CLEC5A mediates Zika virus-induced testicular damage.

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is clinically known to induce testicular swelling, termed orchitis, and potentially impact male sterility, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous reports suggested that C-type lectins play important roles in mediating virus-induced inflammatory reactions and pathogenesis. We thus investigated whether C-type lectins modulate ZIKV-induced testicular damage. METHODS: C-type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A) knockout mice were generated in a STAT1-deficient immunocompromised background (denoted clec5a-/-stat1-/-) to enable testing of the role played by CLEC5A after ZIKV infection in a mosquito-to-mouse disease model. Following ZIKV infection, mice were subjected to an array of analyses to evaluate testicular damage, including ZIKV infectivity and neutrophil infiltration estimation via quantitative RT-PCR or histology and immunohistochemistry, inflammatory cytokine and testosterone detection, and spermatozoon counting. Furthermore, DNAX-activating proteins for 12 kDa (DAP12) knockout mice (dap12-/-stat1-/-) were generated and used to evaluate ZIKV infectivity, inflammation, and spermatozoa function in order to investigate the potential mechanisms engaged by CLEC5A. RESULTS: Compared to experiments conducted in ZIKV-infected stat1-/- mice, infected clec5a-/-stat1-/- mice showed reductions in testicular ZIKV titer, local inflammation and apoptosis in testis and epididymis, neutrophil invasion, and sperm count and motility. CLEC5A, a myeloid pattern recognition receptor, therefore appears involved in the pathogenesis of ZIKV-induced orchitis and oligospermia. Furthermore, DAP12 expression was found to be decreased in the testis and epididymis tissues of clec5a-/-stat1-/- mice. As for CLEC5A deficient mice, ZIKV-infected DAP12-deficient mice also showed reductions in testicular ZIKV titer and local inflammation, as well as improved spermatozoa function, as compared to controls. CLEC5A-associated DAP12 signaling appears to in part regulate ZIKV-induced testicular damage. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses reveal a critical role for CLEC5A in ZIKV-induced proinflammatory responses, as CLEC5A enables leukocytes to infiltrate past the blood-testis barrier and induce testicular and epididymal tissue damage. CLEC5A is thus a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of injuries to male reproductive organs in ZIKV patients.

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Lytic Halotolerant Phage from Yuncheng Saline Lake.

Halophilic phage are a type of virus that exist in salty environments within halophilic archaeal or bacterial hosts. However, relatively few reports on halophilic bacteriophages exist, and our overall understanding of halophilic bacteriophages is quite limited. We used SYBR Green I fluorescent staining to detect the abundance of viruses in Yuncheng Saline Lake, China. Using the double-layer plate method, a lytic phage that could infect halophilic bacterium Salinivibrio sp. YM-43 was isolated and named YXM43. We studied host range, optimal host, morphological characteristics, nucleic acid type, protein composition, and other biological characteristics of the virus. Results reveal a high abundance of this halophilic virus in Yuncheng Saline Lake. The newly isolated bacteriophage YXM43 has a narrow host range, with the most suitable host being Virgibacillus sp. SK39. After purification and enrichment, YXM43 is observed as a spherical particle with a diameter of approximately 30 nm, with no tail. No lipid envelope can be seen in YXM43. The capsid protein of the virus can be separated into seven proteins with molecular weights ranging from 62.0 to 13.0 kDa. YXM43 is a DNA virus with a genome approximately 23 kb. The virus is tolerant of low salinity, and its activity is highest at a temperature of 60 °C and a pH of 10. YXM43 is temperature and pH tolerant, and can adapt to environmental change, even withstanding chloroform treatment. The results indicate that bacteriophage YXM43 is a novel halophilic bacteriophage with broad tolerance to environmental change.

Risk factors for and causes and treatment of recurrence of inferior vena cava type of Budd-Chiari syndrome after stenting in China: A retrospective analysis of a large cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the risk factors for recurrence of inferior vena cava (IVC)-type Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) after stenting and evaluate the feasibility and primary outcomes of endovascular therapies for recurrent BCS. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 219 patients was performed to identify risk factors for recurrence. The images of the recurrent patients during follow-up duration and interventional surgery were also reviewed to find the possible reasons of recurrence. The outcome of endovascular therapies for recurrent BCS was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Among the 219 patients, 172 patients with primary IVC-type BCS underwent stenting and 28 patients experienced recurrence. Multivariate analysis identified age, Child-Pugh score, MELD and total bilirubin as independent recurrent indicators. Possible causes of recurrence include thrombosis in the stent, re-obstruction in or above the stent, and stent-related hepatic vein obstruction. Twenty-five patients with recurrent BCS underwent endovascular therapies with a few complications and achieved a high level of short- and mid-term patency. CONCLUSION: Age, total bilirubin and severity of liver function are the main risk factors for BCS recurrence. These risks might contribute to thrombosis or subsequent fibrous obstruction. Endovascular therapies are effective and safe management options that yield positive outcomes for recurrent BCS. KEY POINTS: • Risk factors for recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome were identified by multivariate analysis. • Causes of recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome were investigated by assessing radiological images. • There is a correlation between risk factors and causes of recurrence. • Endovascular therapies for recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome are effective and safe.

Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Idiomarina sp. W33 and its application for biodiesel production using Jatropha oil.

A halophilic strain W33 showing lipolytic activity was isolated from the saline soil of Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Biochemical and physiological characterization along with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the isolate in the genus Idiomarina. The extracellular lipase was purified to homogeneity by 75% ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose anion exchange and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified lipase was estimated to be 67 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Substrate specificity test indicated that it preferred long-chain p-nitrophenyl esters. Optimal lipase activity was found to be at 60 °C, pH 7.0-9.0 and 10% NaCl, and it was highly active and stable over broad temperature (30-90 °C), pH (7.0-11.0) and NaCl concentration (0-25%) ranges, showing excellent thermostable, alkali-stable and halotolerant properties. Significant inhibition by diethyl pyrocarbonate and phenylarsine oxide was observed, implying histidine and cysteine residues were essential for enzyme catalysis. In addition, the lipase displayed high stability and activity in the presence of hydrophobic organic solvents with log P(ow) ≥ 2.13. The free and immobilized lipases produced by Idiomarina sp. W33 were applied for biodiesel production using Jatropha oil, and about 84 and 91% of yields were achieved, respectively. This study formed the basic trials conducted to test the feasibility of using lipases from halophile for biodiesel production.

Halostable cellulase with organic solvent tolerance from Haloarcula sp. LLSG7 and its application in bioethanol fermentation using agricultural wastes.

A haloarchaeal strain LLSG7 with cellulolytic activity was isolated from the saline soil of Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Biochemical and physiological characterization along with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the isolate in the genus Haloarcula. Cellulase production was strongly influenced by the salinity of the culture medium with the maximum obtained in the presence of 25 % NaCl. Substrate specificity tests showed that the crude cellulase was a multicomponent enzyme system, and zymogram analysis revealed that five different endoglucanases were secreted by strain LLSG7. Optimal cellulase activity was at 50 °C, pH 8.0, and 20 % NaCl. In addition, it was highly active and stable over broad ranges of temperature (40-80 °C), pH (7.0-11.0), and NaCl concentration (17.5-30 %). The cellulase displayed remarkable stability in the presence of non-polar organic solvents with log P ow ≥ 1.97. The crude cellulase secreted by strain LLSG7 was further applied to hydrolyze alkali-pretreated rice straw and the enzymatic hydrolysate was used as the substrate for bioethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yield of ethanol was 0.177 g per gram of pretreated rice straw, suggesting that it might be potentially useful for bioethanol production.

[Autologous cytokine-induced killer cells therapy on the quality of life of patients with breast cancer after adjuvant chemotherapy: a prospective study].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells on the quality of life in patient with breast cancer who have already finished the adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-eight postoperative patients with breast cancer who underwent anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in this prospective study, and they were randomized into 2 groups, i.e., treatment group, which received the therapy of CIK cells transfusion, and control group, which was given regular follow-up. Meanwhile, patients with positive hormone receptor in the two groups were given endocrine therapy, and the patients with positive axillary lymph nodes were given radiotherapy to the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. The difference of quality of life between the two groups was analyzed according to the EORTC QLQ-BR53 quality of life questionnaire, and the adverse reactions were monitored. RESULTS: As regarding the functional evaluation, the physical function scores of patients of the treatment group were (83.43 ± 14.87) and (88.55 ± 11.62) at 3 and 6 months after the CIK cell therapy, respectively, significantly higher than the baseline value [(74.83 ± 13.82), P < 0.05)]. Global health status/QOL scores were (83.30 ± 19.09) and (89.68 ± 10.81), significantly higher than the baseline value [(77.72 ± 21.05), P < 0.05]. As regarding symptoms, the scores of fatigue, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite of patients in the treatment group were higher than the baseline value, with significant differences (P < 0.05). The nausea and vomiting scores in the control group at 3 and 6 months of followed-up were (26.67 ± 22.56) and (21.47 ± 21.06), significantly lower than the baseline values [(33.31 ± 27.07), P < 0.05]. The scores of worrying about the future in the patients of treatment group were (47.56 ± 30.84) and (42.33 ± 26.95) after 3 and 6 months, significantly better than the baseline value [(57.41 ± 30.63), P < 0.05]. The systematic therapy side effects scores were (31.95 ± 27.52) and (23.72 ± 22.87), significantly better than the baseline value [(40.56 ± 26.28), P < 0.05]. The scores of arm edema were (45.26 ± 25.42) and (36.61 ± 20.51), significantly milder than the baseline value [(55.11 ± 22.82), P < 0.05]. In the control group, the scores of arm edema were (44.85 ± 28.94) and (38.64 ± 23.68), significantly lower than the baseline values [(53.26 ± 23.84) points, P < 0.05]. Alopecia scores were (29.93 ± 24.72) and (24.18 ± 22.66), significantly lower than the baseline values [(35.92 ± 22.08), P < 0.05]. In the treatment group, the patients' physical function, social function and global health status/QOL, fatigue, insomnia, and worrying about the future rates were significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05 for all). Three patients after CIK reinfusion had transient fever, and 6 cases felt pain in the lower limb, but the symptoms were relieved after symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy of autologous CIK cells transfusion can significantly improve the quality of life of breast cancer patients, and the adverse reactions during the treatment can be alleviated by symptomatic treatment.

Purification and characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant alkaline cellulase from a halophilic isolate of Thalassobacillus.

An extracellular cellulase from Thalassobacillus sp. LY18 was purified 4.5-fold with a recovery of 21 % and a specific activity of 52.4 U mg(-1) protein. Its molecular mass was 61 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE. It was an endoglucanase for soluble cellulose with optimal activity was at 60 °C and pH 8 with 10 % (w/v) NaCl. It was stable from 30 to 80 °C and from pH 7 to 11 with NaCl from 5 to 17.5 % (w/v). EDTA inhibited activity indicating it was a metalloenzyme. Inhibition by diethyl pyrocarbonate and ß-mercaptoethanol suggested that histidine residues and disulfide bonds may play important roles in its catalytic function. The cellulase was highly active in non-ionic surfactants and was stable in water-insoluble organic solvents with log P (ow) ≥ 2.13.

Purification and characterization of an organic-solvent-tolerant cellulase from a halotolerant isolate, Bacillus sp. L1.

A halotolerant isolate Bacillus sp. L1 producing extracellular cellulase was isolated from Yuncheng, China. Production of the enzyme started from mid-exponential phase of bacterial growth and reached a maximum level during the post-stationary phase. The cellulase was purified to homogeneity with molecular mass of 45 kDa. Substrate specificity test indicated that it was an endoglucanase for soluble cellulose. Optimal enzyme activity was found to be at 60 °C, pH 8.0, and 7.5 % NaCl. Furthermore, it was highly active and stable over broad ranges of temperature (30-80 °C), pH (7.0-9.0), and NaCl concentration (2.5-15 %), thus showing its excellent thermostable, alkali-stable, and halotolerant nature. The cellulase activity was greatly inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, indicating that it was a metalloenzyme. Significant inhibition by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and phenylarsine oxide revealed that serine and cysteine residues were essential for the enzyme catalysis. Moreover, the cellulase was highly active in the presence of surfactants, and it showed high stability in the presence of water-insoluble organic solvents with log P (ow)at least 0.88. Results from this study indicate that the purified cellulase from isolate L1 may have considerable potential for industrial application owing to its useful properties.

A quinoline-coumarin near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent probe for detection of sulfur dioxide derivatives.

Sulfur dioxide derivatives (HSO3- and SO32-) play an important role in food preservative, antibacterial, antioxidant and other aspects, so it is urgent for us to develop more efficient detection methods to broaden their application in biochemical research and related disease diagnosis. Fluorescent probes are of particular interest because of their simplicity and high temporal and spatial resolution. Herein, we constructed a new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe, CQC, composed of coumarin fluorophore and quinoline fluorophore, for detecting SO2 derivatives. The near-infrared emission probe CQC with a large Stokes shift (260 nm) not only kept the distance between the two emission peaks large enough (165 nm), but also had a particularly high energy transfer efficiency (99.5%), and was particularly sensitive to the detection of HSO3-/SO32- (LOD: 0.1 µM). The powerful probe CQC succeeded in real-time visualizing endogenous HSO3-/SO32- in living cells.

Lab-scale characterization and semi-field trials of Wolbachia Strain wAlbB in a Taiwan Wolbachia introgressed Ae. aegypti strain.

Dengue fever is one of the most severe viral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, with traditional approaches of disease control proving insufficient to prevent significant disease burden. Release of Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes offers a promising alternative control methodologies; Wolbachia-transinfected female Aedes aegypti demonstrate reduced dengue virus transmission, whilst Wolbachia-transinfected males cause zygotic lethality when crossed with uninfected females, providing a method for suppressing mosquito populations. Although highly promising, the delicate nature of population control strategies and differences between local species populations means that controlled releases of Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes cannot be performed without extensive testing on specific local Ae. aegypti populations. In order to investigate the potential for using Wolbachia to suppress local Ae. aegypti populations in Taiwan, we performed lab-based and semi-field fitness trials. We first transinfected the Wolbachia strain wAlbB into a local Ae. aegypti population (wAlbB-Tw) and found no significant changes in lifespan, fecundity and fertility when compared to controls. In the laboratory, we found that as the proportion of released male mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia was increased, population suppression could reach up to 100%. Equivalent experiments in semi-field experiments found suppression rates of up to 70%. The release of different ratios of wAlbB-Tw males in the semi-field system provided an estimate of the optimal size of male releases. Our results indicate that wAlbB-Tw has significant potential for use in vector control strategies aimed at Ae. aegypti population suppression in Taiwan. Open field release trials are now necessary to confirm that wAlbB-Tw mediated suppression is feasible in natural environments.

Extracellular production of beta-amylase by a halophilic isolate, Halobacillus sp. LY9.

A moderately halophilic strain LY9 with high amylolytic activity was isolated from soil sample obtained from Yuncheng, China. Biochemical and physiological characterization along with 16S rRNA sequence analysis placed the isolate in the genus Halobacillus. Amylase production started from the post-exponential phase of bacterial growth and reached a maximum level during the early-stationary phase. The isolate LY9 was found to secrete the amylase, the production of which depended on the salinity of the growth medium. Maximum amylase production was observed in the presence of 10% KCl or 10% NaCl. Maltose was the main product of soluble starch hydrolysis, indicating a ß-amylase activity. The enzyme showed optimal activity at 60°C, pH 8.0, and 10-12.5% of NaCl. It was highly active over broad temperature (50-70°C), NaCl concentration (5.0-20.0%), and pH (4.0-12.0) ranges, indicating its thermoactive and alkali-stable nature. However, activity dropped off dramatically at low NaCl concentrations, showing the amylase was halophilic. Ca(2+) was found to stimulate the ß-amylase activity, whereas ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phenylarsine oxide (PAO), and diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) strongly inhibited the enzyme, indicating it probably was a metalloenzyme with cysteine and histidine residues located in its active site. Moreover, the enzyme exhibited remarkable stability towards sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100. This is the first report of ß-amylase production from moderate halophiles. The present study indicates that the extracellular ß-amylase of Halobacillus sp. LY9 may have considerable potential for industrial application owing to its properties.

Morphological changes of Fusarium oxysporum induced by CF66I, an antifungal compound from Burkholderia cepacia.

The morphological effects of CF66I, an antifungal compound produced by Burkholderia cepacia, on growing hyphae of Fusarium oxysporum were studied by fluorescence microscopy (FM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At 20 µg/ml, CF66I strongly inhibited growth and induced significant changes of the hyphal morphology. These changes included swelling of hyphae with considerable thickening cell wall and abnormal chitin deposition, which was indicative of the alterations in cell wall structure. Furthermore, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining indicated the loss of intracellular esterase activity. CF66I probably inhibits fungal growth by interfering with the cell metabolic pathways. At 120 µg/ml, CF66I killed F. oxysporum (accompanied by propidium iodide permeation, intracellular cytoplasm leakage and crushing of hyphal tips), probably by direct damage to the cell membrane. Thus, there are two different antifungal mechanisms of CF66I, depending on its concentration, and further studies on this compound might be useful for us to develop a new class of antifungal agents.

Multiple effects of a novel compound from Burkholderia cepacia against Candida albicans.

A novel compound (named CF66I) produced by Burkholeria cepacia CF-66 strain was investigated for its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. This compound exhibited excellent antifungal activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Uptake analysis revealed that the compound preferentially acted against the fungal cell wall, and was also able to enter the cells. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that this compound caused loosening of the cell wall and a significant increase in the cell wall thickness was noted; however, no alterations were observed in the contents of the cell wall components. CF66I probably affected the normal assembly and integration of fungal cell wall components by interrupting the weak interactions between them, such as hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. Propidium iodide (PI) staining indicated that on exposure to CF66I C. albicans cells became permeable to PI. Marked alterations in lipid and sterol contents were observed, and the major changes were a depletion of total lipids and ergosterol, concomitant with an increase in lanosterol content. These observations suggested that the novel compound CF66I may have considerable potential for development of a new class of antifungal agents.

Effective Removal of Chromium(III) from Low Concentration Aqueous Solution Using a Novel Diazene/Methoxy-Laced Coordination Polymer.

In this study, a novel coordination polymer [CdL2(H2O)0.5]n (1), [HL = 4-(2-(4-((pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)phenyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid] was fabricated via an in situ ligand transformation reaction under solvothermal conditions. The as-prepared polymer exhibited a selectivity and efficiency for Cr(III) removal with a high uptake capacity of 106.13 mg·g-1. Interestingly, even in the low concentration (0.02⁻0.20 ppm), it still performs a relatively high efficiency (≥ 92.5%) towards the removal of Cr(III) in aqueous solution. Remarkably, it also presents good selectivity and high efficiency (93.3%) for Cr(III) removal in the presences of interfering metal ions. The good removal performance for Cr(III) was demonstrated to be a structure-dependent chemical process between polymer and Cr(III) involving the diazene and methoxy groups in polymer 1, which happened not only on the surfaces of the adsorbent but also in the pores of polymer, giving rise to a strong affinity toward Cr(III) adsorption. The possible adsorption mechanism of Cr(III) was proposed and systematically verified by FT-IR, scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) measurements.

A novel Ag(i)-calix[4]arene coordination polymer for the sensitive detection and efficient photodegradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution.

Nitrobenzene (NB) is a widespread and highly toxic organic pollutant in water, and consequently its detection and removal have attracted considerable attention. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a novel coordination polymer, [AgL0.5(NO3)]n (1), {L = 25,26,27,28-tetra[(3-pyridylmethyl)oxy]calix[4]arene}, from AgNO3 and a tetra-pyridyl-functionalized calix[4]arene ligand, which possessed a 2D network based on [Ag4L(NO3)4] units. The 1-modified glassy carbon electrode (1/GCE) exhibited good electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of NB, offering the selective detection of NB in a wide linear range (1-2450 µM) and a low detection limit (0.62 µM). Furthermore, it displayed excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of NB in aqueous solution under UV light. The kinetics of the catalytic degradation reaction and the stability of the catalyst were also studied. These results indicated that compound 1 is a favorable material for the effective determination and degradation of NB, which makes it a promising candidate in both monitoring water quality and treating wastewater.

[The function of ERK on Fas-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway of human gastric carcinoma cells].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expression and functions of ERK (extracellular regulated kinase) in Fas-mediated apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 and to elucidate the potential significance of this signaling pathway in tumor progression. METHODS: Radioisotope labeling and Western blotting with special anti-ERK antibody were used to check ERK activity in SGC-7901 cell line after anti-Fas antibody treatment. Apoptosis induced by several treatment factors was evaluated by FACS can flow cytometer. RESULTS: ERK activity increased and reached the peak at 30 min after treatment with anti-Fas antibody and decreased in PD98059 pretreated group. The number of sub-G(1) cell was 30.5% +/- 2.6% in PD98059 pretreated group, which was higher than anti-Fas treatment group and control group, respectively. CONCLUSION: In gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901, Fas-induced ERK activation may suppress Fas-mediated apoptosis. Inhibition of ERK may enhance the sensitivity of SGC-7901 cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Fas-induced ERK activation may confer gastric cancer cells ability to escape the immune surveillance.

[Expression of aFGF in ovarian epithelial cancer and its signal transduction pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and its receptor FGFR1 in ovarian epithelial cancer and observe the effects of aFGF and TPK inhibitor Genistein on intracellular PKC and ERK activity in ovarian epithelial cancer cells line CAOV3. METHODS: The expression levels of aFGF and FGFR1 were evaluated by RT-PCR and western blot in 40 cases of ovarian epithelial cancer. The activity of PKC and ERK in cells induced by different concentration of aFGF and Genistein were detected by incorporation of [gamma-(32)P]-ATP into exogenous substrate. RESULTS: The expression levels of aFGFmRNA and FGFR1mRNA in the ovarian epithelial cancer were 0.981 +/- 0.130 and 1.047 +/- 0.148, respectively. Compared with normal ovary, ovarian tumor like condition and benign ovary tumors, the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The expression levels in stage III - IV were significantly higher than those in stage I - II (P < 0.05). There were overexpression of aFGF and FGFR1 in the ovarian epithelial cancer in western blot, too. The intracellular PKC and ERK activity increased with aFGF in a dose dependent manner, Genistein suppressed the intracellular PKC and ERK activity also in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: aFGF may play an important role in carcinogenesis, development and invasion of ovarian epithelial cancer. Its receptor in human ovarian cancer cell line CAOV3 possessed TPK activity. These tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation may initiate a cascade of biochemical events, which may increase the intracellular PKC and ERK activity. PKC and ERK locate downstream of TPK in CAOV3 cell line.

Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant thermostable glucoamylase from a halophilic isolate, Halolactibacillus sp. SK71 and its application in raw starch hydrolysis for bioethanol production.

A halophilic bacterium Halolactibacillus sp. SK71 producing extracellular glucoamylase was isolated from saline soil of Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Enzyme production was strongly influenced by the salinity of growth medium with maximum in the presence of 5% NaCl. The glucoamylase was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of 78.5 kDa. It showed broad substrate specificity and raw starch hydrolyzing activity. Analysis of hydrolysis products from soluble starch by thin-layer chromatography revealed that glucose was the sole end-product, indicating the enzyme was a true glucoamylase. Optimal enzyme activity was found to be at 70°C, pH 8.0, and 7.5% NaCl. In addition, it was highly active and stable over broad ranges of temperature (0-100°C), pH (7.0-12.0), and NaCl concentration (0-20%), showing excellent thermostable, alkali stable, and halotolerant properties. Furthermore, it displayed high stability in the presence of hydrophobic organic solvents. The purified glucoamylase was applied for raw corn starch hydrolysis and subsequent bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yield in terms of grams of ethanol produced per gram of sugar consumed was 0.365 g/g, with 71.6% of theoretical yield from raw corn starch. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using enzymes from halophiles for further application in bioenergy production.

Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Haloarcula sp. G41 and its application for biodiesel production.

A haloarchaeal strain G41 showing lipolytic activity was isolated from the saline soil of Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Biochemical and physiological characterizations along with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the isolate in the genus Haloarcula. Lipase production was strongly influenced by the salinity of growth medium with maximum in the presence of 20% NaCl or 15% Na2SO4. The lipase was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of 45 kDa. Substrate specificity test revealed that it preferred long-chain p-nitrophenyl esters. The lipase was highly active and stable over broad ranges of temperature (30-80 °C), pH (6.0-11.0), and NaCl concentration (10-25%), with an optimum at 70 °C, pH 8.0, and 15% NaCl, showing thermostable, alkali-stable, and halostable properties. Enzyme inhibition studies indicated that the lipase was a metalloenzyme, with serine and cysteine residues essential for enzyme function. Moreover, it displayed high stability and activation in the presence of hydrophobic organic solvents with log Pow ≥ 2.73. The free and immobilized lipases from strain G41 were applied for biodiesel production, and 80.5 and 89.2% of yields were achieved, respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using lipases from halophilic archaea for biodiesel production.

Characterization of a halostable endoglucanase with organic solvent-tolerant property from Haloarcula sp. G10.

A haloarchaeal strain G10 with celluolytic activity was isolated from the saline soil of Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Biochemical and physiological characterization along with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the isolate in the genus Haloarcula. The extracellular cellulase was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of 36 kDa. Substrate specificity test indicated that it was an endoglucanase for soluble cellulose. Optimal enzyme activity was found to be at 60 °C, pH 9.0 and 17.5% NaCl. Furthermore, high activity and stability over broad ranges of temperature (40-80 °C), pH (7.0-10.0) and NaCl concentration (12.5-27.5%) were observed, showing thermostable, alkali-stable and halostable properties of the cellulase. Significant inhibition by EDTA, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) revealed it was a metalloenzyme with serine and histidine residues essential for enzyme catalysis. The surfactants tested had little effects on the enzyme activity. The endoglucanase showed high activity and stability in the presence of non-polar hydrophobic organic solvents with log Pow≥0.88. Together these results indicated the cellulase from Haloarcula sp. G10 maybe an ideal choice for applications in industrial process under harsh conditions.