Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Primitive Macrophages Provide a Platform for Modeling Tissue-Resident Macrophage Differentiation and Function.

Tissue macrophages arise during embryogenesis from yolk-sac (YS) progenitors that give rise to primitive YS macrophages. Until recently, it has been impossible to isolate or derive sufficient numbers of YS-derived macrophages for further study, but data now suggest that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be driven to undergo a process reminiscent of YS-hematopoiesis in vitro. We asked whether iPSC-derived primitive macrophages (iMacs) can terminally differentiate into specialized macrophages with the help of growth factors and organ-specific cues. Co-culturing human or murine iMacs with iPSC-derived neurons promoted differentiation into microglia-like cells in vitro. Furthermore, murine iMacs differentiated in vivo into microglia after injection into the brain and into functional alveolar macrophages after engraftment in the lung. Finally, iPSCs from a patient with familial Mediterranean fever differentiated into iMacs with pro-inflammatory characteristics, mimicking the disease phenotype. Altogether, iMacs constitute a source of tissue-resident macrophage precursors that can be used for biological, pathophysiological, and therapeutic studies.

Biology of resident tissue macrophages.

Although best known for their phagocytic and immunological functions, macrophages have increasingly been recognised as key players in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of their host tissues. Early during development, macrophages infiltrate and colonise all tissues within the body, developing symbiotically with their host tissues and acquiring unique functional adaptations based on the tissue microenvironment. These embryonic resident tissue macrophages (RTMs) are ontogenically distinct from the later adult bone marrow-derived monocytes, and in some tissues are self-maintained independently of general circulation at a steady state. In this article, we briefly discuss the ontogeny, maintenance and unique tissue adaptions of RTMs focusing on microglia, Kupffer cells, Langerhans cells, intestinal macrophages, cardiac macrophages and tumour-associated macrophages, and highlight their role in development, homeostasis and dysfunction.

Alterations in the expression level of visfatin in the lungs of piglets infected with PRRSV and its effect on PRRSV replication.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), characterized by sow reproductive failure and respiratory symptoms in pigs of all ages. PRRSV mainly causes severe lung damage by invading alveolar macrophages. Visfatin is closely related to acute lung injury, immune response and inflammation along with virus invasion to the host. Therefore, the current study was performed to clarify the relationship between visfatin and PRRSV infection. We used ternary piglets to construct a piglet model to explore the expression of visfatin and tight junction protein in lung injury induced by PRRSV infection, and then further studied the inhibition effect of visfatin on PRRSV replication by PRRSV infection of Marc-145 cells. Our results indicated that both PRRSV attenuated and virulent infections could damage the lung tissues, which could not only lead to severe inflammatory reaction (such as increased expression of TNF-α, TGF-ß, IL-8 and IL-10) in lung tissues of piglets, but also brought about the sharp decrease of ZO-1 and Tricellulin expressions resulting in impaired alveolar epithelial barrier. Meanwhile, we found significantly up-regulated expression of visfatin in lungs and serum of pigs after PRRSV infection that were related to both the degree of lung injury and the virulence of PRRSV strain. Moreover, visfatin might inhibit the PRRSV infection to Marc-145 cells in time dependent fashion. Hence, the current investigation provides the novel information about the effect of visfatin and PRRSV co-culture on Marc-145 cells and the effect of visfatin on PRRSV proliferation at different time points.

A Novel HDAC1-Selective Inhibitor Attenuates Autoimmune Arthritis by Inhibiting Inflammatory Cytokine Production.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is systemic autoimmune arthritis that causes joint inflammation and destruction. Accumulating evidence has shown that inhibitors of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) (i.e., HDAC1, 2, 3, and 8) are potential therapeutic candidates as targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs). Nevertheless, the inhibition of class I HDACs has severe adverse effects because of their broad spectrum. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of a novel selective HDAC1 inhibitor TTA03-107 for collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) models in mice. We also examined the effect of TTA03-107 in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in vitro. Here, we delineate that TTA03-107 reduced the severity of autoimmune arthritis without obvious adverse effects in CIA and CAIA models. Moreover, TTA03-107 suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-17A, in serum and joint tissue. In vitro treatment of BMDMs with TTA03-107 dampened the M1 differentiation and inflammatory cytokine production. TTA03-107 also suppressed the differentiation of Th17 cells. These results demonstrate that TTA03-107 can attenuate the development of arthritis in experimental RA models by inhibiting the differentiation and activation of macrophages and Th17 cells. Therefore, TTA03-107 is a potential tsDMARD candidate.

The association of immune cell infiltration and prognostic value of tertiary lymphoid structures in gastric cancer.

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are lymphoid aggregates in tumor tissues and their potential significance in clinical applications has not been fully elucidated in gastric cancer. We evaluated TLS and tumor-infiltrating immune cells using H&E and immunohistochemistry staining in the recruited patients with gastric cancer. The prognostic value of TLS was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and further validated using gene expression profiling. The alterations in gene mutation, copy number variance, and DNA methylation across the TLS signature subtypes were analyzed based on the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. High TLS density was associated with improved overall survival and disease-free survival. A combination of TLS density and TNM stage obtained higher prognostic accuracy than the TNM stage alone. Tumors with high TLS density showed significantly higher infiltration of CD3+, CD8+, and CD20+ cells but lower infiltration of CD68+ cells. Transcriptomics analysis demonstrated that high TLS signature status was positively associated with the activation of inflammation-related and immune-related pathways. Multi-omics data showed a distinct landscape of somatic mutations, copy number variants, and DNA methylation across TLS signature subtypes. Our results indicated that TLS might link with enhanced immune responses, and represent an independent and beneficial predictor of resected gastric cancer. Multi-omics analysis further revealed key tumor-associated molecular alterations across TLS signature subtypes, which might help explore the potential mechanism of the interaction between TLS formation and cancer cells.

Single-Layer-Graphene-Coated and Gold-Film-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Prism Coupler Sensor for Immunoglobulin G Detection.

A graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) prism coupler sensor is proposed for the rapid detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The feasibility of the proposed sensor is demonstrated by measuring the IgG concentration in phantom mouse and human serum solutions over the range of 0-250 ng/mL. The results show that the circular dichroism and principal fast axis angle of linear birefringence increase in line with increases in IgG concentration over the considered range. Moreover, the proposed device has a resolution of 5-10 ng/mL and a response time of less than three minutes. In general, the sensor provides a promising approach for IgG detection and has significant potential for rapid infectious viral disease testing applications.

Optimization and bioactivity verification of porcine recombinant visfatin with high expression and low endotoxin content using pig liver as template.

In order to obtain the porcine recombinant visfatin protein with high expression and low endotoxin content, the current study aims to express and verify the biological activity of the purified porcine recombinant visfatin protein. Firstly, four different expression strains were successfully constructed. Then they were simultaneously induced at 37 °C for 4 h and 16 °C for 16 h. The results showed that Visfatin-pET28a-Transetta was the best strain with high protein expression and purity at 16 °C induction for 16 h. After that, endotoxin was reduced from the recombinant visfatin until the residual endotoxin was less than one endotoxin units per milliliter (EU/mL). Finally, the purified porcine recombinant visfatin protein was incubated with RAW264.7 cells. The results of cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) showed the survival rate of the cells first increased and then decreased with the increase in visfatin concentration. When the concentration of visfatin was 700 ng/mL, the survival rate of the cells was the highest. Thereafter, control (PBS), Visfatin and Visfatin + PolymyxinB (Ploy.B) groups were incubated with the RAW264.7 cells for 6 h. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) results showed that, as compared to the control group, the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in Visfatin group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the Visfatin and Visfatin + Poly.B groups, indicating that porcine recombinant visfatin protein promoted the inflammatory activity of RAW264.7 cells while the residual endotoxin did not play a role, suggesting biological activity of porcine recombinant visfatin protein.

An investigation for airflow and deposition of PM2.5 contaminated with SAR-CoV-2 virus in healthy and diseased human airway.

This study is motivated by the amplified transmission rates of the SAR-CoV-2 virus in areas with high concentrations of fine particulates (PM2.5) as reported in northern Italy and Mexico. To develop a deeper understanding of the contribution of PM2.5 in the propagation of the SAR-CoV-2 virus in the population, the deposition patterns and efficiencies (DEs) of PM2.5 laced with the virus in healthy and asthmatic airways are studied. Physiologically correct 3-D models for generations 10-12 of the human airways are applied to carry out a numerical analysis of two-phase flow for full breathing cycles. Two concentrations of PM2.5 are applied for the simulation, i.e., 30 µg⋅m-3 and 80 µg⋅m-3 for three breathing statuses, i.e., rest, light exercise, and moderate activity. All the PM2.5 injected into the control volume is assumed to be 100% contaminated with the SAR-CoV-2 virus. Skewed air-flow phenomena at the bifurcations are proportional to the Reynolds number at the inlet, and their intensity in the asthmatic airway exceeded that of the healthy one. Upon exhalation, two peak air-flow vectors from daughter branches combine to form one big vector in the parent generation. Asthmatic airway models has higher deposition efficiencies (DEs) for contaminated PM2.5 as compared to the healthy one. Higher DEs arise in the asthmatic airway model due to complex secondary flows which increase the impaction of contaminated PM2.5 on airways' walls.

Micro-RNA-451 Reduces Proliferation of B-CPAP Human Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cells by Downregulating Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 2.

BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are novel biomarkers that are important in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment resistance. miR-451 is expressed in human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tissues and is associated with tumor progression. This study investigated the molecular mechanism associated with the effects of miR-451 on B-CPAP human PTC cells in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Binding of miRNAs to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of messenger RNA (mRNA) was determined with a luciferase reporter assay. miRNAs and plasmids were transfected into human PTC B-CPAP cells with Lipofectamine 2000 Transfection Reagent. Cell viability was tested with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The levels of miRNAs and mRNA were determined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein levels were analyzed with immunoblotting. RESULTS miR-451 bound to wild-type but not mutant 3'-UTR of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). MiR-451 mimics inhibited the growth of B-CPAP cells and reduced mRNA and protein levels in ATF2, whereas miR-451 inhibitors promoted the growth of B-CPAP cells and increased mRNA and protein levels in ATF2. CONCLUSIONS miR-451 directly bound to the 3'UTR of ATF2, decreased mRNA and protein levels in ATF2, and inhibited growth of B-CPAP cells. Our findings suggest that miR-451 may be a potential therapeutic target for PTC.

Hypoglossal nerve palsy after gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy (GTAET) has satisfactory cosmetic effects for the patients who have benign goiter and small thyroid carcinoma, however the complications of this surgical procedure have not been fully documented. Ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy (IHNP) associated with GTAET has never been reported before. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year old male patient presented with a 4 × 5 mm solid thyroid nodule in the right lobe. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was confirmed by the fine needle aspiration. He had strong cosmetic demand, therefore GTAET for right lobectomy and central cervical lymphadenectomy was performed in a supine position with cervical extension. Six hours after the operation, he developed tongue deviation to the right side, speech and swallowing difficulties, indicating IHNP. Head and cervical MRI showed no abnormality. The intravenous steroid was used for three days, and oral vitamin B1 and mecobalamin was prescribed for 1 month. Nine days after surgery, he was discharged. Three months after the operation, all the symptoms were completely resolved. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of IHNP after GTAET, which will be valuable to add our knowledge to diagnose and treat rare complications of GTAET.

Effect of Early and Intensive Rehabilitation after Ischemic Stroke on Functional Recovery of the Lower Limbs: A Pilot, Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop an early and intense lower extremity training technique using a recumbent cycle ergometer system in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: This was a pilot, prospective, randomized, controlled study with 2 parallel groups followed for 3 months with blinded assessment of outcomes. Thirty-one eligible patients were randomized to experimental and control groups. To strengthen the motion of the lower extremities within 48 hours after stroke, the control and experimental groups received conventional treatment and additional interventions under a therapist's guidance combined with conventional treatment, respectively. The primary outcome measure was the change in lower extremity motor control from admission to 4 weeks, assessed by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. Secondary outcomes were the number of days to walking 50 m and the change in the Berg Balance Scale score and Barthel index. The modified Rankin Score was used to assess the overall function and prognosis at 3 months. RESULTS: Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Berg Balance Scale scores and Barthel index increased over time in the experimental group, as did the Berg Balance Scale score and Barthel index in the control group (P < .001). However, Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores in the control group were similar over time (F = 2.303, P = 1.119). Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group after 2 and 4 weeks (P = .084 and .037, respectively). Compared with the control group at 2 weeks or at discharge, the percentage of patients who returned to unassisted walking in the experimental group showed an increasing trend (56.3% versus 26.67%, P = .095), but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups after 3 months (P = .598). The modified Rankin Score at 3 months showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our early and intense lower extremity training technique involving a leg cycle ergometer system contributes to the recovery of lower extremity function in patients with acute ischemic stroke. This finding will provide a basis for future investigations on the applicability of the intervention in early lower extremity and walking rehabilitation among individuals with neurological disorder.

Bayesian Edge Detector Using Deformable Directivity-Aware Sampling Window.

Conventional image entropy merely involves the overall pixel intensity statistics which cannot respond to intensity patterns over spatial domain. However, spatial distribution of pixel intensity is definitely crucial to any biological or computer vision system, and that is why gestalt grouping rules involve using features of both aspects. Recently, the increasing integration of knowledge from gestalt research into visualization-related techniques has fundamentally altered both fields, offering not only new research questions, but also new ways of solving existing issues. This paper presents a Bayesian edge detector called GestEdge, which is effective in detecting gestalt edges, especially useful for forming object boundaries as perceived by human eyes. GestEdge is characterized by employing a directivity-aware sampling window or mask that iteratively deforms to probe or explore the existence of principal direction of sampling pixels; when convergence is reached, the window covers pixels best representing the directivity in compliance with the similarity and proximity laws in gestalt theory. During the iterative process based on the unsupervised Expectation-Minimization (EM) algorithm, the shape of the sampling window is optimally adjusted. Such a deformable window allows us to exploit the similarity and proximity among the sampled pixels. Comparisons between GestEdge and other edge detectors are shown to justify the effectiveness of GestEdge in extracting the gestalt edges.

Predictive ability of prognostic nutritional index in surgically resected gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recent findings have shown that inflammation indices are associated with prognosis in various malignancies. However, the usefulness of inflammation indices including platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) remains controversial. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 340 primary localized GIST patients who had received surgical resection between 2005 and 2015 to investigate the effect of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index on prognosis. 206 patients were selected by propensity score matching to control selection biases. RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log rank test demonstrated that high prognostic nutritional index (≥43.9) was significantly correlated with better recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P<0.001). Among the three inflammatory indices, only preoperative high prognostic nutritional index was an independent prognostic factor for survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0.509; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.266-0.872; P = 0.031] in multivariate analysis. After propensity score matching, elevated prognostic nutritional index was still a predictor for RFS (HR = 0.498; 95% CI 0.253-0.971; P = 0.042) in the multivariate analyses. In addition, prognostic nutritional index was a significant prognostic factor for GISTs within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) high and very low/low-risk categories. Incorporation prognostic nutritional index into the NIH risk criteria improved the prognostic stratification (c-index, 0.725 vs. 0.686, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: High prognostic nutritional index is a predictor of improved survival for surgically resected GISTs and incorporation prognostic nutritional index into NIH risk criteria improves the predictive accuracy.

Chronic pulmonary exposure to traffic-related fine particulate matter causes brain impairment in adult rats.

BACKGROUND: Effects of air pollution on neurotoxicity and behavioral alterations have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathophysiology caused by particulate matter (PM) in the brain. We examined the effects of traffic-related particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of < 1 µm (PM1), high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered air, and clean air on the brain structure, behavioral changes, brainwaves, and bioreactivity of the brain (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus), olfactory bulb, and serum after 3 and 6 months of whole-body exposure in 6-month-old Sprague Dawley rats. RESULTS: The rats were exposed to 16.3 ± 8.2 (4.7~ 68.8) µg/m3 of PM1 during the study period. An MRI analysis showed that whole-brain and hippocampal volumes increased with 3 and 6 months of PM1 exposure. A short-term memory deficiency occurred with 3 months of exposure to PM1 as determined by a novel object recognition (NOR) task, but there were no significant changes in motor functions. There were no changes in frequency bands or multiscale entropy of brainwaves. Exposure to 3 months of PM1 increased 8-isoporstance in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus as well as hippocampal inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6), but not in the olfactory bulb. Systemic CCL11 (at 3 and 6 months) and IL-4 (at 6 months) increased after PM1 exposure. Light chain 3 (LC3) expression increased in the hippocampus after 6 months of exposure. Spongiosis and neuronal shrinkage were observed in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus (neuronal shrinkage) after exposure to air pollution. Additionally, microabscesses were observed in the cortex after 6 months of PM1 exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study first observed cerebral edema and brain impairment in adult rats after chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution.

Decreased Expression of MicroRNA-107 in B Lymphocytes of Patients with Antibody-Mediated Renal Allograft Rejection.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that participate in normal B cell lineage development through posttranscriptional gene regulation. Antibody-mediated renal allograft rejection (ABMR) is emerging as one of the most common serious threats to renal transplant patients. In this study, we explored the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ABMR. The differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by Affymetrix miRNA microarray analysis using B lymphocytes from 5 recipients and 5 volunteers. Based on quantitative RT-PCR, the expression levels of miR-107 were lower in the B lymphocytes from recipients than in those from volunteers. Computational analysis predicted that 3'-untranslated region of the autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12) mRNA was targeted by miR-107, and we identified ATG12 as a target of miR-107 by Luciferase assay. Importantly, the expression levels of ATG12 in B lymphocytes of recipients were higher than those in the volunteer group, and miR-107 mimic significantly decreased ATG12 expression and formation of autolysosomes in B lymphocytes of recipients. Furthermore, we observed that levels of autophagy in B lymphocytes of transplant recipients were higher than those in B cells from volunteers. These findings suggest that miR-107 may contribute to the regulation of autophagy via targeting ATG12. Lastly, treatment with an miR-107 mimic caused the decrease in the secretion of IgG and IgM antibodies from B lymphocytes of transplant recipients, indicating that deregulated miR-107 could be involved in the pathogenesis of ABMR. Taken together, we propose that decreased miR-107 expression is associated with autophagy activation in B lymphocytes from patients with ABMR.

Fast Visual Tracking Based on Convolutional Networks.

Recently, an upsurge of deep learning has provided a new direction for the field of computer vision and visual tracking. However, expensive offline training time and the large number of images required by deep learning have greatly hindered progress. This paper aims to further improve the computational performance of CNT which is reported to deliver 5 fps performance in visual tracking, we propose a method called Fast-CNT which differs from CNT in three aspects: firstly, an adaptive k value (rather than a constant 100) is determined for an input video; secondly, background filters used in CNT are omitted in this work to save computation time without affecting performance; thirdly, SURF feature points are used in conjunction with the particle filter to address the drift problem in CNT. Extensive experimental results on land and undersea video sequences show that Fast-CNT outperforms CNT by 2~10 times in terms of computational efficiency.

Genome-wide copy number variation pattern analysis and a classification signature for non-small cell lung cancer.

The accurate classification of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) into lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is essential for both clinical practice and lung cancer research. Although the standard WHO diagnosis of NSCLC on biopsy material is rapid and economic, more than 13% of NSCLC tumors in the USA are not further classified. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genome-wide pattern differences in copy number variations (CNVs) and to develop a CNV signature as an adjunct test for the routine histopathologic classification of NSCLCs. We investigated the genome-wide CNV differences between these two tumor types using three independent patient datasets. Approximately half of the genes examined exhibited significant differences between LUAD and LUSC tumors and the corresponding non-malignant tissues. A new classifier was developed to identify signature genes out of 20 000 genes. Thirty-three genes were identified as a CNV signature of NSCLC. Using only their CNV values, the classification model separated the LUADs from the LUSCs with an accuracy of 0.88 and 0.84, respectively, in the training and validation datasets. The same signature also classified NSCLC tumors from their corresponding non-malignant samples with an accuracy of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. We also compared the CNV patterns of NSCLC tumors with those of histologically similar tumors arising at other sites, such as the breast, head, and neck, and four additional tumors. Of greater importance, the significant differences between these tumors may offer the possibility of identifying the origin of tumors whose origin is unknown.

[Prevalence of central obesity among floating population employment in 5 surveillance sites of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of central obesity among different gender and age groups of floating population employment in 5 surveillance sites of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. METHODS: 1491 floating population aged > 18 years old were selected through multistage clustering sampling method, stratified by 6 major industries in5 sites of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region( Xinhe County, Yining County, Tianshan District, Hetian County and Kashi City) in 2012. Unified questionnaire( including basic information, behavioral risk factors, etc. ), designed by China CDC, were used to collect information by face-to-face interviews. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured by unified equipment. RESULTS: The average age was( 35. 73 ± 11. 61) years old. Male and female accounted for 48. 02%( 716/1491) and 51. 98%( 775/1491)each. Han, Uygur and other ethnic group accounted for 75. 59%( 1127/1491), 18. 31%( 273/1491) and 6. 10%( 91/1491). The prevalence of central obesity was 25. 62%( 382/1491) of floating population in 5 surveillance sites of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 50-59 years age group( 45. 63%) and the obese group( 86. 15%) in BMI were the highest prevalence of central obesity. There was statistical significance on prevalence of central obesity in different age groups floating population( χ~2= 77. 295, P <0. 001), and in different BMI groups floating population( χ~2= 648. 619, P < 0. 001). CONCLUSION: Floating population aged 50-59 years old and obese in BMI of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were key groups for prevention and control of central obesity.

Clinically Relevant Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae with DNA-Antibody Nanostructures.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a pathogenic bacterium and a major cause of community-acquired pneumonia that could be fatal if left untreated. Therefore, rapid and sensitive detection of SP is crucial to enable targeted treatment during SP infections. In this study, DNA tetrahedron (DNA TH) with a hollow structure is anchored on gold electrodes to construct an electrochemical immunosensor for rapid detection of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) peptide and SP lysate from synthetic and actual human samples. This DNA nanostructure-based immunosensor displays excellent electrochemical activity toward PspA with a sensitive linear region from 0 to 8 ng/mL of PspA peptide and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.218 ng/mL. In addition, this DNA-TH-based immunosensor exhibits good sensing performance toward SP lysate in a clinically relevant linear range from 5 to 100 CFU/mL with a LOD of 0.093 CFU/mL. Along with these attractive features, this electrochemical immunosensor is able to specifically recognize and detect the PspA peptide mixed with other physiologically relevant components like bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lipopolysaccharide. In addition, our sensor could detect SP lysate even when dispersed in BSA or Escherichia coli lysate. Lastly, uncultured samples from the nasal cavity, mouth, and axilla of a human subject could be successfully determined by this well-designed electrochemical immunosensor.