Maximizing donors' gifts: A comparison of actual and expected solid organ yield among VCA donors.

Vascularized Composite Allograft (VCA) transplantation provides life-changing transplants, but VCA adds complexity to the donation process and timing, possibly impeding solid organ donation. Expanding upon descriptive analyses, this study examines risk-adjusted predictions versus the observed number of organs donated by VCA donors. Our cohort included VCA donors in the United States during January 1, 2008-December 31, 2017 (n = 51), using OPTN Deceased Donor Registration Form data and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) donor yield models to calculate observed-to-expected (O:E) yield ratios. Almost all VCA donors' livers (48/51; 94.1%) and kidneys (92/102; 90.2%) were transplanted, with fewer hearts (28/51; 54.9%), lungs (46/102; 45.1%), pancreata (15/51; 29.4%), and intestines (3/51; 5.9%) transplanted. O:E ratios for overall organ yield were slightly greater than expected for VCA donors (1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.17). Liver (1.17: 1.08-1.27) and lung yields (1.38: 1.07-1.68) were both greater than expected, while kidney, heart, and pancreas yields were similar to expected. Across VCA types, bilateral upper limb and abdominal wall donors had better-than-expected yields while uterus, face, and unilateral upper limb donors all had similar-to-expected yields. Solid organ yield among VCA donors was as good or better than predicted, suggesting that VCA donation does not compromise recovery and transplantation of lifesaving organs.

Vascularized composite allotransplantation in the United States: A descriptive analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Data.

On July 3, 2014, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing was charged with the oversight of vascularized composite allograft (VCA) procurement and transplantation in the United States. As of December 31, 2017, 61 VCA programs at 27 centers were approved in the United States. Fifty candidates have been added to the waiting list at 15 centers. Twenty-eight VCA transplants have been performed at 14 programs (10 upper limb, 10 uterus, 5 craniofacial, 1 scalp, 1 abdominal wall, and 1 penile). Twenty-two VCAs were procured from 21 deceased donors, resulting in 109 non-VCA organs transplanted (15 hearts, 3 intestine, 40 kidney, 20 livers, 24 lungs, and 7 pancreata). Six uterus transplants were performed from living donors. Fourteen candidates were still waiting at 9 centers on December 31, 2017. Two of the 10 uterus recipients had live births and 3 still had viable grafts. Seventeen of 18 nonuterus recipients had functioning grafts. At present, VCA is an emerging field with a small number of patients transplanted. Data on posttransplant survival and functional outcomes continue to be collected to further the understanding of this complex and evolving field. Further systematic data are important for policy refinement and assurance of patient safety.

VCA Deceased Donors in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Vascularized composite allograft (VCA) transplants include diverse organ types and are made possible primarily by deceased donors. METHODS: We used Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data to characterize VCA deceased donors (n = 66 of 70) in the United States from 1998 to 2017 and compare their characteristics with those of kidney donors in 2017. RESULTS: Through December 31, 2017, 20 transplant programs performed 72 deceased-donor VCA transplants, with organs donated by 70 donors, including 30 upper limb (17 unilateral and 13 bilateral) and 11 face donors. Other donors donated both upper limbs and face (n = 2), uterus (n = 4), abdominal wall (n = 19), larynx (n = 2), penis (n = 1), and scalp (n = 1). About a third of VCA donors were female, and the majority (86.4%) were white. Almost half (45.5%) were between the ages 18 and 34 years. Smaller proportions were younger than 18 years (19.7%), 35 to 44 years (15.2%), 45 to 54 years (13.6%), and older than 55 years (6.1%). Median body mass index for all VCA donors was 24.9 and varied widely, especially for upper limb and face donors. There was considerable variation in Kidney Donor Profile Index among VCA donors (median, 27.5; interquartile range, 11-59). Donor causes of death included head trauma (39.4%), cerebrovascular/stroke (25.8%), and anoxia (31.8%). VCA donors also donated solid organs that were transplanted, including 87.1% of kidneys, 93.9% of livers, 40.2% of lungs, and 56.1% of hearts. CONCLUSIONS: donors are a demographically and clinically diverse group. Understanding this diversity and future trends in VCA donor characteristics is critical in supporting this life-changing field of transplantation.

OPTN Vascularized Composite Allograft Waiting List: Current Status and Trends in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Vascularized composite allograft (VCA) transplantation is a developing area in the field of transplantation. METHODS: This study used Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) VCA waiting list and transplant data from July 3, 2014 through February 28, 2018, to characterize the OPTN VCA waiting list in terms of composition, removal patterns, waiting time, resulting transplants, and trends over time. RESULTS: Between implementation of the OPTN VCA waiting list on July 3, 2014 and February 28, 2018, 54 candidates-53.7% were male, 79.6% were white, and 70.4% aged 18 to 44 years-were added to the OPTN VCA waiting list. Of these, 22 received deceased donor VCA transplants (6 bilateral upper limb, 4 unilateral upper limb, 5 craniofacial, 1 scalp, 1 abdominal wall, 1 penile, and 4 uterine), and 6 received living donor uterine transplants. Registrations increased in 2016 after uterine and penile transplants were introduced in the United States, resulting in a large shift in the composition of the VCA waiting list. Waiting times for VCA candidates vary greatly, with some VCA candidates receiving deceased donor transplants quickly and others waiting more than 3 years before transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: The field of VCA transplantation and the composition of the OPTN VCA waiting list are evolving rapidly. Additional research is needed to understand these changes and investigate whether differences in need or differences in access have resulted in the variation seen on the VCA waiting list.

The effects of commonly prescribed premolar extraction sequences on the curvature of the upper and lower lips.

The potential for premolar extractions to produce adverse facial effects after orthodontic treatment is still controversial. Detailed documentation of the predictability, or otherwise, of various soft tissue treatment effects would obviously be of assistance to clinical orthodontists in day-to-day treatment planning, by potentially refining the criteria for appropriate selection of various premolar extraction sequences. With this in mind, a retrospective lateral cephalometric study of 80 premolar extraction cases was undertaken to assess whether different patterns of premolar extraction do in fact produce predictably different lateral profile effects. A comparison was made of the changes in lip curvature after the extractions of all first premolars (4/4), all second premolars (5/5), or upper first and lower second premolars (4/5). Changes in the depths of curvature of both the upper and lower lips were not solely dependent on the selection of a particular premolar extraction sequence. Instead, there were wide ranges of individual variation in the changes in the depths of the lip curves. Therefore, in addition to the inherent soft tissue morphology of the lips in individual patients, it is the combined effect of the lip response to various dental and skeletal changes and the competent clinical management of extraction spaces that apparently affects the shapes of the lips within the lateral profile during treatment. In other words, it would seem possible for the clinician to carefully manage either first or second premolar extraction spaces while still protecting the facial profile.

Tooth and lip responses to three commonly prescribed premolar extraction sequences: a review of recent research findings.

AIM: To review and discuss the dental and lateral profile soft tissue effects of orthodontic treatment involving three different premolar extraction patterns (4/4, 4/5, 5/5). METHOD: The results of three previously reported studies were compared and discussed. RESULTS: Wide ranges of individual variation were found for the amounts of forward molar movement and incisor retraction, and for changes in the depths of upper and lower lip curves within all three premolar extraction pattern groups. The amount of pretreatment crowding and the residual space following initial alignment were the two factors most likely to influence changes in tooth positions during treatment. Treatment changes in the curvature of the lips were influenced by the pretreatment thickness of the lips at the vermilion level. CONCLUSION: Factors other than simply the choice of premolar extraction pattern influence positional changes in the molars, incisors and lips during orthodontic treatment.