CypB promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in endometrial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The molecular pathogenesis of endometrial cancer is not completely understood. CypB upregulated in many cancers, however, its role in endometrial carcinoma has not been studied. Here, we determine the effect of CypB on the growth of endometrial cancer. METHODS: In this study, we examined the expression of CypB in endometrial cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry. CypB silenced in HEC-1-B cell line by shRNA. CCK-8, colony formation assays, wound healing assays, and transwell analysis were performed to assess its effect on tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, microarray analysis was carried out to compare the global mRNA expression profile between the HEC-1-B and CypB-silenced HEC-1-B cells. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed to determine the potential function of differentially expressed genes related to CypB. RESULTS: We found that CypB was upregulated in endometrial cancer, inhibit CypB expression could significantly suppress cell proliferation, metastasis, and migration. We identified 1536 differentially expressed genes related to CypB (onefold change, p < 0.05), among which 652 genes were upregulated and 884 genes were downregulated. The genes with significant difference in top were mainly enriched in the cell cycle, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, adherens junctions, and metabolism pathways. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that CypB may serve as a novel regulator of endometrial cell proliferation and metastasis, thus representing a novel target for gene-targeted endometrial therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: YLYLLS [2018] 008. Registered 27 November 2017.

Assessment of immune cells and function of the residual spleen after subtotal splenectomy due to splenomegaly in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND: The spleen is thought to be central in regulating the immune system, a metabolic asset involved in endocrine function. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection leads to a mortality rate of up to 50%. However, there is still controversy on performing subtotal splenectomy as treatment of splenomegaly due to portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients. In the present study, immunocytes and the indexes of splenic size, hemodynamics, hematology and immunology in the residual spleen were analyzed to support subtotal splenectomy due to splenomegaly. RESULTS: In residual spleen, T lymphocytes mainly were focal aggregation in the periarterial lymphatic sheath. While B lymphocytes densely distributed in splenic corpuscle. In red pulp, macrophages were equally distributed in the xsplenic cord and adhered to the wall of splenic sinus with high density. The number of unit area T and B lymphocytes of splenic corpuscle and marginal zone as well as macrophages of red pulp were obviously increased in the residual spleen, while the number of macrophages didn't be changed among the three groups in white pulp. While there were some beneficial changes (i.e., Counts of platelet and leucocyte as well as serum proportion of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells were increased markedly; serum levels of M-CSF and GM-CSF were decreased significantly; The proportion of granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte in bone marrow were changed obviously; But serum IgA, IgM, IgG, Tuftsin level, there was no significant difference; splenic artery flow volume, portal venous diameter and portal venous flow volume, a significant difference was observed in residual spleen) in the clinical indices. CONCLUSION: After subtotal splenectomy with splenomegaly due to portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients, the number of unit area T and B lymphocytes, and MØ in red pulp of residual spleen increased significantly. However, whether increase of T, B lymphocytes and MØs in residual splenic tissue can enhance the immune function of the spleen, still need further research to confirm.

Microalterations of esophagus in patients with non-erosive reflux disease: in-vivo diagnosis by confocal laser endomicroscopy and its relationship with gastroesophageal reflux.

OBJECTIVES: Objectively diagnosing non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) is still a challenge. We aimed to evaluate the use of in-vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) to examine the microalterations of the esophagus in patients with NERD and its relationship with reflux episodes monitored by multiple intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH). METHODS: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms completed reflux disease questionnaires. NERD was determined by negative gastroscopy. Patients without reflux symptoms were recruited as controls. Pilot clinical study was followed by prospective controlled blinded study. All subjects were examined by white-light mode of the endoscopy followed by the standard CLE mode and then MII-pH monitoring. The microalterations seen on CLE images and the correlation between CLE features and reflux episodes were evaluated, the correlation between CLE and transmission electron microscope (TEM) data was also analyzed. RESULTS: On CLE images, NERD patients had more intrapapillary capillary loops (IPCLs) per image than did controls (8.29 ± 3.52 vs. 5.69 ± 2.31, P=0.010), as well as the diameter of IPCLs (19.48 ± 3.13 vs. 15.87 ± 2.21 µm, P=0.041) and intercellular spaces of squamous cells (3.40 ± 0.82 vs. 1.90 ± 0.53 µm, P=0.042). The receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that IPCLs number (optimal cutoff >6 per image, area under the curve (AUC) 0.722, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.592-0.853, sensitivity 67.7%, specificity 71.6%), IPCLs diameter (optimal cutoff >17.2 µm, AUC 0.847, 95% CI 0.747-0.947, sensitivity 81%, specificity 76%), and the intercellular spaces of squamous cells (optimal cutoff >2.40 µm, AUC 0.935, 95% CI 0.875-0.995, sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 90.5%) diagnosed NERD with reasonable accuracy. Combined features of dilatation of intercellular space plus increased IPCLs provided 100% specificity in the diagnosis of NERD patients. The intercellular spaces of squamous cells observed on CLE were highly related to that on TEM findings (r=0.75, P<0.001). Multivariate progressive regression analysis showed that acidic reflux, especially in the supine position, was related to the increased number and dilation of IPCLs in the squamous epithelium (ß=0.063, t=2.895, P=0.038 and ß=0.156, t=1.023, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: CLE represents a useful and potentially significant improvement over standard endoscopy to examine the microalterations of the esophagus in vivo. Acidic reflux is responsible for the microalterations in the esophagus of patients with NERD.

Different expression patterns of CEACAM1 and its impacts on angiogenesis in gastric nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the expression patterns of CEACAM1 and its relationship with angiogenesis in nonneoplastic and neoplastic gastric lesions. METHODS: CEACAM1 and TGF-ß expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining and dual-labeling immunohistochemical staining in neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. MVD-CD31 and MVD-CD105 were counted in CEACAM1-positive areas by dual-labeling immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: There was no expression of CEACAM1 in normal gastric mucosa. In IM and GIN, CEACAM1 was mainly expressed with membranous pattern. CEACAM1 was expressed with membranous pattern in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, with cytoplasmic pattern in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and with cytoplasmic and membranous pattern mixed together in intermediately adenocarcinoma. The expression patterns of CEACAM1 showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Coexpression of CEACAM1 and TGF-ß was elevated and significantly different from nonneoplastic to neoplastic lesions (P < 0.05). Moreover, CEACAM1 and TGF-ß coexpression were related to carcinoma progression (r = 0.35; P < 0.05). MVD-CD31 and MVD-CD105 showed significant differences from nonneoplastic to neoplastic lesions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CEACAM1 has different expression patterns in nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. The coexpression of CEACAM1 and TGF-ß increased from nonneoplastic to neoplastic lesions and may be related with tumor progression via promoting tumorous angiogenesis.

The evaluation of SOX9 expression and its relationship with carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 in gastric neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions.

The aims of this study were to investigate the expression of SOX9 (sex determining region Y [SRY]-related high-mobility group box 9) and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in benign, premalignant, and malignant gastric lesions and to explore the association between SOX9 and CEACAM1 in gastric carcinogenesis. SOX9 and CEACAM1 expression was detected in normal gastric mucosa, hyperplastic polyp, intestinal metaplasia, gastric intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. There was low expression of SOX9 and no CEACAM1 expression in normal gastric mucosa and hyperplastic polyps. Intestinal metaplasia began to express CEACAM1 and showed more membranous staining of CEACAM1 than normal mucosa and hyperplastic polyps (P = .000), but SOX9 expression had no significant difference, and the coexpression of SOX9 and CEACAM1 ascended; therefore, the difference was significant (P = .000). Gastric intraepithelial neoplasia showed more SOX9 expression, coexpression of SOX9, and CEACAM1 than in intestinal metaplasia (P = .014 and P = .026, respectively). Carcinoma showed more cytoplasmic CEACAM1 (P = .010), more SOX9 expression (P = .001), and more their coexpression (P = .023) than gastric intraepithelial neoplasia. As to the histologic classification, poorly differentiated carcinoma showed more cytoplasmic CEACAM1 than well and moderately differentiated carcinoma (P = .006 and P = .024, respectively). In the Laurén classification, diffuse carcinoma showed more cytoplasmic CEACAM1 than intestinal carcinoma (P = .0035), but the SOX9 expression and their coexpresison showed no difference (P = .065 and P = .074, respectively). With the elevation of SOX9 expression and the changing of CEACAM1 expression patterns, the coexpressions of SOX9 and CEACAM1 were highly elevated from benign proliferative lesions to malignant lesions. Moreover, the SOX9 expression and the coexpression with CEACAM1 were correlated positively (r = 0.310; P = .015). In addition, SOX9 expression was positively correlated with CEACAM1 expression patterns (r = 0.124; P = .032). In addition, CEACAM1 expression patterns and coexpression of SOX9 and CEACAM1 show significant difference between T1 and T2 and T3 and T4 (P = .021 and P = .011, respectively). Accordingly, compared with N0, N2 and N3 showed significant difference in SOX9 expression (P = .018), CEACAM1 expression patterns (P = .010), and their coexpression (P = .010). SOX9 expression significantly increased from nonneoplastic lesions to neoplastic lesions, and CEACAM1 expression patterns markedly changed; their coexpression also showed signally elevated suggesting that SOX9, as a transcriptional regulator, play important roles in the changing of CEACAM1 expression patterns, which might promote the tumor progression.

Diagnostic value of confocal laser endomicroscopy for gastric superficial cancerous lesions.

BACKGROUND: The identification of gastric superficial cancerous lesions based on conventional white-light endoscopy (WLE) is challenging, and histological analysis remains the 'gold standard' for the final diagnosis. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) can provide in vivo histological observation without the need for biopsy. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate CLE imaging criteria for gastric superficial cancerous lesions and to compare the diagnostic value of real-time integrated CLE (iCLE) and WLE alone in distinguishing gastric superficial cancerous lesions. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China. PATIENTS: A total of 182 patients were enrolled into phase I and 1786 patients were enrolled into phase II. INTERVENTIONS: CLE images were blindly evaluated after endoscopy in phase I, and real-time iCLE diagnosis during endoscopy was compared with WLE diagnosis by using histopathology as a gold standard in phase II. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The validity and reliability of the CLE diagnosis for identifying gastric superficial cancerous lesions. RESULTS: Off-line CLE diagnosis for early gastric cancers had a high sensitivity (88.1%) and specificity (98.6%). When the two-tiered CLE classification of non-cancerous lesions and cancer/high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) lesions was introduced, CLE diagnosis led to a higher sensitivity (90.2%) and specificity (98.5%) (phase I). Real-time iCLE diagnosis had a higher sensitivity (88.9%), specificity (99.3%) and accuracy (98.8%) for gastric superficial cancer/HGIN lesions than WLE diagnosis (sensitivity, 72.2%; specificity, 95.1%; and accuracy, 94.1%) (p < 0.05) (phase II). Limitations This was a single-centre study. CONCLUSIONS: CLE can be used to identify gastric superficial cancer/HGIN lesions with high validity and reliability.

Inhibitor of differentiation is overexpressed with progression of benign to malignant lesions and related with carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 distribution in mammary glands.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression and association of inhibitor of differentiation (Id-1) and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions of human mammary glands. The study included 97 cases of benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions of human mammary glands including normal terminal duct lobular units, usual ductal hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive ductal carcinoma that were surgically excised at the Second Hospital of Shangdong University. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of Id-1 and CEACAM1. The Id-1 expression was increased with the progression of benign to malignant transformation (P < .05) and positively related with CEACAM1 different expression patterns (r = 0.279, P < .01) in benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions: apical membranous staining in benign, and cytoplasmic and uniform membranous staining in premalignant and malignant lesions. A positive correlation was found between Id-1 expression and morphologic classification of benign to premalignant and malignant lesions (r = 0.641, P < .0001). The CEACAM1 expression patterns showed a significance between benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions (P < .05). The Id-1 expression is increased with the progression of benign to malignant transformation and promotes the CEACAM1 expression; the CEACAM1 expression patterns are changed by movement from apical membrane to bilateral membrane and cytoplasm. That the Id-1 overexpression promotes the transformation of CEACAM1 expression patterns may occur at the early stage in the breast carcinogenesis; and the Id-1 should be regarded as the transforming factor, which may regulate the transformation of CEACAM1 expression patterns.

Nuclear and cytoplasmic Id-1 expression patterns play different roles in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in gastric carcinoma.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression and impact of Id-1 (inhibitor of differentiation) on tumor progression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis in gastric adenocarcinoma. The study included 97 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma, which were surgically excised at the Second Hospital of Shandong University. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the Id-1 expression, and dual-labeling immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the microvessel density (MVD) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD). The Id-1 protein was mainly expressed with nuclear staining in well-differentiated carcinoma, but with cytoplasmic staining in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinoma, which showed a significant difference (P < .0001). Moreover, the expression patterns had different and crucial effects on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Nuclear staining of Id-1 inhibited angiogenesis, but cytoplasmic staining promoted angiogenesis (MVD, 110.57 ± 32.32 vs 141.45 ± 55.60) (P < .05). Consistent with their roles in angiogenesis, the nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions of Id-1 had similar effects on lymphangiogenesis: nuclear expression inhibited and cytoplasmic expression promoted lymphangiogenesis (LVD, 2.62 ± 1.03 vs 4.05 ± 2.04) (P < .05). Microvessel density and LVD showed no significant difference in low-and high-Id-1 expression groups (P > .05). Aberrant expression of Id-1 from nuclear to cytoplasm is accompanied with tumor malignant progression, which promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis; and Id-1 should be developed as a target for gastric carcinoma therapy.

[Application of pathological diagnosis by rapid paraffin sections for biopsy in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of pathological diagnosis by rapid paraffin sections in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical diseases. METHODS: A total of 176 cases from our hospital between September 2009 and January 2010 with abnormal cervical cancer screening (including abnormal cytology result and high-risk HPV continuous positive) were randomly divided into 2 groups. Eighty-seven cases of them whose biopsy were got by Belinson forceps under the direction of colposcopy with rapid paraffin sections by ultrasonic histopathological rapid processor and BT transparent agents were selected as group A, while 89 cases with conventional paraffin sections were selected as group B. The production time and quality for paraffin sections were analyzed in the two groups. Those diagnosed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or even worse and some special patients with CINI in the two groups received surgery, including loop electrosurgical procedure (LEEP), cold knife conization (CKC), hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy. Tissue obtained after surgery was sent for routine pathological examination. If the results of postoperative routine pathological examination were inconsistent with the rapid or routine biopsy pathological examination, the heavier results were regard as the final diagnoses. The pathological results and diagnose accordance rates were recorded and compared between group A and group B. RESULTS: The quality of sections in two groups were all satisfied or basically satisfied to meet the diagnostic requirements. There were statistically significant difference in average production time between group A and B (40 minutes vs 24 hours, P<0.05). Thirty patients in group A and 32 patients in group B received surgery. The coincidence rate of biopsy pathological results and final diagnoses were 93% (28/30) for group A and 91% (29/32) for group B, in which there were not statistically significant difference (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Rapid paraffin sections technology is safe, accurate and economical for rapid pathological diagnosis of cervical diseases, which is worthy for being widely used in hospitals.

Confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo diagnosis of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a novel endoscopic modality that allows subsurface analysis of the gastric mucosa during ongoing endoscopy. Several studies have reported that this technique is of value in the diagnosis of premalignant lesions in the GI tract, but as yet no investigations have reported its application in the analysis of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN). OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of CLE for the identification and grading of GIN. DESIGN: Prospective double-blind feasibility study. SETTING: Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China. PATIENTS: CLE images of 33 patients were first evaluated to establish the diagnostic criteria for gastric lesions. Eligible patients were then prospectively investigated by CLE using the newly established criteria. INTERVENTIONS: All endoscopically suspicious lesions were examined by CLE, and CLE diagnoses were compared with corresponding histopathologic results. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of CLE diagnosis of biopsy-proven intraepithelial neoplasia by per-lesion analysis. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of CLE diagnosis of GIN were 77.8%, 81.8%, 4.28, and 0.27, respectively. The mean κ value for interobserver agreement for the diagnosis of GIN was 0.70 among endoscopists and 0.71 between endoscopist and GI pathologist. Intraepithelial neoplasia score ≥5 differentiated high-grade from low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia with a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 88.0%. LIMITATIONS: Nonrandomized single-center study, limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS: CLE is an acceptable and potentially useful technology for the identification and grading of GIN in vivo. The diagnostic accuracy needs to be improved.

Lymphangiogenesis in gastric carcinoma correlates with prognosis.

Lymphatic metastasis is an important way that gastric carcinomas can spread. However, little is known about the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis and its clinical significance in gastric carcinomas. In the present study, lymphatic vessel density (LVD), VEGF-C expression, and proliferative activity of lymphatic endothelium were determined in human gastric carcinomas and xenografts of gastric cancer cells in nude mice. The development of lymphangiogenesis and its correlation with patient prognosis were investigated. The results showed that lymphatic vessels were observed mainly in peripheral tumour tissue with significantly (p < 0.05) higher P-LVD (peri-tumoural-LVD) than I-LVD (intra-tumoural-LVD). The expression of VEGF-C was heterogeneous within tumours, with a significantly higher expression (immunostaining score) at the margin than at the tumour centre (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between VEGF-C expression at the margin (but not at the centre) and P-LVD (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). High proliferative activity of lymphatic endothelium was also observed in the peripheral tissues, with a significant correlation between proliferative activity of lymphatic endothelium and VEGF-C expression (p < 0.05). These data imply that the increased lymphatics may have been newly formed following stimulation by VEGF-C. High VEGF-C expression at the margin of gastric carcinomas could induce lymphangiogenesis in the peri-tumoural stroma and contribute to the increased P-LVD. The data from mice tumour xenografts also suggested that VEGF-C produced from the transplanted gastric carcinoma cells could induce lymphangiogenesis around them. In patients, VEGF-C expression at tumour margins was associated with nodal metastasis, lymphatic vessel invasion, poor recurrence-free survival, and poor overall survival, and could serve as an independent predictor for patients with gastric carcinoma.

Characterization and identification of gastric hyperplastic polyps and adenomas by confocal laser endomicroscopy.

BACKGROUND: Management of gastric polyps depends on their histologic composition. A real-time in vivo histologic diagnosis would be valuable to an "on table" management decision. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), a new diagnostic tool, allows real-time in vivo histologic evaluations of gastrointestinal lesions. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and practicability of using CLE to identify and differentiate gastric hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. METHODS: A total of 66 patients with previously diagnosed polyps were recruited for this study between January 2007 and August 2008 at Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China. The CLE imaging of hyperplastic polyps and adenomas was performed, and the CLE diagnosis was compared with the gold standard of histopathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: Imaging by CLE was successfully performed for 60 lesions of gastric hyperplastic polyps and 27 lesions of gastric adenomas. Compared with the surrounding background mucosa, gastric hyperplastic polyps and adenomas showed typical distinct appearances, respectively, by CLE. The overall accuracy of the in vivo CLE diagnosis of gastric hyperplastic polyps and adenomas during ongoing endoscopy was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83-96%), and the overall accuracy of differentiating gastric hyperplastic polyps and adenomas by CLE was 97% (95% CI, 90-99%) after endoscopy. Intraobserver agreement was perfect (kappa = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99), and interobserver agreement was also good (kappa = 0.83, 95% CI, 0.70-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: This study characterized confocal images of gastric hyperplastic polyps and adenomas as well as the high accuracy of differentiating hyperplastic polyps and adenomas using CLE.

Correlation among VEGFR3 gene promoter methylation, protein overexpression, and clinical pathology in early gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence and development of gastric cancer is a multi-factor, multi-stage, multi-gene abnormal accumulation process. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the molecular mechanism of gastric cancer. DNA methylation is one of the most studied epigenetic expression mechanisms. To study the correlation between gene promoter methylation status and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3), as well as their association with clinicopathological features in early gastric cancer (EGC) cases. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) were used to detect the expression of VEGFR3 protein and methylation status of the VEGFR3 promoter in 50 cases of EGC and their paired normal gastric mucosa tissues. The level of DNA methylation of the VEGFR3 promoter, in situ VEGFR3 protein expression, and the clinicopathological characteristics of EGC patients were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The positive rate of VEGFR3 protein expression in EGC tumor tissue (60%) was significantly higher than that in the normal gastric mucosa (10%). The detectable methylation frequency of VEGFR3 promoter in EGC tumor tissue (48%) was significantly lower than that in the normal gastric mucosa (85%). As anticipated, the methylation level of the VEGFR3 gene promoter was negatively associated with the overexpression of VEGFR3 protein. In addition, methylation status of the VEGFR3 gene promoter was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis in EGC patients (P<0.05), but was not linked to patients' gender, age, tumor size, degree of differentiation, or tumor invasion depth (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypomethylation of the VEGFR3 gene promoter is one of the major mechanisms underlying VEGFR3 gene overexpression in EGC tumor tissues and is related to lymph node metastasis in EGC patients. DNA methylation of VEGFR3 is expected to become a molecular diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for EGC.

Erratum to correlation among VEGFR3 gene promoter methylation, protein overexpression, and clinical pathology in early gastric cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.03.74.].

Expression of ER, Ki-67 and cylinD1 in the pre-cancerous breast of Chinese patients.

To investigate the expression and association of ER, Ki-67 and cyclinD1 in usual ductal hyperplasia(UDH), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) in the breast. The study included 56 cases of pre-cancerous lesions which were surgically excised at Qi Lu Hospital of Shangdong University. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of ER, Ki-67 and cyclinD1 and double-labelling immunofluorescence technique was used to observe the coexpression of ER and Ki-67. The expression and distribution of ER-positive cells were significantly different in UDH, ADH and DCIS. The ER-positive cells were much more in UDH than in normal TDLUs (terminal duct lobular units). The distribution of ER-positive cells interspersed amid ER-negative cells within UDH. However , the ER positive cells showed marked increases in ADH and low grade nuclear DCIS (P < 0.05), distributing in almost all constituent cells. The expression of ki-67 and cyclinD1 were significantly different between UDH and DCIS (P < 0.05) , and a positive correlation was found between expression of Ki-67 and morphological classification of pre-cancerous lesions (r = 0.3522, P < 0.05) as well as cyclinD1 (r = 0.3901, P < 0.05). Double-labelling immunofluorescence showed that there was no coexpression of ER and Ki-67 in normal breast tissue. The coexpression of the two markers was found in ADH and increased in DCIS. Overexpression of ER, Ki-67 and cyclinD1 significantly accompanies the transition of normal cells and UDH to ADH and DCIS. The coexpression of ER and ki-67 may present the early change in carcinogenesis of breast cancer.

Confocal endomicroscopy for in vivo detection of microvascular architecture in normal and malignant lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Confocal laser endomicroscopy allows subsurface analysis of gastrointestinal mucosa during ongoing endoscopy. The present study assessed the feasibility of in vivo detecting superficial vascular architecture by confocal endomicroscopy in normal upper gastrointestinal mucosa and malignant lesions. METHODS: Early gastric cancer in eight patients, superficial esophageal carcinoma in six patients, and asymptomatic normal control in 10 patients were studied by confocal endomicroscopy. The characteristic of endomicroscopic microvascular architecture from normal and malignant mucosa was described and images were evaluated. RESULTS: Confocal endomicroscopy enabled clear visualization of the vascular networks of gastroesophageal mucosa. Honeycomb-like and coil-shaped regular microvascular architecture surrounding gastric pits were visible in the normal gastric body and antrum, respectively. Differentiated gastric cancerous mucosa showed hypervascularity and various caliber microvessels with irregular shapes. Undifferentiated gastric cancers disclosed a hypovascularity and irregular short branch vessels. Normal squamous epithelium had regular intraepithelial papillary capillary loops (IPCLs) directed toward the luminal surface. In superficial esophageal squamous carcinoma, dilated IPCLs were visible at the upper layer of the squamous mucosa. In esophageal adenocarcinoma, abnormal microvascular architecture showed tortuous and various calibers blood vessels. Of all the images, 41% were graded as good quality. The mean kappa value for interobserver agreement for the prediction of cancerous mucosa was 0.792. CONCLUSIONS: Confocal laser endomicroscopy system could yield very clear images of superficial microvascular network in the gastroesophageal mucosal layer both in malignant and normal mucosa. Endomicroscopic observation of vascular architecture may be of assistance in the identification of early gastroesophageal cancers.

Clinical analysis for an unusual large cystic meningioma: case report and review of the literature.

The authors report the case of a 17-year-old boy with an unusual large cystic meningioma (Nauta type II) in the right hemisphere. The imaging appearances of this patient were very unusual. The shape of the huge cyst was crescentic and similar to subdural hematoma. It lay between the dura and the solid tumor parts. In addition there was a small intracystic nodule attached to the cyst wall. The patient underwent a right hemisphere craniotomy. At surgery it was found that the cyst contained a large amount of xanthochromic fluid and some semitransparent serumlike sediment. The intracystic nodule was proved to be necrotic substance without tissue and cell structure. Histological examination displayed an anaplastic meningioma, of which the cyst wall also consisted of meningioma tissue. To the best of the authors' knowledge, such an unusual case of cystic meningioma has not been reported. The authors review the literature with reference to intratumoral cyst associated with meningiomas, analyze the unusual imaging appearances of this patient, and explore the mechanism of cyst formation. The mechanism of cyst formation associated with meningiomas is not perfectly understood. Intratumoral cyst formation may be attributed to microcystic degeneration, ischemic necrosis, intratumoral hemorrhage, transudation and secretory changes within the tumor.

Up-regulated expression of scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) is associated with malignant behaviors and poor prognosis of breast cancer.

Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) is an integral membrane protein that is expressed in numerous cells and tissue types. The primary role of SR-B1 is to facilitate uptake of cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the liver. Altered SR-B1 expression contributes to human diseases. This study assessed association of SR-B1 expression in breast tissue specimens with breast cancer development and prognosis. Tissue specimens from 30 cases of adjacent normal breast tissues, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal breast cancer (IDCA) were subjected to Western blot analysis, and 135 cases of DCIS and IDCA were used for quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of SR-B1 expression. The data showed that SR-B1 was significantly overexpressed in IDCA tissues compared to normal breast and DCIS tissues. SR-B1 expression was associated with pre-menopausal status, tumor size, and worse overall survival of patients. The data from this ex vivo study suggests that up-regulated SR-B1 protein expression is associated with malignant behaviors of breast cancer and that SR-B1 is an independent predictor for poor survival in breast cancer patients.

The distribution of IGF2 and IMP3 in osteosarcoma and its relationship with angiogenesis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of IGF2 and IMP3 in osteosarcoma as well as its relationship with angiogenesis in the tumor. IGF2 and IMP3 expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining in the serial sections of the osteosarcoma. The impacts of IGF2 and IMP3 expression patterns on tumor angiogenesis were evaluated by statistics. The IGF2 and IMP3 staining had different expression patterns in different osteosarcoma. Twelve out of the sixty-four cases of conventional osteosarcoma showed nuclear staining patterns, and twenty-nine showed cytoplasmic staining of IGF2 and IMP3 simultaneously. On the other hand, fourteen cases showed nuclear IGF2 staining but cytoplasmic IMP3 expression, and nine cases showed nuclear IMP3 staining and cytoplasmic IGF2 expression. Twenty-eight out of forty-seven cases of parosteal osteosarcoma showed nuclear IGF2 and IMP3 expression, nine showed cytoplasmic IGF2 and IMP3 expression simultaneously. Seven out of forty-seven cases of parosteal osteosarcoma expressed IGF2 with nuclear staining but expressed IMP3 with cytoplasmic staining. Meanwhile, three cases expressed IGF2 with cytoplasmic staining but expressed IMP3 with nuclear staining. Similar to the parosteal osteosarcoma, the periosteal osteosarcoma expressed IGF2 and IMP3 mainly with nuclear staining simultaneously, forty out of fifty-five cases of periosteal osteosarcoma did that. Five out of fifty-five cases expressed IGF2 and IMP3 with cytoplasmic staining at the same time. Four cases showed nuclear IGF2 staining and cytoplasmic IMP3 staining. In the parosteal and periosteal osteosarcoma, there was no significant difference in IGF and IMP3 expression patterns (P = 0.216). However, compared with conventional osteosarcoma, the parosteal and periosteal osteosarcoma showed significant difference in IMP3 and IGF2 expression (P = 0.016, P = 0.023). IGF2 and IMP3 expression patterns were positive correlation in the different osteosarcoma (r = 0.1021, P = 0.032). The Microvessel density (MVD) in osteosarcoma with IGF2 and IMP3 cytoplasmic staining was more than that with nuclear expression of IGF2 and IMP3, and the difference was significant (P = 0.024). Moreover, the conventional osteosarcoma with cytoplasmic IGF and IMP3 showed more MVD than parosteal and periosteal osteosarcoma with cytoplasmic IGF and IMP3, and the difference was significant (P = 0.035). IGF2 and IMP3 had different expression patterns, which might be associated with angiogenesis. However, cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of IGF2 and IMP3 might play different roles in the angiogenesis of osteosarcoma.