Integrating BSA-Seq with RNA-Seq Reveals a Novel Fasciated Ear5 Mutant in Maize.

Increasing grain yield is required to meet the rapidly expanding demands for food, feed, and fuel. Inflorescence meristems are central to plant growth and development. However, the question concerning whether inflorescence development can be regulated to improve grain yield remains unclear. Here, we describe a naturally occurring single recessive mutation called fea5 that can increase grain yield in maize. Using bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), the candidate region was initially mapped to a large region on chromosome 4 (4.68 Mb-11.26 Mb). Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed a total of 1246 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 835 were up-regulated and 411 were down-regulated. Further analysis revealed the enrichment of DEGs in phytohormone signal transduction. Consistently, phytohormone profiling indicated that auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ETH), and cytokinin (CK) levels increased significantly, whereas the gibberellin (GA) level decreased significantly in fea5. By integrating BSA-seq with RNA-seq, we identified Zm00001d048841 as the most likely candidate gene. Our results provide valuable insight into this new germplasm resource and the molecular mechanism underlying fasciated ears that produce a higher kernel row number in maize.

Development and validation of nomograms predicting survival in Chinese patients with triple negative breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous disease. Nomograms predicting outcomes of TNBC are needed for risk management. METHODS: Nomograms were based on an analysis of 296 non-metastatic TNBC patients treated at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from 2002 to 2014. The end points were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Predictive accuracy and discriminative ability were evaluated by concordance index (C-index), area under the curve (AUC) and calibration curve, and compared with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, PREDICT and CancerMath. Models were subjected to bootstrap internal validation and external validation using independent cohorts of 191 patients from the second Xiangya Hospital and Peking University Shenzhen Hospital between 2007 and 2012. RESULTS: On multivariable analysis of training cohort, independent prognostic factors were stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumor size, node status, and Ki67 index, which were then selected into the nomograms. The calibration curves for probability of DFS and OS showed optimal agreement between nomogram prediction and actual observation. The C-index of nomograms was significantly higher than that of the seventh and eighth AJCC staging system for predicting DFS (training: 0.743 vs 0.666 (P = 0.003) and 0.664 (P = 0.024); validation: 0.784 vs 0.632 (P = 0.02) and 0.607 (P = 0.002)) and OS (training: 0.791 vs 0.683 (P = 0.004) and 0.677 (P < 0.001); validation: 0.783 vs 0.656 (P = 0.006) and 0.606 (P = 0.001)). Our nomograms had larger AUCs compared with PREDICT and CancerMath. In addition, the nomograms showed good performance in stratifying different risk groups of patients both in the training and validation cohorts. CONCLUSION: We have developed novel and practical nomograms that can provide individual prediction of DFS and OS for TNBC based on stromal TILs, tumor size, node status, and Ki67 index. Our nomograms may help clinicians in risk consulting and selection of long term survivors.

Forward and reverse mutations in stages of cancer development.

BACKGROUND: Massive occurrences of interstitial loss of heterozygosity (LOH) likely resulting from gene conversions were found by us in different cancers as a type of single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), comparable in abundance to the commonly investigated gain of heterozygosity (GOH) type of SNVs, raising the question of the relationships between these two opposing types of cancer mutations. METHODS: In the present study, SNVs in 12 tetra sample and 17 trio sample sets from four cancer types along with copy number variations (CNVs) were analyzed by AluScan sequencing, comparing tumor with white blood cells as well as tissues vicinal to the tumor. Four published "nontumor"-tumor metastasis trios and 246 pan-cancer pairs analyzed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and 67 trios by whole-exome sequencing (WES) were also examined. RESULTS: Widespread GOHs enriched with CG-to-TG changes and associated with nearby CNVs and LOHs enriched with TG-to-CG changes were observed. Occurrences of GOH were 1.9-fold higher than LOH in "nontumor" tissues more than 2 cm away from the tumors, and a majority of these GOHs and LOHs were reversed in "paratumor" tissues within 2 cm of the tumors, forming forward-reverse mutation cycles where the revertant LOHs displayed strong lineage effects that pointed to a sequential instead of parallel development from "nontumor" to "paratumor" and onto tumor cells, which was also supported by the relative frequencies of 26 distinct classes of CNVs between these three types of cell populations. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that developing cancer cells undergo sequential changes that enable the "nontumor" cells to acquire a wide range of forward mutations including ones that are essential for oncogenicity, followed by revertant mutations in the "paratumor" cells to avoid growth retardation by excessive mutation load. Such utilization of forward-reverse mutation cycles as an adaptive mechanism was also observed in cultured HeLa cells upon successive replatings. An understanding of forward-reverse mutation cycles in cancer development could provide a genomic basis for improved early diagnosis, staging, and treatment of cancers.

A TP73-AS1/miR-200a/ZEB1 regulating loop promotes breast cancer cell invasion and migration.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide and the most common cancer among women. In our previous study, we revealed that lncRNA TP73-AS1 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation through directly binding to miR-200a. Herein, we evaluated the effect of TP73-AS1 in breast cancer cell invasion and migration, and further demonstrated the direct binding between TP73-AS1 and miR-200a, between miR-200a and 3'UTR of ZEB1, an essential metastasis-related transcription factor. TP73-AS1 promoted ZEB1 expression via competing with ZEB1 3'UTR for miR-200a binding. Moreover, ZEB1 could bind to the promoter region of TP73-AS1 to activate its expression. TP73-AS1 and ZEB1 expression was up-regulated, whereas miR-200a expression was down-regulated in breast cancer tissues. Taken together, we demonstrated a TP73-AS1/miR-200a/ZEB1 regulating loop in breast cancer cells, which promote cancer cell invasion and migration through regulating E-cadherin and Twist expression. Suppressing TP73-AS1 expression to rescue miR-200a expression, thus to inhibit ZEB1 and Twist expression and up-regulate E-cadherin might improve breast cancer cell invasion and migration.

TP73-AS1 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation through miR-200a-mediated TFAM inhibition.

P73 antisense RNA 1T (TP73-AS1 or PDAM) is a long non-coding RNA, which can regulate apoptosis through regulation of p53 signaling-related anti-apoptotic genes. An abnormal change of TP73-AS1 expression was noticed in cancers. The effects of TP73-AS1 in breast cancer (BC) growth and the underlying mechanism remain unclear so far. In the present study, the effect of TP73-AS1 in BC cell lines and clinical tumor samples was detected so as to reveal its role and function. In the present study, TP73-AS1 was specifically upregulated in BC tissues and BC cell lines and was correlated to a poorer prognosis in patients with BC. TP73-AS1 knocking down suppressed human BC cell proliferation in vitro through regulation of TFAM. In our previous study, we demonstrated that miR-200a inhibits BC cell proliferation through targeting TFAM; here we revealed that TP73-AS1 could regulate miR-200a through direct targeting. Moreover, TP73-AS1 might compete with TFAM for miR-200a binding thus to promote TFAM expression. Data from the present study revealed that TP73-AS1 promoted BC cell proliferation through acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-200a. In conclusion, we regarded TP73-AS1 as an oncogenic lncRNA promoting BC cell proliferation and a potential target for human BC treatment.

Prognostic values of Ki-67 in neoadjuvant setting for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To assess the prognostic values of Ki-67 in neoadjuvant setting for breast cancer patients. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched. Revman software was used to conduct random-effect model meta-analysis. RESULTS: 49 studies (14,076 patients) were included. High Ki-67 before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were associated with worse overall survival (OS; before: hazard ratio [HR]: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.42-3.69; after: HR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.82-2.75) and disease-free survival (DFS; before: HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.23-1.95; after: HR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.83-2.37). Low/no reduction or increase might be associated with worse DFS (HR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.51-3.02) and OS. CONCLUSION: Ki-67 before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as well as the change could predict the prognosis for breast cancer patients.

The predictive value of Ki-67 before neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To review the predictive values of Ki-67 before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for breast cancer patients. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched. Random-effect model meta-analysis was conducted using Revman software. RESULTS: High Ki-67 was associated with more pathological complete responses (pCRs) events (odds ratio: 3.10; 95% CI: 2.52-3.81; 53 studies, 10,848 patients) regardless of HR+, HER2+ and triple-negative breast cancer types, the definitions of pCR and cut-off points for Ki-67. Ki-67 could predict pCR in those who received anthracyclines plus taxanes, and anthracyclines only, and those from Asia and Europe. CONCLUSION: High Ki-67 before NAC was a predictor for pCR in neoadjuvant setting for breast cancer patients.

HDAC3 increases HMGB3 expression to facilitate the immune escape of breast cancer cells via down-regulating microRNA-130a-3p.

OBJECTIVE: Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has been reported to repress the expression of various genes by eliminating acetyl group from histone. The objective of this study was to discuss the effect of HDAC3/microRNA-130a-3p (miR-130a-3p)/high-mobility group box 3 (HMGB3) on immune escape of breast cancer. METHODS: HDAC3, miR-130a-3p and HMGB3 expression in breast cancer tissues and cells were tested, and the correlation between HDAC3, miR-130a-3p and HMGB3 was analyzed. CD8, CD69 and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression was detected. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with relative plasmid of HDAC3 or miR-130a-3p to test cell viability, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. The cytotoxicity of CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cells in MDA-MB-231 cells was tested, and CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cell proliferation and apoptosis before and after co-culture with MDA-MB-231 cells were detected. RESULTS: HDAC3 and HMGB3 expression were raised and miR-130a-3p expression was diminished in breast cancer tissues and cells. HDAC3 was negatively correlated with miR-130a-3p while miR-130a-3p was negatively correlated with HMGB3. Down-regulating HDAC3 or up-regulating miR-130a-3p restrained cell viability, migration, EMT and anti-CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cytotoxicity and facilitated apoptosis of breast cancer cells. HDAC3 regulated HMGB3 by mediating miR-130a-3p expression. Down-regulating miR-130a-3p reversed the role of HDAC3 reduction on breast cancer cells. HDAC3 regulated CD8+/CD69+/PD-1+T cell proliferation and apoptosis by mediating miR-130a-3p. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that HDAC3 increases HMGB3 expression to promote the immune escape of breast cancer cells via down-regulating miR-130a-3p.

Corrigendum: Effectiveness and Safety of Pyrotinib, and Association of Biomarker With Progression-Free Survival in Patients With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Real-World, Multicentre Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00811.].

Pyrotinib Treatment in Patients With HER2-positive Metastatic Breast Cancer and Brain Metastasis: Exploratory Final Analysis of Real-World, Multicenter Data.

PURPOSE: Patients with HER2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have poor prognoses. Pyrotinib has shown promising antitumor activity in MBC to improve progression-free survival (PFS). However, findings based on real-world data to analyze whether pyrotinib affects overall survival (OS) remain scarce. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: This real-world study is an exploratory analysis of brain metastasis (BM) and the final update of our preceding study of 168 patients with HER2+ MBC. PFS, OS, tumor mutation burden (TMB), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and overall response rate (ORR) were analyzed. RESULTS: Pyrotinib treatment led to a median PFS time of 8.00 months and a median OS of 19.07 months in the 168 participants. High TMB was associated with poor OS (P = 0.0072) and PFS (P = 0.0028). In the 39 patients with BM, the median PFS and OS were 8.67 and 13.93 months, respectively. The surgery/radiation (S/R) group of patients with BM had prolonged survival (PFS: 9.97 vs. 7.73 months P = 0.19; OS: 20.67 vs. 12.43 months P = 0.021) compared with the no surgery/no radiation group (NS/NR). The CBR was 58.6% (S/R) vs. 41.4% (NS/NR), while the ORR was 24.1% (S/R) vs. 31.0% (NS/NR). CONCLUSIONS: Pyrotinib shows promise as a novel pan-HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for the treatment of BM and should be evaluated further. Surgical or radiotherapy in combination with pyrotinib was found to statistically improve OS in our cohort. TMB could be an exploratory biomarker for predicting PFS and OS, but its clinical application still needs further verification.

Effectiveness and Safety of Pyrotinib, and Association of Biomarker With Progression-Free Survival in Patients With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Real-World, Multicentre Analysis.

Background: Pyrotinib, an irreversible pan-ERBB inhibitor, has shown promising antitumour activity, and acceptable tolerability. This research was conducted to evaluate the actual use and effectiveness of pyrotinib in China, therefore, contributed to solve the problem of real-world data scarcity. Methods: In this retrospective study, 168 patients who received pyrotinib treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in Hunan Province from June 2018 to August 2019 were included. Progression-free survival (PFS), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and drug-related adverse events (AEs) after pyrotinib administration were analyzed. Results: The median PFS (mPFS) time in the 168 participants was 8.07 months. The mPFS times in patients with pyrotinib in second-line therapy (n = 65) and third-or-higher-line therapy (n = 94) were 8.10 months and 7.60 months, respectively. Patients with brain metastases achieved 8.80 months mPFS time. In patients with pyrotinib in third-or-higher-line therapy, patients who had previously used lapatinib still got efficacy but showed a shorter mPFS time (6.43 months) than patients who had not (8.37 months). TMB was measured in 28 patients, K-M curve (P = 0.0024) and Multivariate Cox analysis (P = 0.0176) showed a significant negative association between TMB and PFS. Diarrhea occurred in 98.2% of participants (in any grade) and 19.6% in grade 3-4 AEs. Conclusion: Pyrotinib is highly beneficial to second-or-higher-line patients or HER2-positive MBC patients with brain metastases. Pyrotinib seems to be a feasible strategy both in combination of chemotherapeutic drugs or as a replacement of lapatinib if diseases progressed. TMB could be a potential predictor for evaluating pyrotinib's effectiveness in HER2-positive MBC.

[Fiberoptic ductoscopy in 1,025 cases of nipple discharge].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) in the diagnosis of nipple discharge. METHODS: Clinical records of 1,025 patients with nipple discharge undergoing FDS from February 2006 to March 2008 were reviewed. RESULTS: There were obviously differences in the FDS diagnosis of various nipple discharge traits. The diagnosis by FDS was pathologically confirmed in 93.7%of patients with nipple discharge (404/431). CONCLUSION: FDS can effectively improve the diagnosis of nipple discharge,and has great clinical significance.

[Diagnosis and therapy of childhood thyroid carcinoma: clinical analysis of 12 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapy of thyroid carcinoma in children. METHODS: Clinical data of 12 children under the age of 14 years, diagnosed as thyroid carcinoma between August 1998 and August 2008, were reviewed. RESULTS: A hard thyroid mass was observed in 10 out of 12 children with thyroid carcinoma, but only one out of 15 children with benign thyroid tumor (<0.05). The rate of cervical lymph node metastasis in children with thyroid carcinoma was significantly higher than that in children with benign thyroid tumor (<0.05). There was no significant difference in the final diagnostic rate of thyroid carcinoma between ultrasonography and CT scans (75% vs 83%; >0.05). All of 12 cases were pathologically confirmed as differentiated thyroid carcinoma, including papillary carcinoma (7 cases), follicular carcinoma (3 cases) and papillary-follicular carcinoma (2 cases). Nine patients (75%) had cervical lymph node metastasis. All patients received surgical treatment and postoperative thyroxin therapy. No patient was administered with postoperative radioiodine 131I therapy. Unilateral lobectomy plus isthmectomy along with a functional cervical lymph node dissection was a primary operation mode (83%). The follow-up period was 2 months to 10 years. The 5-and 10-year survival rates were 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood thyroid carcinoma is mostly differentiated and characterized by hard thyroid mass and cervical lymph node metastasis. A combination of ultrasonography and CT is helpful to the diagnosis of childhood thyroid carcinoma. The treatment outcome may be satisfactory by optimal therapy in children with thyroid carcinoma.

Mst1-Hippo pathway triggers breast cancer apoptosis via inducing mitochondrial fragmentation in a manner dependent on JNK-Drp1 axis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Mst1-Hippo pathway and mitochondrial fragmentation participate in the progression of several types of cancers. However, their roles in breast cancer requires investigation. The aim of our study is to determine whether Mst1 overexpression regulates the viability of breast cancer cells via modulating mitochondrial fragmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TUNEL staining, MTT assay and Western blotting were used to detect cancer cell death. Adenovirus-loaded Mst1 was transfected into cells to overexpress Mst1. Mitochondrial fragmentation was observed via immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. Pathway blocker was used to detect whether Mst1 modulated cell death and mitochondrial fragmentation via JNK signaling pathway. RESULTS: Our data showed that Mst1 overexpression promoted breast cancer cell death in a manner dependent on mitochondrial apoptosis. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, energy metabolism disorder, mitochondrial cyt-c liberation and mitochondrial apoptosis activation were observed after Mst1 overexpression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Mst1 overexpression activated mitochondrial stress via triggering Drp1-related mitochondrial fragmentation, and that inhibition of Drp1-related mitochondrial fragmentation abrogated the proapoptotic effect of Mst1 overexpression on breast cancer cells. To this end, we found that Mst1 modulated Drp1 expression via the JNK signaling pathway, and that blockade of the JNK pathway attenuated mitochondrial stress and repressed apoptosis in Mst1-overexpressed cells. CONCLUSION: Altogether, our results identified a tumor suppressive role for Mst1 overexpression in breast cancer via activation of the JNK-Drp1 axis and subsequent initiation of fatal mitochondrial fragmentation. Given these findings, strategies to enhance Mst1 activity and elevate the JNK-Drp1-mitochondrial fragmentation cascade have clinical benefits for patients with breast cancer.

The Expression, Functions, Interactions and Prognostic Values of PTPRZ1: A Review and Bioinformatic Analysis.

Available studies demonstrate that receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta (PTPRZ1) is expressed in different tumor tissues, and functions in cell proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells and treatment resistance by interacting with or binding to several molecules. These included pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine, interleukin-34, ß-catenin, VEGF, NF-κB, HIF-2, PSD-95, MAGI-3, contactin and ErbB4. PTPRZ1 was involved in survival signaling and could predict the prognosis of several tumors. This review discusses: the current knowledge about PTPRZ1, its expression, co-receptors, ligands, functions, signaling pathway, prognostic values and therapeutic agents that target PTPRZ1.

Waterborne exposure to BPS causes thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae.

Bisphenol S (BPS) is widely used as a raw material in industry, resulting in its ubiquitous distribution in natural environment, including the aqueous environment. However, the effect of BPS on the thyroid endocrine system is largely unknown. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to BPS at 1, 3, 10, and 30 µg/L, from 2 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 168hpf. Bioconcentration of BPS and whole-body thyroid hormones (THs), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations as well as transcriptional profiling of key genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were examined. Chemical analysis indicated that BPS was accumulated in zebrafish larvae. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly decreased at ≥ 10 and 30 µg/L of BPS, respectively. However, TSH concentration was significantly induced in the 10 and 30 µg/L BPS-treated groups. After exposure to BPS, the mRNA expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone (crh) and thyroglobulin (tg) genes were up-regulated at ≥10 µg/L of BPS, in a dose-response manner. The transcription of genes involved in thyroid development (pax8) and synthesis (sodium/iodide symporter, slc5a5) were also significantly increased in the 30 µg/L of BPS treatment group. Moreover, exposure to 10 µg/L or higher concentration of BPS significantly up-regulated genes related to thyroid hormone metabolism (deiodinases, dio1, dio2 and uridinediphosphate glucoronosyltransferases, ugt1ab), which might be responsible for the altered THs levels. However, the transcript of transthyretin (ttr) was significantly down-regulated at ≥ 3 µg/L of BPS, while the mRNA levels of thyroid hormone receptors (trα and trß) and dio3 remained unchanged. All the results indicated that exposure to BPS altered the whole-body THs and TSH concentrations and changed the expression profiling of key genes related to HPT axis, thus triggering thyroid endocrine disruption.

Role of transforming growth factor-ß1 in triple negative breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to demonstrate the prognostic value of TGF-ß1 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and its association with clinicopathological characteristics of TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 180 women were randomly selected from non-metastatic invasive TNBC patients diagnosed at two hospitals between 2003 and 2012. Lmmunohistochemistry was performed to semi-quantify the expression of TGF-ß1. Relationship between TGF-ß1 expression and clinicopathological features was performed by Chi-square test. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to identify the prognostic role of TGF-ß1 expression on survival outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 180 women included in this study, 67 (37.2%) patients expressed high level of TGF-ß1. High expression of cytoplasmic TGF-ß1 was correlated with higher histologic tumor grade (P < 0.001) and lymph node status (P < 0.001), and more axillary lymph node dissection (P = 0.029). High cytoplasmic TGF-ß1 expression was associated with reduced disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by log-rank test (PDFS<0.001, POS = 0.045). However, multivariate survival analyses showed that high TGF-ß1 was marginally correlated with unfavorable DFS (hazard ratio (HR) 1.796, 95% CI 0.995-3.242, P = 0.052), while it was not significantly associated with OS (HR 0.747, 95% CI 0.367-1.522, P = 0.422). CONCLUSIONS: This multi-centered retrospective study highlights the high expression of cytoplasmic TGF-ß1 in TNBC is associated with higher histologic grade and lymph node status, more axillary lymph node dissection, as well as reduced DFS. Our observation that the prognostic role of TGF-ß1 in TNBC suggests potential rationale for using therapeutic strategies based on targeting TGF-ß1 in advanced tumors.

The clinicopathological significance of RUNX3 hypermethylation and mRNA expression in human breast cancer, a meta-analysis.

Aberrant promoter methylation of RUNX3 has been reported in several tumors including human breast cancer (BC). However, the association between RUNX3 hypermethylation and incidence of BC remains elusive. In this study, a detailed literature search was performed in Medline and Google Scholar for related research publications. Analysis of pooled data were executed. Odds ratios with corresponding confidence intervals were determined and summarized, respectively. Finally, 13 studies were identified for the meta-analysis. Analysis of the pooled data showed that RUNX3 hypermethylation was significantly higher in both ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) than in normal breast tissues. In addition, RUNX3 methylation was significantly higher in IDC than in benign tumor. However, RUNX3 methylation was not significantly higher in IDC than in ductal carcinoma in situ. We also determined that RUNX3 hypermethylation was significantly higher in ER positive BC than in ER negative BC. In addition, high RUNX3 mRNA expression was found to be correlated with better overall survival and relapse-free survival for all BC patients. Our results strongly support that RUNX3 hypermethylation may play an important role in BC incidence. RUNX3 methylation is a valuable early biomarker for the diagnosis of BC. Further large-scale studies will provide more insight into the role of RUNX3 hypermethylation in the carcinogenesis and clinical diagnosis of BC patients.

Current Treatments for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphoedema: A Systematic Review

Background and objective: Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a disabling complication with long term impact on quality on life after breast cancer treatment. Its management remains a major challenge for patients and health care professionals; the goal of this overview was to summarize effects of different treatment strategies for patients with BCRL. Methods: A thorough search was undertaken to allow a systematic review or meta-analysis of treatments for BCRL. Two investigators independently selected studies and abstracted the data. Results: Combined physical therapy (CPT) with different combinations of surgery, oral pharmaceuticals, low-level laser therapy, weight reduction, mesenchymal stem cell therapy, kinesio tex taping, and acupuncture might be effective in reducing lymphoedema, but exercise demonstrated no obvious benefit. The results of direct comparisons showed CPT might be more effective than standard physiotherapy (ST). Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) may not offer additional benefits to ST for swelling reduction, but could facilitate compression bandaging. MLD seemed to have similar effects with self-administered simple lymphatic drainage (SLD) or using an intermittent pneumatic compression pump (IPC). IPC might also not be associated with additional effectiveness for CPT. Efficacy of stem cell therapy vs. compression sleeve or CPT, as well as the effects of daflon and coumarin could not be established. Conclusion: Although many treatments for BCRL might reduce lymphoedema volume, their effects were not well established. The quality of many of the original studies in the included reviews was not optimal, so that in future randomized control trials are a high priority.