[The correlation study on human respiratory syncytial virus daily incidence and meteorological parameters in the main urban area of Chongqing from 2009 to 2019].

Objective: To explore the relationship between the daily incidence of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and meteorological parameters in the main urban area of Chongqing. Methods: This study took 3 107 children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections from June 2009 to June 2019 in department of Respiratory medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CHCMU). Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) was collected on the day of admission to detect HRSV and common respiratory virus; combined with the meteorological data of the main urban area of ​​Chongqing during the same period, the correlation and distribution lag nonlinear model analysis of the daily incidence of HRSV and meteorological parameters were carried out. Results: Among 3 107 children, HRSV positive accounted for 34.53% (1 073 cases), the age was 6 (3, 13) months, and males accounted for 64.31% (690 cases). The daily incidence of HRSV was negatively correlated with minimum temperature (r=-0.220, P<0.001), maximum temperature (r=-0.221, P<0.001), average temperature (r=-0.221, P<0.001) and precipitation (r=-0.052, P<0.001), and positively correlated with sunshine time (r=0.011, P<0.001) and average relative humidity (r=0.095, P<0.001). Compared with the reference temperature (20 ℃), when the lowest temperature of 6-10 ℃ lags for 4-8 d, the RR value of HRSV was 1.11-1.14, and when the lowest temperature of 5-19 ℃ lags for 5 d and 2-19 ℃ lags for 10 d, the RR values were 1.02-1.14 and 1.00-1.03. When the cumulative lag is 5, 10, 15 and 21 d, compared with the reference temperature (20 ℃), the RR (95%CI) values at the lowest temperature of 10.4 ℃ were 1.93 (1.08-3.46), 3.49 (1.64-7.45), 5.00 (2.01-12.46) and 6.69 (2.18-20.48); the RR (95%CI) values of the lowest temperature of 22.1 ℃ were 0.87 (0.77-0.98), 0.77 (0.66-0.90), 0.74 (0.62-0.89) and 0.68 (0.55-0.85). In the cumulative effect, compared with the reference temperature (20 ℃), the gender stratification showed that the maximum RR (95%CI) values of the lowest temperature for boys and girls under different lag days were 7.24 (1.84-28.51) and 2.19 (1.07-4.46), the age stratification showed that the maximum RR (95%CI) values of the lowest temperature for children<6 months old and children ≥6 months old under different lag days were 4.72 (1.05-21.23) and 11.98 (1.70-84.35). Conclusions: In the main urban area of Chongqing, the daily incidence of HRSV in children is correlated with climatic parameters. Among them, the lowest temperature has a delayed and cumulative effect on HRSV infection. 6-10 ℃ has a greater impact on the incidence of HRSV when the lag is 4-8 days. The effect has a more obvious impact on the incidence of HRSV in boys and children ≥ 6 months.

Application of a long short-term memory neural network: a burgeoning method of deep learning in forecasting HIV incidence in Guangxi, China.

Guangxi, a province in southwestern China, has the second highest reported number of HIV/AIDS cases in China. This study aimed to develop an accurate and effective model to describe the tendency of HIV and to predict its incidence in Guangxi. HIV incidence data of Guangxi from 2005 to 2016 were obtained from the database of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network models, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, generalised regression neural network (GRNN) models and exponential smoothing (ES) were used to fit the incidence data. Data from 2015 and 2016 were used to validate the most suitable models. The model performances were evaluated by evaluating metrics, including mean square error (MSE), root mean square error, mean absolute error and mean absolute percentage error. The LSTM model had the lowest MSE when the N value (time step) was 12. The most appropriate ARIMA models for incidence in 2015 and 2016 were ARIMA (1, 1, 2) (0, 1, 2)12 and ARIMA (2, 1, 0) (1, 1, 2)12, respectively. The accuracy of GRNN and ES models in forecasting HIV incidence in Guangxi was relatively poor. Four performance metrics of the LSTM model were all lower than the ARIMA, GRNN and ES models. The LSTM model was more effective than other time-series models and is important for the monitoring and control of local HIV epidemics.

[Silencing CD46 and DSG2 in host A549 cells inhibits entry of human adenovirus type 3 and type 7 and reduces interleukin-8 release].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of silencing CD46 and desmoglein 2 (DSG2) in host A549 cells on the entry of human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) and type 7 (HAdV-7) and host cell secretion of inflammatory cytokines. METHODS: RNA interference technique was use to silence the expression of CD46 or DSG2 in human epithelial alveolar A549 cells as the host cells of HAdV-3 or HAdV-7. The binding of the viruses with CD46 and DSG2 were observed with immunofluorescence staining at 0.5 and 1 h after viral infection. The viral load in the host cells was determined with qRT-PCR, and IL-8 secretion level was measured using ELISA. RESULTS: In infected A549 cells, immunofluorescent staining revealed colocalization of HAdV-3 and HAdV-37 with their receptors CD46 and DSG2 at 0.5 h and 2 h after infection, and the copy number of the viruses increased progressively after the infection in a time-dependent manner. In A549 cells with CD46 silencing, the virus titers were significantly lower at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h postinfection in comparison with the cells without gene silencing; the virus titers were also significantly decreased in the cells with DSG2 silencing. The secretion level of IL-8 increased significantly in A549 cells without siRNA transfection following infection with HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 (P < 0.0001), but decreased significantly in cells with CD46 and DSG2 silencing (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 enter host cells by binding to their receptors CD46 and DSG2, and virus titer and cytokines release increase with infection time. Silencing CD46 and DSG2 can inhibit virus entry and cytokine IL-8 production in host cells.

Key pathways involved in prostate cancer based on gene set enrichment analysis and meta analysis.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common male malignant neoplasms; however, its causes are not completely understood. A few recent studies have used gene expression profiling of prostate cancer to identify differentially expressed genes and possible relevant pathways. However, few studies have examined the genetic mechanics of prostate cancer at the pathway level to search for such pathways. We used gene set enrichment analysis and a meta-analysis of six independent studies after standardized microarray preprocessing, which increased concordance between these gene datasets. Based on gene set enrichment analysis, there were 12 down- and 25 up-regulated mixing pathways in more than two tissue datasets, while there were two down- and two up-regulated mixing pathways in three cell datasets. Based on the meta-analysis, there were 46 and nine common pathways in the tissue and cell datasets, respectively. Three up- and 10 down-regulated crossing pathways were detected with combined gene set enrichment analysis and meta-analysis. We found that genes with small changes are difficult to detect by classic univariate statistics; they can more easily be identified by pathway analysis. After standardized microarray preprocessing, we applied gene set enrichment analysis and a meta-analysis to increase the concordance in identifying biological mechanisms involved in prostate cancer. The gene pathways that we identified could provide insight concerning the development of prostate cancer.

The STING-IRF3 pathway is involved in lipotoxic injury of pancreatic ß cells in type 2 diabetes.

Lipotoxic injury of pancreatic ß cells is an important pathological feature in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) can recognize its own DNA leaked into the cytoplasm from damaged mitochondria or nuclei of the host cell, thus activating its downstream factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), causing inflammation and apoptosis. The STING-IRF3 signaling pathway is closely related to glycolipid metabolism, but its relationship with the lipotoxicity of pancreatic ß cells has rarely been reported. Here, we investigated the role of the STING-IRF3 signaling pathway in lipotoxicity-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and dysfunction of pancreatic ß cells. We examined the activation of STING and IRF3 in islets of db/db mice and identified the role of the STING-IRF3 signaling pathway in palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxic injury of INS-1, a rat insulinoma cell line. STING and phosphorylated IRF3 including downstream interferon-ß were upregulated in islets of db/db mice and PA-induced INS-1 cells. Gene silencing of STING or IRF3 ameliorated PA-induced INS-1 cell inflammation and apoptosis, and reversed impaired insulin synthesis. Additionally, PA induced downregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling pathway, and impaired high glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was reversed after knockdown of STING or IRF3. Our results suggest that activation of the STING-IRF3 pathway triggers inflammation and apoptosis of pancreatic ß cells, leading to ß-cell damage and dysfunction. Hence, inhibition of this signaling pathway may represent a novel approach for ß-cell protection in T2DM.