be further loaded with Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 interfering RNA (siSTAT3). siSTAT3 loaded KEVs (STAT3/KEVs) could be easily endowed with EGFR targeting ability (STAT3/EKEVs) and fluorescence by surface modification with tailor-making aptamer through hydrophobic interaction. STAT3/EKEVs with a controlled size of 186 nm displayed excellent stability, high specificity and good cytotoxicity towards EGFR over-expressing and mutant PC9-GR4-AZD1 cells. Intriguingly, the systemic administration of STAT3/EKEVs significantly suppressed subcutaneous PC9-GR4-AZD1 tumor xenografts in nude mice by STAT3 mediated apoptosis. This safe and robust KEVs has emerged as the next generation of gene delivery platform for NSCLC therapy after multiple drug-resistance.

Lung cancer-derived exosomal miR-132-3p contributed to interstitial lung disease development.

PURPOSE: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) have high morbidity and mortality and poor prognosis. The significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) was highlighted in ILDs development. Currently, we attempted to confirm the functions of lung cancer-derived exosomal miR-132-3p and reveal the underlying mechanism. METHOD: Characteristics of exosomes were verified by transmission electron microscope (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot assay. Exosome uptake for the normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) was assessed using a PKH67 staining assay. MTT and colony formation assays were applied to examine the proliferation abilities of NHLF. The interaction between miR-132-3p and sprouty1 (SPRY1) was confirmed by a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: Lung cancer-derived exosomes promoted normal human lung fibroblast activation. Exosome inhibitor GW4869 reversed the effects of Exo on NHLF. Subsequently, miR-132-3p in lung cancer-derived exosomes activated the normal human lung fibroblast and promoted interstitial lung disease development ex vivo. Next, SPRY1 was verified to be the binding protein of miR-132-3p, and sh-SPRY1 abrogated the effects of the miR-132-3p inhibitor on NHLF. CONCLUSION: Exosomal miR-132-3p from A549 cells accelerated the development of interstitial lung disease through binding to SPRY1, which might serve as an important target for ILDs.

Research Progresses and Applications of Fluorescent Protein Antibodies: A Review Focusing on Nanobodies.

Since the discovery of fluorescent proteins (FPs), their rich fluorescence spectra and photochemical properties have promoted widespread biological research applications. FPs can be classified into green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its derivates, red fluorescent protein (RFP) and its derivates, and near-infrared FPs. With the continuous development of FPs, antibodies targeting FPs have emerged. The antibody, a class of immunoglobulin, is the main component of humoral immunity that explicitly recognizes and binds antigens. Monoclonal antibody, originating from a single B cell, has been widely applied in immunoassay, in vitro diagnostics, and drug development. The nanobody is a new type of antibody entirely composed of the variable domain of a heavy-chain antibody. Compared with conventional antibodies, these small and stable nanobodies can be expressed and functional in living cells. In addition, they can easily access grooves, seams, or hidden antigenic epitopes on the surface of the target. This review provides an overview of various FPs, the research progress of their antibodies, particularly nanobodies, and advanced applications of nanobodies targeting FPs. This review will be helpful for further research on nanobodies targeting FPs, making FPs more valuable in biological research.

Suppression of TGFß-Induced Interleukin-6 Secretion by Sinulariolide from Soft Corals through Attenuation of the p38-NF-kB Pathway in Carcinoma Cells.

Sinulariolide (SC-1) is a natural product extracted from the cultured-type soft coral Sinularia flexibilis and possesses anti-inflammation, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory in several types of cancer cells. However, the molecular pathway behind its effects on inflammation remains poorly understood. Since inflammatory cytokines such as TGFß, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 activate transcription factors such as Smads, NF-κB, STAT3, Snail, Twist, and Zeb that drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in this study, we focus on the investigation in effects of SC-1 on TGFß-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) releases in an in vitro cell culture model. We showed that both intracellular IL-6 expression and secretion were stimulated by TGFß and associated with strong upregulation of IL-6 mRNA and increased transcription in A549 cells. SC-1 blocked TGFß-induced secretion of IL-6 while showing no effect on the induction of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genes, indicating that SC-1 interferes with only a subset of TGFß activities. In addition, SC-1 inhibits TGFß-induced IL-6 by suppressing p38 MAPK signaling and subsequently inhibits NF-κB and its nuclear translocation without affecting the canonical Smad pathway and receptor turnover. Overall, these data suggest that p38 may involve in the inhibition of SC-1 in IL-6 release, thus illustrating an inhibitory effect for SC-1 in the suppression of inflammation, EMT phenotype, and tumorigenesis.

Genetics of progressive supranuclear palsy in a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Genetics plays an important role in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and remains poorly understood. A detailed literature search identified 19 PSP-associated genes: MAPT, LRRK2, LRP10, DCTN1, GRN, NPC1, PARK, TARDBP, TBK1, BSN, GBA, STX6, EIF2AK3, MOBP, DUSP10, SLCO1A2, RUNX2, CXCR4, and APOE. To date, genetic studies on PSP have focused on Caucasian population. The gaps in PSP genetic study on East Asian populations need to be filled. METHODS: Exon and flanking regions of the PSP-associated genes were sequenced in 104 patients with PSP and 488 healthy controls. Common variant-based association analysis and gene-based association tests of rare variants were performed using PLINK 1.9 and the sequence kernel association test-optimal, respectively. Additionally, the association of APOE and MAPT genotypes with PSP was evaluated. The above association analyses were repeated among probable PSP patients. Finally, PLINK 1.9 was used to test variants associated with the onset age of PSP. RESULTS: A rare non-pathogenic variant of MAPT (c.425C > T,p.A142V) was detected in a PSP patient. No common variants were significantly associated with PSP. In both the rare-variant and the rare-damaging-variant groups, the combined effect for GBA reached statistical significance (p = 1.43 × 10-3, p = 4.98 × 10-4). The result between APOE, MAPT genotypes and PSP risk were inconsistent across all PSP group and probably PSP group. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenic variant in MAPT were uncommon in PSP patients. Moreover, GBA gene was likely to increase the risk of PSP, and GBA-associated diseases were beyond α-synucleinopathies. The association between APOE, MAPT and PSP is still unclear among the non-Caucasian population.

Clinical features of NOTCH2NLC-related neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal expanded GGC repeats within the NOTCH2HLC gene has been confirmed as the genetic mechanism for most Asian patients with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID). This cross-sectional observational study aimed to characterise the clinical features of NOTCH2NLC-related NIID in China. METHODS: Patients with NOTCH2NLC-related NIID underwent an evaluation of clinical symptoms, a neuropsychological assessment, electrophysiological examination, MRI and skin biopsy. RESULTS: In the 247 patients with NOTCH2NLC-related NIID, 149 cases were sporadic, while 98 had a positive family history. The most common manifestations were paroxysmal symptoms (66.8%), autonomic dysfunction (64.0%), movement disorders (50.2%), cognitive impairment (49.4%) and muscle weakness (30.8%). Based on the initial presentation and main symptomology, NIID was divided into four subgroups: dementia dominant (n=94), movement disorder dominant (n=63), paroxysmal symptom dominant (n=61) and muscle weakness dominant (n=29). Clinical (42.7%) and subclinical (49.1%) peripheral neuropathies were common in all types. Typical diffusion-weighted imaging subcortical lace signs were more frequent in patients with dementia (93.9%) and paroxysmal symptoms types (94.9%) than in those with muscle weakness (50.0%) and movement disorders types (86.4%). GGC repeat sizes were negatively correlated with age of onset (r=-0.196, p<0.05), and in the muscle weakness-dominant type (median 155.00), the number of repeats was much higher than in the other three groups (p<0.05). In NIID pedigrees, significant genetic anticipation was observed (p<0.05) without repeat instability (p=0.454) during transmission. CONCLUSIONS: NIID is not rare; however, it is usually misdiagnosed as other diseases. Our results help to extend the known clinical spectrum of NOTCH2NLC-related NIID.

Incorporating sperm DNA fragmentation index with computer-assisted semen morphokinematic parameters as a better window to male fertility.

This study aimed to assess (1) the reproducibility of three sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) assays for sperm DNA fragmentation, i.e., LensHooke R10® (R10), Halosperm G2® (G2), and BASO® (BA); (2) the correlation between computer-assisted semen analyzer (CASA) morphokinematic parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), and (3) the diagnostic value for male reproduction by combining semen morphokinematic parameters and DFI. Total 50 male participants were recruited, and all collected semen samples underwent semen analyses and SCD assays. Intra- and inter-observer variability of DFI data from different SCD measures was tested. In addition, the predictive ability of CASA parameters and DFI (with different cutoffs, i.e., 15% and 20%) for infertility was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We found that the G2 and R10 produced satisfactory variance coefficients (5.53%, 5.67%) compared to BA (14.8%). The DFI data from the R10 had lower intra-observer variability, in terms of higher intra-class coefficient (0.9615), than that of the G2 (0.8847) or BA (0.8824). Inter-observer variability of three SCD kits in scoring the DFI was comparable and satisfactory (concordance correlation coefficients ranging 0.9895-0.9630). The CASA parameters (i.e., total motility [r = -0.57], progression motility [r = -0.55], and rapidly progressive motility [r = -0.55]) were significantly correlated with DFI (P < 0.001). The predictive ability of the 15%-cutoff DFI data was better than that of the 20%-cutoff or continuous DFI data. The model comprising the CASA parameters, 15%-cutoff DFI, and 4%-cutoff normal morphology had the highest area under curve (0.8125) for infertility. For SCD assay, the R10 was the most reliable SCD assay to detect sperm DNA fragmentation. Combining the sperm DFI with CASA parameters might be a better diagnostic tool for male reproduction.

[Components of drugs in acupoint sticking therapy and its mechanism of intervention on bronchial asthma based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology and experimental verification].

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology and experimental verification was used to explore the mechanism of acupoint sticking therapy(AST) in the intervention of bronchial asthma(BA). The chemical components of Sinapis Semen, Cory-dalis Rhizoma, Kansui Radix, Asari Radix et Rhizoma, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens were retrieved from TCMSP as self-built database. The active components in AST drugs were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and the targets were screened out in TCMSP and Swiss-TargetPrediction. Targets of BA were collected from GeneCards, and the intersection of active components and targets was obtained by Venny 2.1.0. The potential targets were imported into STRING and DAVID for PPI, GO, and KEGG analyses. The asthma model induced by house dust mite(HDM) was established in mice. The mechanism of AST on asthmatic mice was explored by pulmonary function, Western blot, and flow cytometry. The results indicated that 54 active components were obtained by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and 162 potential targets were obtained from the intersection. The first 53 targets were selected as key targets. PPI, GO, and KEGG analyses showed that AST presumedly acted on SRC, PIK3 CA, and other targets through active components such as sinoacutine, sinapic acid, dihydrocapsaicin, and 6-gingerol and regulated PI3 K-AKT, ErbB, chemokine, sphingolipid, and other signaling pathways to intervene in the pathological mechanism of BA. AST can improve lung function, down-regulate the expression of PI3 K and p-AKT proteins in lung tissues, enhance the expression of PETN protein, and reduce the level of type Ⅱ innate immune cells(ILC2 s) in lung tissues of asthmatic mice. In conclusion, AST may inhibit ILC2 s by down-regulating the PI3 K-AKT pathway to relieve asthmatic airway inflammation and reduce airway hyperresponsiveness.

Investigation on the interaction between Ag+ and bovine hemoglobin using spectroscopic methods.

Silver ions (Ag+) can be released by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which are widely used in diverse fields. Ag+ can exist inside cells to produce cytotoxicity. This report uses spectroscopic methods to reveal the interactions between Ag+ and bovine hemoglobin (BHb). The results of the quenching rate constant (Kq) and the fluorescence lifetime detection showed that the quenching mechanism of BHb by Ag+ was static. Thermodynamic investigations indicated that Ag+ can interact with BHb with one binding site to form complex mainly through van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. The UV-vis absorption and synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that Ag+ changed the conformation of BHb, which may affect protein functions. This research is favorable for understanding the molecular toxic mechanism of Ag+ in vivo.

[Protective effect and mechanism of Wangshi Baochi Pills against acute alcoholic liver/stomach injury in mice].

As a common disease worldwide, alcoholic liver injury is caused by long-term or excessive intake of alcohol and triggers cell death due to alcohol metabolism and reactive oxygen species(ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity. Wangshi Baochi(WSBC) Pills have been widely adopted in clinical practice for evacuating stasis, resolving turbidity, clearing heat, tranquilizing mind, invigorating sto-mach, promoting digestion, purging fire and removing toxin. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of WSBC Pills in dispelling the effect of alcohol and protecting against acute alcoholic liver/stomach injury in mice, and preliminarily investigate its possible mole-cular mechanism. The results found that the preventive treatment with WSBC Pills contributed to elevating the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) and its expression in liver and shortening the time required for sobering up of mice with acute alcoholic liver injury. The staining of liver pathological sections as well as the detection of serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and liver ROS levels revealed that WSBC Pills protected the liver by reducing serum AST and ALT. It suppressed oxidative stress-induced liver injury by lowering liver ROS and elevating superoxide dismutase(SOD), and the liver-protecting effect was superior to that of silibinin. Western blot assay confirmed that WSBC Pills inhibited the oxidative stress by up-regulating SOD1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO-1). In addition, WSBC Pills lowered the ROS level to protect against the acute alcoholic stomach injury in mice. The findings have suggested that WSBC Pills alleviated the acute alcoholic liver/stomach injury in mice by increasing ADH and resisting oxidative stress.

Lack of association between LGMN and Alzheimer's disease in the Southern Han Chinese population.

Recently, functional studies have demonstrated that legumain (LGMN) cleaves both amyloid ß-protein precursor and tau, promoting senile plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the genetic role of LGMN in AD has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we used Sanger sequencing to investigate the single independent (single-variant association test) and cumulative (gene-based association test) effects of variants in the LGMN gene as potential susceptibility factors for AD, in a cohort comprising 676 AD cases and 365 elderly controls from the Han population of South China. In single-variant association analysis, none of the common variants in LGMN were statistically significant. In gene-based analysis, the LGMN gene also showed no association with AD. The results of our replication study in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort also showed no association between LGMN and AD. These findings suggest that the LGMN gene may not be a critical factor for AD development.

Identification of a selective inhibitor of IDH2/R140Q enzyme that induces cellular differentiation in leukemia cells.

BACKGROUND: IDH2/R140Q mutation is frequently detected in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It contributes to leukemia via accumulation of oncometabolite D-2-HG. Therefore, mutant IDH2 is a promising target for AML. Discovery of IDH2 mutant inhibitors is in urgent need for AML therapy. METHODS: Structure-based in silico screening and enzymatic assays were used to identify IDH2/R140Q inhibitors. Molecular docking, mutant structure building and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to investigate the inhibitory mechanism and selectivity of CP-17 on IDH2/R140Q. TF-1 cells overexpressed IDH2/R140Q mutant were used to study the effects of CP-17 on cellular proliferation and differentiation, the wild-type TF-1 cells were used as control. The intracellular D-2-HG production was measured by LC-MS. The histone methylation was evaluated with specific antibodies by western blot. RESULTS: CP-17, a heterocyclic urea amide compound, was identified as a potent inhibitor of IDH2/R140Q mutant by in silico screening and enzymatic assay. It exhibits excellent inhibitory activity with IC50 of 40.75 nM against IDH2/R140Q. More importantly, it shows poor activity against the wild-type IDH1/2, resulting in a high selectivity of over 55 folds, a dramatic improvement over previously developed inhibitors such as AGI-6780 and Enasidenib. Molecular simulations suggested that CP-17 binds to IDH2/R140Q at the allosteric site within the dimer interface through extensive polar and hydrophobic interactions, locking the enzyme active sites in open conformations with abolished activity to produce D-2-HG. Cellular assay results demonstrated that CP-17 inhibits intracellular D-2-HG production and suppresses the proliferation of TF-1 erythroleukemia cells carrying IDH2/R140Q mutant. Further, CP-17 also restores the EPO-induced differentiation that is blocked by the mutation and decreases hypermethylation of histone in the TF-1(IDH2/R140Q) cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that CP-17 can serve as a lead compound for the development of inhibitory drugs against AML with IDH2/R140Q mutant. Video abstract.