RESUMO
Equine rhinitis A and B viruses (ERAV and ERBV) are respiratory viruses of horses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Although these viruses are considered to cause respiratory disease in horses and are potentially infectious for humans, little is known about their prevalence and pathogenesis. Virus isolation is often unsuccessful due to their inefficient growth and lack of cytopathic effect in cell cultures. Therefore, molecular assays should be considered as the method of choice to detect infection in symptomatic or apparently healthy horses. In the present study, a novel real-time duplex PCR was developed for the detection and differentiation of both ERAV and ERBV. The method was evaluated for its ability to detect viral RNA in cell culture supernatants and nasal swabs, and lung and urine spiked with known quantities of virus. The assay demonstrated high analytical specificity, sensitivity and good reproducibility, with coefficients of variation (CV%) ranging from 1% to 7.4% and from 1.2% to 12% for intra- and inter-assay variability respectively. The assay detected ERBV in 14 of 86 nasal swabs collected from horses with respiratory disease. The real-time duplex PCR is a useful new diagnostic method for the rapid detection and differentiation of ERAV and ERBV.
Assuntos
Erbovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Picornaviridae/veterinária , Picornaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Rinite/veterinária , Animais , Primers do DNA , Erbovirus/genética , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Cavalos , Picornaviridae/genética , Infecções por Picornaviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Picornaviridae/virologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Rinite/virologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Taq PolimeraseRESUMO
O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma análise crítica de um tipo de violência escolar que vem sendo estudado no Brasil nos últimos anos, denominado bullying. Para isso, apresenta inicialmente seu conceito, a descrição dos comportamentos enquadrados, suas classificações, causas e determinantes. Por meio da crítica à razão instrumental realizada principalmente por Adorno e Horkheimer, denuncia-se como o conceito de bullying pertence a uma ciência pragmática que atende à manutenção da ordem vigente ao invés de colaborar para a emancipação dos indivíduos. Por fim, ao apresentar o conceito de preconceito aponta que se trata do mesmo fenômeno e que, como indicado pelos autores da Escola de Frankfurt, não deve ser combatido via imperativos morais, mas pela reconstituição da capacidade de experienciar nas diversas relações sociais vividas.
The aim of this article is to achieve a critical analysis on one kind of school violence, called bullying, that has been studied in Brazil in the last couple of years. To do this, it begins introducing the concept of bullying, description of typical behaviors, its inner classifications, causes and determinants. By using critique to instrumental reason made by Adorno and Horkheimer, it reveals how the concept of bullying concerns to one pragmatic science that answers to a status quo instead of collaborating to the individual's emancipation. Finally, it shows the concept of prejudice and concludes that both are the same phenomenon, and as indicated by the authors of Frankfurt School, must not be combated with moral imperatives, but by the reconstitution of the capacity to have experiences in the various social relationships lived.