Neonatal Risk Factors for Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Infants Born Preterm with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between neonatal risk factors and pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) among infants born preterm with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (sBPD). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a case-control study of infants born from 2010 to 2022 at <32 weeks' gestation with sBPD among 46 neonatal intensive care units in the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium. Cases with PVS were matched to controls using epoch of diagnosis (2010-2016; 2017-2022) and hospital. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were utilized to evaluate PVS association with neonatal risk factors. RESULTS: From 10 171 preterm infants with sBPD, we identified 109 cases with PVS and matched those to 327 controls. The prevalence of PVS (1.07%) rose between epochs (0.8% in 2010-2016 to 1.2% in 2017-2022). Relative to controls, infants with PVS were more likely to be <500 g at birth, to be small for gestational age <10th%ile, or have surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, atrial septal defects, or pulmonary hypertension. In multivariable models, these associations persisted, and small for gestational age, surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, atrial septal defects, and pulmonary hypertension were each independently associated with PVS. Among infants on respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, infants with PVS had 4.3-fold higher odds of receiving mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Infants with PVS also had 3.6-fold higher odds of in-hospital mortality relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of preterm infants with sBPD, multiple independent, neonatal risk factors are associated with PVS. These results lay important groundwork for the development of targeted screening to guide the diagnosis and management of PVS in preterm infants with sBPD.

Social Determinants of Health and Timing of Tracheostomy for Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association of ZIP code-level social determinants of health (SDoH), specifically household income, education level, and unemployment rate, with post-menstrual age (PMA) at tracheostomy placement in patients with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective observational study of infants born <32 weeks' gestation and discharged from a Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium newborn intensive care unit. Patients were diagnosed with severe BPD and received tracheostomies before discharge. Maternal ZIP code at admission was linked to that ZIP code's SDoH via the 2021 US Census Bureau 5-year data. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were completed with separate models fit for each SDoH marker. RESULTS: 877 patients received tracheostomies at median (interquartile) 48 (44-53) weeks' PMA. In multivariable models, patients in the highest education groups received tracheostomies earlier (OR: 95% CI = 0.972: 0.947-0.997, p=0.031), and non-Hispanic Black patients received tracheostomies later compared with non-Hispanic White patients (OR: 1.026; 95% CI =1.005-1.048, p=0.017). For household income and unemployment, the PMA at tracheostomy did not differ by SDoH or race. For all three models, male sex, small for gestation status, and later PMA at admission were associated with later PMA at tracheostomy. For each SDoH marker, significant inter-center variation was noted as several centers had independently increased PMA at tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Education at the ZIP code-level influenced PMA at tracheostomy after adjusting for patient and clinical factors. Adjusted for each SDoH studied, significant differences were noted among centers. Factors leading to the decision and timing of neonatal tracheostomy need further evaluation.

Emergency management and asthma risk in young Medicaid-enrolled children with recurrent wheeze.

OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical characteristics of young children presenting to the emergency department (ED) for early recurrent wheeze, and determine factors associated with subsequent persistent wheeze and risk for early childhood asthma. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of Medicaid-enrolled children 0-3 years old with an index ED visit for wheeze (e.g. bronchiolitis, reactive airway disease) from 2009 to 2013, and at least one prior documented episode of wheeze at an ED or primary care visit. The primary outcome was persistent wheeze between 4 and 6 years of age. Demographics and clinical characteristics were collected from the index ED visit. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between potential risk factors and subsequent persistent wheeze. RESULTS: During the study period, 41,710 children presented to the ED for recurrent wheeze. Mean age was 1.3 years; 59% were male, 42% Black, and 6% Hispanic. At index ED visits, the most common diagnosis was acute bronchiolitis (40%); 77% of children received an oral corticosteroid prescription. Between 4 and 6 years of age, 11,708 (28%) children had persistent wheeze. A greater number of wheezing episodes was associated with an increased odds of ED treatment with asthma medications. Subsequent persistent wheeze was associated with male sex, Black race, atopy, prescription for bronchodilators or corticosteroids, and greater number of visits for wheeze. CONCLUSIONS: Young children with persistent wheeze are at risk for childhood asthma. Thus, identification of risk factors associated with persistent wheeze in young children with recurrent wheeze might aid in early detection of asthma and initiation of preventative therapies.

Is There Utility in Preoperative Testing of Hemoglobin Before Primary Cheiloplasty?

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether a preoperative hemoglobin of less than 10 g/dL is associated with a higher rate of perioperative complications. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary academic hospital at Arkansas Children's Hospital of Little Rock, Arkansas. PATIENTS: A retrospective chart review evaluated patients undergoing primary cleft lip surgery from 2012 to 2017. INTERVENTIONS: No prospective intervention was performed for this study care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, sex, medical history, weight, and perioperative complications. Hemoglobin level was collected in the preoperative area. The primary outcome was rate of perioperative complications including infection, dehiscence, return to the operating room, unplanned admission, and emergency department visit within two weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: 105 patients undergoing primary cheiloplasty met inclusion criteria. Hemoglobin levels were obtained on all patients. 93.3% (n = 98) of patients had a hemoglobin of >10 g/dL before surgery, and 6.6% (n = 7) had levels <10 g/dL. 1 of 7 patients with a hemoglobin of <10 g/dL experienced a postoperative complication (Tet spell) and one patient with a hemoglobin of >10 g/dL experienced a postoperative complication (unplanned intensive care admission for respiratory distress). CONCLUSIONS: Post-operative complications are rare after primary cheiloplasty in patients with low or normal hemoglobin levels. The results of this study show that a preoperative hemoglobin of <10 g/dL does not predict perioperative complications in patients undergoing primary cheiloplasty.

Analgesia, Sedation, and Neuromuscular Blockade in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the use, duration, and intercenter variation of analgesia and sedation in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective analysis of analgesia, sedation, and neuromuscular blockade use in neonates with CDH. Patient data from 2010 to 2016 were abstracted from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Database and linked to the Pediatric Health Information System. Patients were excluded if they also had non-CDH conditions likely to affect the use of the study medications. RESULTS: A total of 1,063 patients were identified, 81% survived, and 30% were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Opioid (99.8%), sedative (93.4%), and neuromuscular blockade (87.9%) use was common. Frequency of use was higher and duration was longer among CDH patients treated with ECMO. Unadjusted duration of use varied 5.6-fold for benzodiazepines (median: 14 days) and 7.4-fold for opioids (median: 16 days). Risk-adjusted duration of use varied among centers, and prolonged use of both opioids and benzodiazepines ≥5 days was associated with increased mortality (p < 0.001) and longer length of stay (p < 0.001). Use of sedation or neuromuscular blockade prior to or after surgery was each associated with increased mortality (p ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSION: Opioids, sedatives, and neuromuscular blockade were used commonly in infants with CDH with variable duration across centers. Prolonged combined use ≥5 days is associated with mortality. KEY POINTS: · Use of analgesia and sedation varies across children's hospital NICUs.. · Prolonged opioid and benzodiazepine use is associated with increased mortality.. · Postsurgery sedation and neuromuscular blockade are associated with mortality..

How to Develop and Validate Prediction Models for Orthopedic Outcomes.

Prediction models are common in medicine for predicting outcomes such as mortality, complications, or response to treatment. Despite the growing interest in these models in arthroplasty (and orthopaedics in general), few have been adopted in clinical practice. If robustly built and validated, prediction models can be excellent tools to support surgical decision making. In this paper, we provide an overview of the statistical concepts surrounding prediction models and outline practical steps for prediction model development and validation in arthroplasty research. Please visit the followinghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Yrit23Rkicfor a video that explains the highlights of the paper in practical terms.

Propensity Scores: Confounder Adjustment When Comparing Nonrandomized Groups in Orthopaedic Surgery.

Many studies in arthroplasty research are based on nonrandomized, retrospective, registry-based cohorts. In these types of studies, patients belonging to different treatment or exposure groups often differ with respect to patient characteristics, medical histories, surgical indications, or other factors. Consequently, comparisons of nonrandomized groups are often subject to treatment selection bias and confounding. Propensity scores can be used to balance cohort characteristics, thus helping to minimize potential bias and confounding. This article explains how propensity scores are created and describes multiple ways in which they can be applied in the analysis of nonrandomized studies. Please visit the following (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqgxl_nZWS4&t=3s) for a video that explains the highlights of the paper in practical terms.

How to Distinguish Correlation From Causation in Orthopaedic Research.

Correlations in observational studies are commonly misinterpreted as causation. Although correlation is necessary to establish a causal relationship between two variables, correlations may also arise due to chance, reverse causality, or confounding. There are several methods available to orthopaedic researchers to determine whether the observed correlations are causal. These methods depend on the key components of the study including, but not limited to, study design and data availability on confounders. In this article, we illustrate the main concepts surrounding correlation and causation using intuitive real-world examples from the orthopaedic literature. Please visit the following https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW7pFudZbHA&t=52s for a video that explains the highlights of the paper in practical terms.

Nuts and Bolts of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Orthopaedics.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are commonly used in orthopaedic clinical practice, comparative effectiveness research (CER), and label claims. In this paper, we provide an overview of PROs, their development, validation, and use in orthopaedic research with examples and conclude with practical guidelines for researchers and reviewers. We discuss considerations for conceptual framework, validity, reliability, factor analysis, and measurement of change with Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome score (KOOS), as an example. We also describe advantages of instruments developed based on item response theory and statistical analyses for data collected using PRO measures. Please visit the following (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4p-DtZgUHOA&t=354s) for a video that explains the highlights of the paper in practical terms.

Outcomes After Pharyngeal Flap Surgery in Children: A Comparison of Lined Versus Unlined Flaps.

OBJECTIVE: The addition of a uvular flap (PFU) was hypothesized to improve outcomes over standard pharyngeal flap (PF) for correction of velopharyngeal dysfunction. We report differences in outcomes of PF vs PFU at our institution. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary children's hospital. PATIENTS: Children who underwent PF or PFU with the three highest-volume surgeons at our institution in 2004-2017. OUTCOME MEASURES: We examined differences in complications between groups, frequency and type of revision surgery, and speech-related measures including nasometry, pressure-flow testing (PFT) and perceptual speech analysis (PSA). RESULTS: 160 patients were included, 41 PF and 119 PFU (including 18 with Hogan technique). Patients undergoing PFU were older (7.6 yr vs 6.0 yr; p = 0.037) and more likely to have cleft palate (63/119 vs 14/41; p = 0.047). There was no significant difference in complications. With PFU, a decrease in airspace contracting revision surgeries was noted, (4/119 vs 8/41; p = 0.002) which drove a reduction in revision surgery of all types (7/119 vs 13/41; p = 0.033). However, patients that did undergo revision surgery after PFU underwent more revision procedures (p = 0.032). PSA scores were found to be lower (less hypernasal) after PFU (p = 0.009) compared to PF. Objective speech measures had varying results, with nasometry demonstrating a significant difference between groups (p = 0.001), while PFT (p = 0.525) did not demonstrate a statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The use of a uvular lining flap in pharyngeal flap surgery may be associated with improved long term surgical outcomes, including both improvements in subjective and objective testing and a lower rate of revision surgery, without increased complications.

Long-term experience with intraoperative electron radiation therapy boost in extremity sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: In patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma (eSTS), we describe outcomes of preoperative external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), limb-sparing surgery (LSS), and intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT). METHODS: One hundred and eighteen patients with eSTS treated between October 17, 2002 and July 28, 2021 were identified. EBRT was delivered preoperatively followed by LSS and IOERT. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 24.9 months. The presentation was primary in 102 (94%) patients and recurrent in 6 (6%) patients. Tumor location was lower extremity in 82 (76%) patients and upper extremity in 26 (24%) patients. Stage distribution was as follows: 3 (3%) IA, 24 (22%) IB, 31 (29%) II, 24 (22%) IIIA, and 25 (23%) IIIB. Final surgical margins were negative in 96 (89%) patients. The 5-year local control, failure-free survival, and overall survival were 94%, 75%, and 64%, respectively. Univariate analysis identified age >50, lower extremity, and higher grade as significant negative prognostic factors for overall survival. Grade 3 fracture or osteoradionecrosis requiring surgical fixation, neuropathy, and lymphedema occurred in 7 (6%), 1 (1%), and 0 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents one of the largest series using preoperative EBRT, LSS, and IOERT for eSTS, with high local control and a low rate of late severe toxicity.

Development and Validation of a Kidney-Transplant Specific Measure of Treatment Burden.

BACKGROUND: Treatment burden refers to the work involved in managing one's health and its impact on well-being and has been associated with nonadherence in patients with chronic illnesses. No kidney transplant (KT)-specific measure of treatment burden exists. The aim of this study was to develop a KT-specific supplement to the Patient Experience with Treatment and Self-Management (PETS), a general measure of treatment burden. METHODS: After drafting and pretesting KT-specific survey items, we conducted a cross-sectional survey study involving KT recipients from Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify domains for scaling the KT-specific supplement. Construct and known-groups validity were determined. RESULTS: Survey respondents (n = 167) had a mean age of 61 years (range 22-86) and received a KT on average 4.0 years ago. Three KT-specific scales were identified (transplant function, self-management, adverse effects). Higher scores on the KT-specific scales were correlated with higher PETS treatment burden, worse physical and mental health, and lower self-efficacy (p < 0.0001). Patients taking more medications reported higher transplant self-management burden. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a KT-specific supplement to the PETS general measure of treatment burden. Scores may help providers identify recipients at risk for nonadherence.

Post-operative Morbidity and Mortality After Fontan Procedure in Patients with Heterotaxy and Other Situs Anomalies.

Heterotaxy is a complex, multisystem disorder associated with single ventricle heart disease and decreased survival. Ciliary dysfunction is common in heterotaxy and other situs abnormalities (H/SA) and may increase post-operative complications. We hypothesized that patients with H/SA have increased respiratory and renal morbidities and increased in-hospital mortality after Fontan procedure. We queried the Pediatric Health Information System database for hospitalizations with ICD-9/10 codes for Fontan procedure in patients aged 1 through 11 years from 2004 to 2019. H/SA was identified by codes for dextrocardia, situs inversus, asplenia/polysplenia, or atrial isomerism and compared to non-H/SA controls. Outcomes were in-hospital mortality or heart transplantation, ECMO, hemodialysis, length of stay (LOS), and mechanical ventilation or vasoactive medication use ≥ 4 days. We adjusted estimates with multivariable logistic regression. Of 7897 patients at 50 centers, 1366 (17%) met criteria for H/SA. H/SA had worse outcomes for all study measures: death/transplantation (1.9 vs 1.1%, OR 1.74 (95% CI 1.01-3.03); p = 0.047), ECMO (3.7 vs 2.3%, OR 1.74 (1.28-2.35); p < 0.001), hemodialysis (2.1 vs 1.2%, OR 1.66 (1.06-2.59); p = 0.026), prolonged mechanical ventilation (13.2% vs 7.6%, OR 1.85 (1.53-2.25); p < 0.001) and vasoactive medication use (29.4 vs 19.7%, OR 1.65 (1.43-1.90), and longer LOS (11 (8-17) vs 9 (7-14) days; p < 0.001). H/SA is associated with increased cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory morbidity, as well as in-hospital mortality after Fontan procedure. Attention to renal and respiratory needs may improve outcomes in this difficult population. The relationship between ciliary dysfunction and lung and renal morbidity should be explored further.

Comparison of Postoperative, In-Hospital Outcomes After Complete Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot Between 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Trisomy 21.

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11) and trisomy 21 (T21) are frequently associated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We hypothesized that there are differences in postoperative length of stay (LOS) and occurrence of postoperative interventions after complete repair of TOF when comparing children with 22q11 to those with T21. Using the Pediatric Health Information System, we performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent complete repair of TOF from 2004 to 2019. Three groups were identified: 22q11, T21, and controls (those without a coded genetic syndrome). Outcomes were postoperative LOS and composite occurrence (yes/no) of at least one postoperative intervention. Bivariate and multivariate comparisons were made among groups; odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the control group as the comparator. There were 6924 subjects (n = 493 22q11, n = 455 T21, n = 5976 controls). In bivariate analysis, 22q11 was associated with a longer LOS compared to T21 (OR 2.37 [2.16, 2.60] vs. 1.25 [1.12, 1.39], p < 0.001), and 22q11 more often underwent postoperative intervention (OR 3.42 [CI 2.56, 4.57] vs. 1.38 [CI 0.91, 2.11]; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, 22q11 was also associated with longer LOS (adjusted OR 1.35 [1.26, 1.44] vs. 1.12 [1.04, 1.20]; p < 0.001), but there was no difference in the adjusted odds of postoperative intervention. Children with 22q11 are more likely to experience adverse outcomes after repair of TOF compared to those with T21; the differences are most pronounced for LOS.

Gestational Age at Delivery and Neonatal Outcomes among Infants with Gastroschisis in the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium (CHNC).

OBJECTIVE: The effect of gestational age (GA) on gastroschisis outcomes is unclear and delivery timing varies in practice. We aimed to correlate clinical outcomes of infants with gastroschisis and GA at delivery in the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium (CHNC). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study of infants with gastroschisis admitted to CHNC neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) from 2010 to 2016. Patients were categorized by GA: 32 to 346/7, 35 to 366/7, and ≥37 weeks. Respiratory and feeding interventions, mortality, length of stay, and common complications were compared. RESULTS: In 2021 for patients with gastroschisis, median GA at delivery was 36.3 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 35.1, 37.3) and mean birth weight 2,425 g (IQR 2,100, 2,766). Overall mortality was low and there was no difference across GA groups. Infants <35 weeks' gestation had the greatest need for respiratory and feeding interventions. Complications such as medical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), cholestasis, and central line-associated blood stream infection were less common in infants ≥37 weeks. Feeding initiation and full feeds were earliest in term infants, compared with infants between 35 and 366/7 weeks, and longest in infants <35 weeks. Prematurity had a significant negative association with breast milk exposure. Enteral feeding tube support at discharge increased with prematurity. Compared with term, infants born between 35 and 366/7 weeks' gestation had a higher incidence of medical NEC and lower exposure to mother's milk at discharge but the need for respiratory interventions or tube feeding at discharge was similar. CONCLUSION: Premature infants with gastroschisis had more neonatal complications including respiratory interventions, longer NICU stay, longer time to full enteral feeds, and higher need for tube feeds at discharge as compared with those delivered at term. Differences were greatest for those <35 weeks GA. While overall mortality remains low, these results provide additional information about GA at birth in gastroschisis, with no evidence of benefit from preterm delivery. KEY POINTS: · Respiratory support was greatest for those with <35 weeks gestation.. · NEC and cholestasis increase with prematurity.. · Term infants have better feeding outcomes..

Central Line Utilization and Complications in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

OBJECTIVE: Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) require multiple invasive interventions carrying inherent risks, including central venous and arterial line placement. We hypothesized that specific clinical or catheter characteristics are associated with higher risk of nonelective removal (NER) due to complications and may be amenable to efforts to reduce patient harm. STUDY DESIGN: Infants with CDH were identified in the Children's Hospital's Neonatal Database (CHND) from 2010 to 2016. Central line use, duration, and complications resulting in NER are described and analyzed by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use. RESULTS: A total of 1,106 CDH infants were included; nearly all (98%) had a central line placed, (average of three central lines) with a total dwell time of 22 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 14-39). Umbilical arterial and venous lines were most common, followed by extremity peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs); 12% (361/3,027 central lines) were removed secondary to complications. Malposition was the most frequent indication for NER and was twice as likely in infants with intrathoracic liver position. One quarter of central lines in those receiving ECMO was placed while receiving this therapy. CONCLUSION: Central lines are an important component of intensive care for infants with CDH. Careful selection of line type and location and understanding of common complications may attenuate the need for early removal and reduce risk of infection, obstruction, and malposition in this high-risk group of patients. KEY POINTS: · Central line placement near universal in congenital diaphragmatic hernia infants.. · Mean of three lines placed per patient; total duration 22 days.. · Clinical patient characteristics affect risk..

Utilization of Therapeutic Hypothermia and Neurological Injury in Neonates with Mild Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Report from Children's Hospital Neonatal Consortium.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to describe utilization of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in neonates presenting with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and associated neurological injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in these infants. STUDY DESIGN: Neonates ≥ 36 weeks' gestation with mild HIE and available MRI scans were identified. Mild HIE status was assigned to hyper alert infants with an exaggerated response to arousal and mild HIE as the highest grade of encephalopathy recorded. MRI scans were dichotomized as "injury" versus "no injury." RESULTS: A total of 94.5% (257/272) neonates with mild HIE, referred for evaluation, received TH. MRI injury occurred in 38.2% (104/272) neonates and affected predominantly the white matter (49.0%, n = 51). Injury to the deep nuclear gray matter was identified in (10.1%) 20 infants, and to the cortex in 13.4% (n = 14 infants). In regression analyses (odds ratio [OR]; 95% confidence interval [CI]), history of fetal distress (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.28-0.99) and delivery by caesarian section (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.31-0.92) were associated with lower odds, whereas medical comorbidities during and after cooling were associated with higher odds of brain injury (OR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.37-3.89). CONCLUSION: Majority of neonates with mild HIE referred for evaluation are being treated with TH. Odds of neurological injury are over two-fold higher in those with comorbidities during and after cooling. Brain injury predominantly involved the white matter. KEY POINTS: · Increasingly, neonates with mild HIE are being referred for consideration for hypothermia therapy.. · Drift in clinical practice shows growing number of neonates treated with hypothermia as having mild HIE.. · MRI data show that 38% of neonates with mild HIE have brain injury, predominantly in the white matter..

P-Values and Power in Orthopedic Research: Myths and Reality.

The results of statistical tests in orthopedic studies are typically reported using P-values. If a P-value is smaller than the pre-determined level of significance (eg, < .05), the null hypothesis is rejected in support of the alternative. This automaticity in interpreting statistical results without consideration of the power of the study has been denounced over the years by statisticians, since it can potentially lead to misinterpretation of the study conclusions. In this paper, we review fundamental misconceptions and misinterpretations of P-values and power, along with their connection with confidence intervals, and we provide guidelines to orthopedic researchers for evaluating and reporting study results. We provide real-world orthopedic examples to illustrate the main concepts. Please visit the followinghttps://youtu.be/bdPU4luYmF0for videos that explain the highlights of the paper in practical terms.

Study Types in Orthopaedics Research: Is My Study Design Appropriate for the Research Question?

When performing orthopaedic clinical research, alternative study designs can be more appropriate depending on the research question, availability of data, and feasibility. The most common observational study designs in total joint arthroplasty research are cohort and cross-sectional studies. This article describes methodological considerations for different study designs with examples from the total joint arthroplasty literature. We highlight the advantages and feasibility of experimental and observational study designs using real-world examples. We illustrate how to avoid common mistakes, such as incorrect labeling of matched cohort studies as case-control studies. We further guide investigators through a step-by-step design of a case-control study. We conclude with considerations when choosing between alternative study designs. Please visit the followinghttps://youtu.be/Zvce61cMYi8for videos that explain the highlights of the article in practical terms.

Avoiding Systematic Bias in Orthopedics Research Through Informed Variable Selection: A Discussion of Confounders, Mediators, and Colliders.

There are 3 common variable types in orthopedic research-confounders, colliders, and mediators. All 3 types of variables are associated with both the exposure (eg, surgery type, implant type, body mass index) and outcome (eg, complications, revision surgery) but differ in their temporal ordering. To reduce systematic bias, the decision to include or exclude a variable in an analysis should be based on the variable's relationship with the exposure and outcome for each research question. In this article, we define 3 types of variables with case examples from orthopedic research. Please visit the followinghttps://youtu.be/V-grpgB1ShQfor videos that explain the highlights of the article in practical terms.