The Role of Placental DNA Methylation at Reproduction-Related Genes in Associations between Prenatal Bisphenol Analogues Exposure and the Digit Ratio in Children at Age 4: A Birth Cohort Study.

Placental DNA methylation (DNAm) may be a potential mechanism underlying the effects of prenatal bisphenol analogues (BPs) exposure on reproductive health. Based on the Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study (S-MBCS), this study investigated associations of placental DNAm at reproduction-related genes with prenatal BPs exposure and children's digit ratios at age 4 using multiple linear regression models, and mediation analysis was further used to examine the mediating role of placental DNAm in the associations between prenatal BPs exposure and digit ratios among 345 mother-child pairs. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) was associated with hypermethylation at Protocadherin 8 (PCDH8), RBMX Like 2 (RBMXL2), and Sperm Acrosome Associated 1 (SPACA1), while bisphenol F (BPF) exposure was associated with higher methylation levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor 13 (FGF13). Consistent patterns were found in associations between higher DNAm at the 4 genes and increased digit ratios. Further mediation analysis showed that about 15% of the effect of BPF exposure on increased digit ratios was mediated by placental FGF13 methylation. In conclusion, the altered placental DNAm status might be a mediator underlying the feminizing effect of prenatal BPs exposure.

External Z-plasty Technique for Correction of Alar Retraction in Asian Patients.

BACKGROUND: Current strategies for correcting alar retraction mainly include cartilage grafting and composite grafting, which are relatively complicated and may produce injury to the donor site. Herein, we introduce a simple and effective external Z-plasty technique for correcting alar retraction in Asian patients with poor skin malleability. METHODS: Twenty-three patients were presented with alar retraction and poor skin malleability, and they were very concerned about the shape of the nose. These patients undergoing external Z-plasty surgery were analyzed retrospectively. In this surgery, no grafts were needed, and the location of the Z-plasty was according to the highest point of the retracted alar rim. We reviewed the clinical medical notes and photographs. During the postoperative follow-up period, patients' reported satisfaction with aesthetic outcome were also evaluated. RESULTS: The alar retraction of all the patients was successfully corrected. The postoperative mean follow-up period was 8 months (range: 5-28 mo). No incidents of flap loss, recurrence of alar retraction, or nasal obstruction were observed during postoperative follow-up. Within postoperative 3-8 weeks, minor red scarring was visible at the operative incisions in most patients. However, these scars turned unobvious after postoperative 6 months. There were 15 cases (15/23) being very satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of this procedure. Seven patients (7/23) were satisfied with the effect and the invisible scar of this operation. Only one patient was dissatisfied with the scar, but she was satisfied with the correction effect of the retraction. CONCLUSION: This external Z-plasty technique can be an alternative method for correction of alar retraction with no need of cartilage grafting, and the scar can be unobvious with fine surgical suture. However, the indications should be limited in patients with severe alar retraction and poor skin malleability, who should not particularly care about the scars.

[The inverse stochastic resonance in a small-world neuronal network under electromagnetic stimulation].

Electromagnetic stimulation is an important neuromodulation technique that modulates the electrical activity of neurons and affects cortical excitability for the purpose of modulating the nervous system. The phenomenon of inverse stochastic resonance is a response mechanism of the biological nervous system to external signals and plays an important role in the signal processing of the nervous system. In this paper, a small-world neural network with electrical synaptic connections was constructed, and the inverse stochastic resonance of the small-world neural network under electromagnetic stimulation was investigated by analyzing the dynamics of the neural network. The results showed that: the Levy channel noise under electromagnetic stimulation could cause the occurrence of inverse stochastic resonance in small-world neural networks; the characteristic index and location parameter of the noise had significant effects on the intensity and duration of the inverse stochastic resonance in neural networks; the larger the probability of randomly adding edges and the number of nearest neighbor nodes in small-world networks, the more favorable the anti-stochastic resonance was; by adjusting the electromagnetic stimulation parameters, a dual regulation of the inverse stochastic resonance of the neural network can be achieved. The results of this study provide some theoretical support for exploring the regulation mechanism of electromagnetic nerve stimulation technology and the signal processing mechanism of nervous system.

[Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neuronal excitability and ion channels in hindlimb unloading mice].

Weightlessness in the space environment affects astronauts' learning memory and cognitive function. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to be effective in improving cognitive dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neural excitability and ion channels in simulated weightlessness mice from a neurophysiological perspective. Young C57 mice were divided into control, hindlimb unloading and magnetic stimulation groups. The mice in the hindlimb unloading and magnetic stimulation groups were treated with hindlimb unloading for 14 days to establish a simulated weightlessness model, while the mice in the magnetic stimulation group were subjected to 14 days of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Using isolated brain slice patch clamp experiments, the relevant indexes of action potential and the kinetic property changes of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels were detected to analyze the excitability of neurons and their ion channel mechanisms. The results showed that the behavioral cognitive ability and neuronal excitability of the mice decreased significantly with hindlimb unloading. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could significantly improve the cognitive impairment and neuroelectrophysiological indexes of the hindlimb unloading mice. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may change the activation, inactivation and reactivation process of sodium and potassium ion channels by promoting sodium ion outflow and inhibiting potassium ion, and affect the dynamic characteristics of ion channels, so as to enhance the excitability of single neurons and improve the cognitive damage and spatial memory ability of hindlimb unloading mice.

A role for LSH in facilitating DNA methylation by DNMT1 through enhancing UHRF1 chromatin association.

LSH, a SNF2 family DNA helicase, is a key regulator of DNA methylation in mammals. How LSH facilitates DNA methylation is not well defined. While previous studies with mouse embryonic stem cells (mESc) and fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Lsh knockout mice have revealed a role of Lsh in de novo DNA methylation by Dnmt3a/3b, here we report that LSH contributes to DNA methylation in various cell lines primarily by promoting DNA methylation by DNMT1. We show that loss of LSH has a much bigger effect in DNA methylation than loss of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that LSH interacts with UHRF1 but not DNMT1 and facilitates UHRF1 chromatin association and UHRF1-catalyzed histone H3 ubiquitination in an ATPase activity-dependent manner, which in turn promotes DNMT1 recruitment to replication fork and DNA methylation. Notably, UHRF1 also enhances LSH association with the replication fork. Thus, our study identifies LSH as an essential factor for DNA methylation by DNMT1 and provides novel insight into how a feed-forward loop between LSH and UHRF1 facilitates DNMT1-mediated maintenance of DNA methylation in chromatin.

Identification of potential hub genes associated with skin wound healing based on time course bioinformatic analyses.

BACKGROUND: The skin is the largest organ of the body and has multiple functions. Wounds remain a significant healthcare problem due to the large number of traumatic and pathophysiological conditions patients suffer. METHODS: Gene expression profiles of 37 biopsies collected from patients undergoing split-thickness skin grafts at five different time points were downloaded from two datasets (GSE28914 and GSE50425) in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to classify samples into different phases. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway functional enrichment analyses were performed, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks created for each phase. Furthermore, based on the results of the PPI, hub genes in each phase were identified by molecular complex detection combined with the ClueGO algorithm. RESULTS: Using principal component analysis, the collected samples were divided into four phases, namely intact phase, acute wound phase, inflammatory and proliferation phase, and remodeling phase. Intact samples were used as control group. In the acute wound phase, a total of 1 upregulated and 100 downregulated DEGs were identified. Tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1) and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) were considered as hub genes and enriched in tyrosine metabolism which dominate the process of melanogenesis. In the inflammatory and proliferation phase, a total of 85 upregulated and 164 downregulated DEGs were identified. CHEK1, CCNB1 and CDK1 were considered as hub genes and enriched in cell cycle and P53 signaling pathway. In the remodeling phase, a total of 121 upregulated and 49 downregulated DEGs were identified. COL4A1, COL4A2, and COL6A1 were considered as hub genes and enriched in protein digestion and absorption, and ECM-receptor interaction. CONCLUSION: This comprehensive bioinformatic re-analysis of GEO data provides new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of wound healing and the potential identification of therapeutic targets for the treatment of wounds.

[Research progress on the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on learning, memory and plasticity of brain synaptic].

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a noninvasive neuromodulation technique can improve the impairment of learning and memory caused by diseases, and the regulation of learning and memory depends on synaptic plasticity. TMS can affect plasticity of brain synaptic. This paper reviews the effects of TMS on synaptic plasticity from two aspects of structural and functional plasticity, and further reveals the mechanism of TMS from synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, synaptic associated proteins, brain derived neurotrophic factor and related pathways. Finally, it is found that TMS could affect neuronal morphology, glutamate receptor and neurotransmitter, and regulate the expression of synaptic associated proteins through the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor, thus affecting the learning and memory function. This paper reviews the effects of TMS on learning, memory and plasticity of brain synaptic, which provides a reference for the study of the mechanism of TMS.

[Effects of magnetic stimulation at different frequencies on neuronal excitability and voltage-gated potassium channels in vitro brain slices].

As a noninvasive neuromodulation technique, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in the clinical treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases, but the mechanism of its action is still unclear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of different frequencies of magnetic stimulation (MS) on neuronal excitability and voltage-gated potassium channels in the in vitro brain slices from the electrophysiological perspective of neurons. The experiment was divided into stimulus groups and control group, and acute isolated mice brain slices were applied to MS with the same intensity (0.3 T) at different frequencies (20 Hz and 0.5 Hz, 500 pulses) respectively in the stimulus groups. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the resting membrane potential (RMP), action potential (AP), voltage-gated potassium channels current of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells. The results showed that 20 Hz MS significantly increased the number of APs released and the maximum slope of a single AP, reduced the threshold of AP, half width and time to AP peak amplitude, and improved the excitability of hippocampal neurons. The peak currents of potassium channels were decreased, the inactivation curve of transient outward potassium channels shifted to the left significantly, and the time constant of recovery after inactivation increased significantly. 0.5 Hz MS significantly inhibited neuronal excitability and increased the peak currents of potassium channels, but the dynamic characteristics of potassium channels had little change. The results suggest that the dynamic characteristics of voltage-gated potassium channels and the excitability of hippocampal DG granule neurons may be one of the potential mechanisms of neuromodulation by MS.

The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the cognition and neuronal excitability of mice.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the cognition and neuronal excitability of Kunming mice during the natural aging of the brain. Twenty young (2-3-month-old) female mice, 20 adult (9-10-month-old) female mice and 12 aged (14-15-month-old) female mice were divided into two groups (control and rTMS treatment). rTMS-treated groups were subjected to high-frequency (20 Hz) rTMS treatment for 15 days. Novel object recognition (NOR) and step-down tests were performed to examine cognition of learning and memory. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the resting membrane potential (RMP) and action potential (AP), and the intrinsic properties of the AP were analyzed (the frequence of AP, the after hyperpolarizing potential (AHP), the AP peak amplitude, the time to AP amplitude, the average rise/down slope). Results showed that the cognition and neuronal excitability of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells were significantly declined only in aged animals while no statistic differences were found between young and adult animals. Chronic high-frequency rTMS could significantly improve the age-related cognitive impairment in parallel with enhancing the DG granule cells' neuronal excitability.

[Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation significantly improves cognitive impairment and neuronal excitability during aging in mice].

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has been paid attention to with increasing interests as a therapeutic neural rehabilitative tool. Studies confirmed that high-frequency rTMS could improve the cognitive performance in behavioral test as well as the excitability of the neuron in animals. This study aimes to investigate the effects of rTMS on the cognition and neuronal excitability of Kunming mice during the natural aging. Twelve young mice, 12 adult mice, and 12 aged mice were used, and each age group were randomly divided into rTMS group and control group. rTMS-treated groups were subjected to high-frequency rTMS treatment for 15 days, and control groups were treated with sham stimulation for 15 days. Then, novel object recognition and step-down tests were performed to examine cognition of learning and memory. Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record and analyze resting membrane potential, action potential (AP), and related electrical properties of AP of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule neurons. Data analysis showed that cognition of mice and neuronal excitability of DG granule neurons were degenerated significantly as the age increased. Cognitive damage and degeneration of some electrical properties were alleviated under the condition of high-frequency rTMS. It may be one of the mechanisms of rTMS to alleviate cognitive damage and improve cognitive ability by changing the electrophysiological properties of DG granule neurons and increasing neuronal excitability.

The 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) Reader UHRF2 Is Required for Normal Levels of 5hmC in Mouse Adult Brain and Spatial Learning and Memory.

UHRF2 has been implicated as a novel regulator for both DNA methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC), but its physiological function and role in DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation are unknown. Here we show that in mice, UHRF2 is more abundantly expressed in the brain and a few other tissues. Uhrf2 knock-out mice are viable and fertile and exhibit no gross defect. Although there is no significant change of DNA methylation, the Uhrf2 null mice exhibit a reduction of 5hmC in the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, the Uhrf2 null mice exhibit a partial impairment in spatial memory acquisition and retention. Consistent with the phenotype, gene expression profiling uncovers a role for UHRF2 in regulating neuron-related gene expression. Finally, we provide evidence that UHRF2 binds 5hmC in cells but does not appear to affect the TET1 enzymatic activity. Together, our study supports UHRF2 as a bona fide 5hmC reader and further demonstrates a role for 5hmC in neuronal function.

Increasing Hybrid Rice Yield, Water Productivity, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Optimization Strategies for Irrigation and Fertilizer Management.

Water and fertilizer are crucial in rice growth, with irrigation and fertilizer management exhibiting synergies. In a two-year field study conducted in Yiyang City, Hunan Province, we examined the impact of three irrigation strategies-wet-shallow irrigation (W1), flooding irrigation (W2), and the "thin, shallow, wet, dry irrigation" method (W3)-in combination with distinct fertilizer treatments (labeled F1, F2, F3, and F4, with nitrogen application rates of 0, 180, 225, and 270 kg ha-1, respectively) on rice yield generation and water-fertilizer utilization patterns. The study employed Hybrid Rice Xin Xiang Liang you 1751 (XXLY1751) and Yue Liang you Mei Xiang Xin Zhan (YLYMXXZ) as representative rice cultivars. Key findings from the research include water, fertilizer, variety, and year treatments, which all significantly influenced the yield components of rice. Compared to W2, W1 in 2022 reduced the amount of irrigation water by 35.2%, resulting in a 42.0~42.8% increase in irrigation water productivity and a 25.7~25.9% increase in total water productivity. In 2023, similar improvements were seen. Specifically, compared with other treatments, the W1F3 treatment increased nitrogen uptake and harvest index by 1.4-7.7% and 5.9-7.7%, respectively. Phosphorus and potassium uptake also improved. The W1 treatment enhanced the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients throughout the rice growth cycle, increasing nutrient levels in the grains. When paired with the F3 fertilization approach, W1 treatment boosted yields and improved nutrient use efficiency. Consequently, combining W1 and F3 treatment emerged as this study's optimal water-fertilizer management approach. By harnessing the combined effects of water and fertilizer management, we can ensure efficient resource utilization and maximize the productive potential of rice.

Low-frequency rTMS modulated the excitability and high-frequency firing in hippocampal neurons of the Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, holds potential for applications in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to compare the therapeutic effects of rTMS at different frequencies on Alzheimer's disease and explore the alterations in neuronal electrophysiological properties throughout this process. APP/PS1 AD mice were subjected to two rTMS treatments at 0.5 Hz and 20 Hz, followed by assessments of therapeutic outcomes through the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) and Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. Following this, whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to record action potential, voltage-gated sodium channel currents, and voltage-gated potassium channel currents in dentate gyrus granule neurons. The results show that AD mice exhibit significant cognitive decline compared to normal mice, along with a pronounced reduction in neuronal excitability and ion channel activity. Both frequencies of rTMS treatment partially reversed these changes, demonstrating similar therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the investigation indicates that low-frequency magnetic stimulation inhibited the concentrated firing of early action potentials in AD.

MiR-3074-5p suppresses non-small cell lung cancer progression by targeting the YWHAZ/Hsp27 axis.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for more than 80% of lung cancer cases, and the 5-year survival rate of patients remains unsatisfactory. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs that are considered essential posttranscriptional regulators of tumorigenesis, including NSCLC. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological role of miR-3074-5p in NSCLC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We showed that miR-3074-5p expression was decreased in human NSCLC specimens and cell lines. Moreover, miR-3074-5p overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, miR-3074-5p overexpression not only suppressed tumor growth but also enhanced the antitumor effect of paclitaxel (PTX) on NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. A transcriptome sequencing assay revealed genes that were differentially expressed after miR-3074-5p overexpression, and among the genes whose expression levels were most significantly decreased, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) was a target of miR-3074-5p. The regulatory effect of miR-3074-5p on YWHAZ expression was verified by Western blotting and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The inhibition of A549 cell growth, migration and invasion was reversed by YWHAZ overexpression. Furthermore, we showed that PTX stimulated the expression of the YWHAZ and Hsp27 proteins and promoted the phosphorylation of Hsp27 (at S15 and S78). YWHAZ was confirmed to interact with Hsp27 in A549 cells, and downregulating YWHAZ expression promoted the degradation of the Hsp27 protein. Taken together, these results suggest that the miR-3074-5p/YWHAZ/Hsp27 axis may be a novel therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.

Epigenetic editing of BRCA1 promoter increases cisplatin and olaparib sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells.

Drug resistance is the primary contributor to the high mortality rate of ovarian cancer (OC). The loss of BRCA1/2 function is linked to drug sensitivity in OC cells. The aim of this study is to enhance the drug sensitivity of OC cells by inducing BRCA1 dysfunction through promoter epigenetic editing. Epigenetic regulatory regions within the BRCA1 promoter, affecting gene expression, were initially discerned through analysis of clinical samples. Subsequently, we designed and rigorously validated epigenetic editing tools. Ultimately, we evaluated the cisplatin and olaparib sensitivity of the OC cells after editing. The BRCA1 promoter contains two CpG-rich regions, with methylation of the region covering the transcription start site (TSS) strongly correlating with transcription and influencing OC development, prognosis, and homologous recombination (HR) defects. Targeting this region in OC cells using our designed epigenetic editing tools led to substantial and persistent DNA methylation changes, accompanied by significant reductions in H3K27ac histone modifications. This resulted in a notable suppression of BRCA1 expression and a decrease in HR repair capacity. Consequently, edited OC cells exhibited heightened sensitivity to cisplatin and olaparib, leading to increased apoptosis rates. Epigenetic inactivation of the BRCA1 promoter can enhance cisplatin and olaparib sensitivity of OC cells through a reduction in HR repair capacity, indicating the potential utility of epigenetic editing technology in sensitization therapy for OC.

Type-specific detection of 30 oncogenic human papillomaviruses by genotyping both E6 and L1 genes.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the principal cause of invasive cervical cancer and benign genital lesions. There are currently 30 HPV types linked to cervical cancer. HPV infection also leads to other types of cancer. We developed a 61-plex analysis of these 30 HPV types by examining two genes, E6 and L1, using MassARRAY matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (PCR-MS). Two hundred samples from homosexual males (HM) were screened by PCR-MS and MY09/MY11 primer set-mediated PCR (MY-PCR) followed by sequencing. One hundred thirty-five formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical cancer samples were also analyzed by PCR-MS, and results were compared to those of the commercially available GenoArray (GA) assay. One or more HPV types were identified in 64.5% (129/200) of the samples from HM. Comprising all 30 HPV types, PCR-MS detected 51.9% (67/129) of samples with multiple HPV types, whereas MY-PCR detected only one single HPV type in these samples. All PCR-MS results were confirmed by MY-PCR. In the cervical cancer samples, PCR-MS and GA detected 97% (131/135) and 90.4% (122/135) of HPV-positive samples, respectively. PCR-MS and GA results were fully concordant for 122 positive and 4 negative samples. The sequencing results for the 9 samples that tested negative by GA were completely concordant with the positive PCR-MS results. Multiple HPV types were identified in 25.2% (34/135) and 55.6% (75/135) of the cervical cancer samples by GA and PCR-MS, respectively, and results were confirmed by sequencing. The new assay allows the genotyping of >1,000 samples per day. It provides a good alternative to current methods, especially for large-scale investigations of multiple HPV infections and degraded FFPE samples.

Exosome-delivered circRPS5 inhibits the progression of melanoma via regulating the miR-151a/NPTX1 axis.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to exert critical functions in tumorigenesis and development. However, the underlying mechanism by which circRNAs regulate melanoma progression remain to be elucidated. METHODS: The differentially expressed circRNAs were first identified by circRNA-seq, and circRNAs were validated via qRT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Then, the impact of circRPS5, miR-151a and NPTX1 expression on the progression of melanoma cell were determined by gain- and loss-of-function assays. The relationship between circRPS5, miR-151a, and NPTX1 was predicted by StarBase website and authenticated by luciferase reporter assay. The melanoma cells-derived exosomes were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blot. RESULTS: CircRPS5 was significantly downregulated in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Functionally, circRPS5 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro. Mechanistically, circRPS5 harbor miR-151a, acting as miRNA sponge, and then miR-151a targeted the 3'-UTR of NPTX1. Finally, circRPS5 was mainly incorporated into exosomes to inhibit the progression of melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: This finding reveal circRPS5 suppressed the progression of melanoma through miR-151a/NPTX1 pathway, and may provide a promising therapeutic strategies for melanoma.

Ultra-minimal pinhole blepharoplasty: A minimally invasive technique for the correction of eyelid bags.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy and complications of ultra-minimal pinhole blepharoplasty in the treatment of eyelid bags. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with eyelid bags treated using a minimally invasive blepharoplasty technique between May 2018 and June 2021. The postoperative course and complications and patient satisfaction were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 460 patients (136 males and 324 females) were included with a mean age of 42.12 ± 9.76 years. The mean operative time was 24.3 min. After the operation, the patients had no infection, numbness, or lower eyelid varus, valgus, or withdrawal. Nine patients developed transient binocular diplopia, which disappeared 0.5-1 h after surgery. Two patients developed chemosis, which disappeared after therapy. Six months after the operation, 440 (95.65%) patients were satisfied with improvement in their fat bulge. A total of 434 (94.78%) patients were satisfied with improvement in their tear groove. CONCLUSION: Ultra-minimal pinhole blepharoplasty is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for eyelid bags.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances the neuronal excitability of mice by regulating dynamic characteristics of Granule cells' Ion channels.

This study aims to explore the effects of acute high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (hf-rTMS) on neuronal excitability of granule cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, as well as the underlying intrinsic mediating mechanisms by which rTMS regulates neuronal excitability. First, high-frequency single TMS was used to measure the motor threshold (MT) of mice. Then, rTMS with different intensities of 0 MT (control), 0.8 MT, and 1.2 MT were applied to acute mice brain slices. Next, patch-clamp technique was used to record the resting membrane potential and evoked nerve discharge of granule cells, as well as the voltage-gated sodium current (I Na) of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), transient outward potassium current (I A) and delayed rectifier potassium current (I K) of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv). Results showed that acute hf-rTMS in both 0.8 MT and 1.2 MT groups significantly activated I Na and inhibited I A and I K compared with control group, due to the changes of dynamic characteristics of VGSCs and Kv. Acute hf-rTMS in both 0.8 MT and 1.2 MT groups significantly increased membrane potential and nerve discharge frequency. Therefore, changing dynamic characteristics of VGSCs and Kv, activating I Na and inhibiting I A and I K might be one of the intrinsic mediating mechanisms by which rTMS enhanced the neuronal excitability of granular cells, and this regulatory effect increased with the increase of stimulus intensity.