Trust and trustworthy artificial intelligence: A research agenda for AI in the environmental sciences.

Demands to manage the risks of artificial intelligence (AI) are growing. These demands and the government standards arising from them both call for trustworthy AI. In response, we adopt a convergent approach to review, evaluate, and synthesize research on the trust and trustworthiness of AI in the environmental sciences and propose a research agenda. Evidential and conceptual histories of research on trust and trustworthiness reveal persisting ambiguities and measurement shortcomings related to inconsistent attention to the contextual and social dependencies and dynamics of trust. Potentially underappreciated in the development of trustworthy AI for environmental sciences is the importance of engaging AI users and other stakeholders, which human-AI teaming perspectives on AI development similarly underscore. Co-development strategies may also help reconcile efforts to develop performance-based trustworthiness standards with dynamic and contextual notions of trust. We illustrate the importance of these themes with applied examples and show how insights from research on trust and the communication of risk and uncertainty can help advance the understanding of trust and trustworthiness of AI in the environmental sciences.

Endosalpingiosis as it relates to tubal, ovarian and serous neoplastic tissues: an immunohistochemical study of tubal and Müllerian antigens.

OBJECTIVE: The origins and clinical significance of endosalpingiosis (ES), ectopic tubal epithelium, are not well understood. These investigations aim to characterize ES as it relates to normal fallopian tube, ovarian surface and serous neoplasms. METHODS: A retrospective review of pathology reports from all prophylactic gynecologic surgeries from 2000 to 2010 was performed to assess the frequency of ES. Twenty-one archival specimens of ES, 6 normal fallopian tubes, 9 normal ovaries, 21 serous neoplasms and a commercially available ovarian tissue microarray were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) with 11 tubal and Müllerian antigens. IHC staining was evaluated with a quantitative scoring system and scores were analyzed using MINITAB statistical software. RESULTS: ES was noted in 3.5% of pathologic specimens from 464 prophylactic surgeries. The majority of antigens showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in median IHC scores between ES and normal fallopian tube epithelium (nFTE), while they were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). Median IHC scores were unchanged in ES tissues regardless of the location of ES or the presence of a concurrent serous neoplasm. Three antigens emerged as contemporary tubal and ES biomarkers: phospho-Smad2, BCL2 and FOXJ1. All 3 biomarkers were expressed in ES, nFTE and serous neoplasms, but not in OSE or other tumor types. CONCLUSION: This study provides immunophenotypic evidence that ES is more similar to the nFTE than OSE. Further, ES biomarker expression closely resembles serous neoplasms strengthening the growing body of evidence that all Müllerian serous carcinomas arise from tubal-like epithelium.

A 10-year Metocean dataset for Laguna Madre, Texas, including for the Study of Extreme Cold Events.

Coastal observations along the Texas coast are valuable for many stakeholders in diverse domains. However, the management of the collected data has been limited, creating gaps in hydrological and atmospheric datasets. Among these, water and air temperature measurements are particularly crucial for water temperature predictions, especially during freeze events. These events can pose a serious threat to endangered sea turtles and economically valuable fish, which can succumb to hypothermic stunning, making them vulnerable to cold-related illness or death. Reliable and complete water and air temperature measurements are needed to provide accurate predictions of when cold-stunning events occur. To address these concerns, the focus of this paper is to describe the method used to create a complete 10-year dataset that is representative of the upper Laguna Madre, TX using multiple stations and various gap-filling methods. The raw datasets consist of a decade's worth of air and water temperature measurements within the Upper Laguna Madre from 2012 to 2022 extracted from the archives of the Texas Coastal Ocean Observation Network and the National Park Service. Large portions of data from the multiple stations were missing from the raw datasets, therefore a systematic gap-filling approach was designed and applied to create a near-continuous dataset. The proposed imputation method consists of three steps, starting with a short gap interpolation method, followed by a long gap-filling process using nearby stations, and finalized by a second short gap interpolation method. This systematic data imputation approach was evaluated by creating random artificial gaps within the original datasets, filling them using the proposed data imputation method, and assessing the viability of the proposed methods using various performance metrics. The evaluation results help to ensure the reliability of the newly imputed dataset and the effectiveness of the data imputation method. The newly created dataset is a valuable resource that transcends the local cold-stunning issue, offering viable utility for analyzing temporal variability of air and water temperatures, exploring temperature interdependencies, reducing forecasting uncertainties, and refining natural resource and weather advisory decision-making processes. The cleaned dataset with minimal gaps (<2%) is ready and convenient for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients older than 40 years: allograft versus autograft patellar tendon.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is the recommended treatment for patients of all ages who are involved in sports and have symptoms of knee instability. HYPOTHESIS: In patients older than 40 years, allograft reconstruction will have better subjective and objective results than autograft reconstruction, proving allograft to be a better graft source for this patient population. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: The authors identified 63 patients meeting the criteria for this study, including 38 patients in the allograft group and 25 patients in the autograft group. All patients were older than 40 years and had at least 2 years' follow-up. Objective parameters included preinjury and postoperative Tegner activity rating scale and Lysholm scores, range of motion, thigh circumference differences, side-to-side difference at maximum manual force in anterior displacement by KT-1000 arthrometer, and clinical examination for Lachman and pivot-shift tests. Using a 15-point visual analog scale, the authors performed subjective evaluations. RESULTS: Both groups' Tegner activity rating scale scores returned to preoperative levels. Visual analog scales and range of motion data were similar for both groups. KT-1000 arthrometer data showed a mean maximum difference of 1.46 mm for the allograft group and 0.10 mm for the autograft group (P = .398). Three patients in the allograft group showed greater than 5 mm difference, compared with none in the autograft group. There was 1 clinical failure in the allograft group. In the allograft group, 57% of patients had returned to sports by 6 months versus 25% of patients in the autograft group (P = .005), increasing to 71% and 43%, respectively, at final follow-up (P = .127). CONCLUSION: Allograft bone-patellar tendon-bone advantages include quicker return to sporting activities; disadvantages include increased laxity and higher incidence of failure. The advantage of autograft bone-patellar tendon-bone is that it appears to be a tighter graft. The authors found that allograft was not a superior graft source in this patient population, leading them to offer both options.