Identification of potential biomarkers and survival analysis for oral squamous cell carcinoma: A transcriptomic study.

OBJECTIVE: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common neoplasms worldwide. The current study aimed to identify potential biomarkers associated with OSCC survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in atypical OSCC cases were identified using two public datasets: The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to identify the cutoff, and the candidate DEGs related to survival. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis using the categorized genes were employed to identify genes that impact the overall survival in OSCC. RESULTS: A total of 263 OSCC samples and 105 healthy tissues were used to identify 295 upregulated and 131 downregulated genes expressed only in non-smokers. ROC analyses identified 25 candidate genes associated with death. Survival analyses demonstrated that the following DEGs, namely CSTA, FGFR2, MMP19, OLR1, PCSK1, RAMP2, and CGB5, are potential OSCC prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: We found that CSTA, FGFR2, MMP19, OLR1, PCSK1, RAMP2, and CGB5 are associated with a low survival rate in OSCC. However, further studies are needed to validate our findings and facilitate the development of these factors as potential biomarkers for OSCC survival.

Pigments from Antarctic bacteria and their biotechnological applications.

Pigments from microorganisms have triggered great interest in the market, mostly by their "natural" appeal, their favorable production conditions, in addition to the potential new chemical structures or naturally overproducing strains. They have been used in: food, feed, dairy, textile, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The high rate of pigment production in microorganisms recovered from Antarctica in response to selective pressures such as: high UV radiation, low temperatures, and freezing and thawing cycles makes this a unique biome which means that much of its biological heritage cannot be found elsewhere on the planet. This vast arsenal of pigmented molecules has different functions in bacteria and may exhibit different biotechnological activities, such as: extracellular sunscreens, photoprotective function, antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, etc. However, many challenges for the commercial use of these compounds have yet to be overcome, such as: the low stability of natural pigments in cosmetic formulations, the change in color when subjected to pH variations, the low yield and the high costs in their production. This review surveys the different types of natural pigments found in Antarctic bacteria, classifying them according to their chemical structure. Finally, we give an overview of the main pigments that are used commercially today.

Association of Polymorphisms in Cytokine genes with susceptibility to Precancerous Lesions and Cervical Cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes and the susceptibility to Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL), cervical cancer and HPV infection through a systematic review with meta-analysis. To verify the effect of SNPs, we also analyzed the transcription factor binding affinity using bioinformatics tools.Methods: Seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scielo, BIREME, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct) were searched for case-control studies.Results: A total of 35 relevant case-control studies were meta-analyzed, including 7 cytokine genes and 15 SNPs. SNPs in IL-17A (rs2275913, rs3748067); IL-17 F (rs763780); IL-12A (rs568408); IL-12B (rs3212227); TNFA (rs1800629, rs361525); IL-1B (rs16944); IL-6 (rs1800795); IL-10 (rs1800896) genes were associated with increased risk for cervical cancer. No association was observed between meta-analyzed polymorphisms and SIL. Additional bioinformatics analysis suggested a possible transcriptional regulation pathway of the TNFA and IL-10 genes through the MZF1 (TNFA -308 G > A and IL-10 - 1082A>G) and ZNF263 (TNFA -238 G > A) transcription factors binding.Conclusion: Overall, 10 SNPs in cytokine genes were associated with increased risk for cervical cancer. Therefore, in our meta-analysis, these SNPs demonstrated to be potential biomarkers for predicting or identifying cases of high risk for SIL and cervical cancer.

p16 (CDKN2A) SNP rs11515 was not associated with head and neck carcinoma.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is considered a serious public health problem in many countries. Recently, genetic variations have been considered as important factors to cancer susceptibility and prognosis. More specifically, genetic polymorphisms have been associated with the development and prognosis of HNSCC. The purpose of the current study was to investigate an association among p16 (CDKN2A) gene polymorphism at rs11515, age, and HNSCC aggressiveness. PCR-RFLP analysis was used to investigate the p16 (CDKN2A) gene in 96 patients with HNSCC and in 100 individuals without HNSCC. A case group was categorized by age in younger (<60 years) and older (≥ 60 years) patients. Differences between the case and control groups were determined using Fisher and chi-squared tests. Time of survival was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of last follow-up visit or to the date of death using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and comparing this to the log-rank test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. In the present study, no association was established between HNSCC and rs11515 polymorphism, as indicated in a previous study. We found that HNSCC individuals with large-sized tumors and with metastatic disease presented worse overall survival, consistent with fundamental concepts that establish the effects of tumor size and lymph node metastasis to HNSCC outcomes. This study identified that there is no difference in the distribution of rs11515 between the control and HNSCC groups. In addition, no differences between rs11515 genotypes and clinicopathological parameters were observed.

Homeostatic status of thyroid hormones and brain water movement as determinant factors in biology of cerebral gliomas: a pilot study using a bioinformatics approach.

Introduction: The expression and localization of the water channel transporters, aquaporins (AQPs), in the brain are substantially modified in gliomas during tumorigenesis, cell migration, edema formation, and resolution. We hypothesized that the molecular changes associated with AQP1 and AQP4 in the brain may potentially be anticancer therapeutic targets. To test this hypothesis, a bioinformatics analysis of publicly available data from international consortia was performed. Methods: We used RNA-seq as an experimental strategy and identified the number of differential AQP1 and AQP4 transcript expressions in glioma tissue compared to normal brain tissue. Results: AQPs genes are overexpressed in patients with glioma. Among the glioma subtypes, AQP1 and AQP4 were overexpressed in astrocytoma (low-grade glioma) and classical (high-grade glioma). Overall survival analysis demonstrated that both AQP genes can be used as prognostic factors for patients with low-grade glioma. Additionally, we observed a correlation between the expression of genes involved in the tyrosine and thyroid hormone pathways and AQPs, namely: PNMT, ALDH1A3, AOC2, HGDATP1B1, ADCY5, PLCB4, ITPR1, ATP1A3, LRP2, HDAC1, MED24, MTOR, and ACTB1 (Spearman's coefficient = geq 0.20 and p-value = ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the thyroid hormone pathways and AQPs 1 and 4 are potential targets for new anti-tumor drugs and therapeutic biomarkers for malignant gliomas.

High HIF-1α expression genotypes in oral lichen planus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess whether C1772T and G1790A hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)α polymorphisms are associated with risk of oral lichen planus (OLP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to investigate HIF-1α C1779T and G1790A polymorphisms in 32 OLP and 88 individuals without OLP. RESULTS: The frequency of the CC, TT, GA, and AA genotypes was higher in patients with OLP. Notably, individuals carrying the C and A, and T and A haplotypes showed a significant association OLP risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the C1772T and G1790A polymorphisms of HIF-1α gene increased the risk of OLP. C1772T and G1790A polymorphisms of HIF-1α gene had differing patterns of allelic imbalance in the normal samples and subsequent chronic lesions. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the HIF-1α pathway in OLP, which would facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of OLP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results, in conjunction with previous studies, suggest that HIF-1α may play important roles in the chronicity of oral mucosa lesions of OLP patients. Taken together, we suggest that HIF-1α polymorphisms enhance its target genes, thereby altering the microenvironment and supporting sequential release of inflammatory mediators or cellular events in OLP. It appears unlikely that inhibition of a single proinflammatory mediator will prove useful in clinical practice, but several ways to reprogram mediators engaged in a wide array of roles simultaneously are encouraging.

Can inflammasomes promote the pathophysiology of glioblastoma multiforme? A view about the potential of the anti-inflammasome therapy as pharmacological target.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor with one of the worst general survivorship cases among the existing neoplasia. This aggressiveness is due to its complex molecular heterogeneity, immunohistochemistry and genetics. The current therapeutic approach brings little contribution to the improvement of the survival of the patients. Due to that, new forms of treatment have been explored, one of them being immunotherapy. In this aspect, the inflammasome pathway, which induces inflammation and immunosuppressive tumor response, contributing to the progression of the tumor, seems to be a new alternative to improve the treatment efficacy and the survival of the patients.

Pathways Related to the Anti-Cancer Effects of Metabolites Derived from Cerrado Biome Native Plants: An Update and Bioinformatics Analysis on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Oral cancer is a significant health problem worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells that mostly affects different anatomical sites in the head and neck and derives from the squamous epithelium or displays similar morphological characteristics. Generally, OSCC is often the end stage of several changes in the stratified squamous epithelium, which begin as epithelial dysplasia and progress by breaking the basement membrane and invading adjacent tissues. Several plant-based drugs with potent anti-cancer effects are considered inexpensive treatments with limited side effects for cancer and other diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to explore whether some Brazilian plant extracts or constituents exhibit anti-tumorigenic activity or have a cytotoxic effect on human oral carcinoma cells. METHODS: Briefly, OSCC and several metabolites derived from Brazilian plants (i.e., flavonoids, vinblastine, irinotecan, etoposide and paclitaxel) were used as keywords to search the literature on PubMed, GenBank and GeneCards. RESULTS: The results showed that these five chemical compounds found in Cerrado Biome plants exhibit anti-neoplastic effects. Evaluating the compounds revealed that they play a main role in the regulation of cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: Preserving and utilising the biodiversity of our planet, especially in unique ecosystems, such as the Cerrado Biome, may prove essential to preserving and promoting human health in modern contexts.

Schwann cell reprogramming and lung cancer progression: a meta-analysis of transcriptome data.

Schwann cells were identified in the tumor surrounding area prior to initiate the invasion process underlying connective tissue. These cells promote cancer invasion through direct contact, while paracrine signaling and matrix remodeling are not sufficient to proceed. Considering the intertwined structure of signaling, regulatory, and metabolic processes within a cell, we employed a genome-scale biomolecular network. Accordingly, a meta-analysis of Schwann cells associated transcriptomic datasets was performed, and the core information on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was obtained by statistical analyses. Gene set over-representation analyses was performed on core DEGs to identify significantly functional and pathway enrichment analysis between Schwann cells and, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). DEGs were further integrated with genome-scale human biomolecular networks. miRNAs were proposed by the reconstruction of a transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory network. Moreover, microarray-based transcriptome profiling was performed, and the prognostic power of selected dedifferentiated Schwann cell biomolecules was predicted. We observed that pathways associated with Schwann cells dedifferentiation was overexpressed in lung cancer samples. However, genes associated with Schwann cells migration inhibition system were downregulated. Besides, miRNA targeting those pathways were also deregulated. In this study, we report valuable data for further experimental and clinical analysis, because the proposed biomolecules have significant potential as systems biomarkers for screening or for therapeutic purposes in perineural invasion of lung cancer.

Gallic acid modulates phenotypic behavior and gene expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by interfering with leptin pathway.

Gallic acid is a polyphenolic compost appointed to interfere with neoplastic cells behavior. Evidence suggests an important role of leptin in carcinogenesis pathways, inducing a proliferative phenotype. We investigated the potential of gallic acid to modulate leptin-induced cell proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. The gallic acid effect on leptin secretion by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, was also assessed. For this, we performed proliferation, migration, immunocytochemical and qPCR assays. The expression levels of cell migration-related genes (MMP2, MMP9, Col1A1, and E-cadherin), angiogenesis (HIF-1α, mir210), leptin signaling (LepR, p44/42 MAPK), apoptosis (casp-3), and secreted leptin levels by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were also measured. Gallic acid decreased proliferation and migration of leptin-treated oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, and reduced mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP9, Col1A1, mir210, but did not change HIF-1α. Gallic acid decreased levels of leptin secreted by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, accordingly with downregulation of p44/42 MAPK expression. Thus, gallic acid appears to break down neoplastic phenotype of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by interfering with leptin pathway.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes (ACE and ACE2) as Potential Targets for Malignant Epithelial Neoplasia: Review and Bioinformatics Analyses Focused in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) has emerged as being related to vascular disease. Recently the RAS has been associated with obesity, diabetes, and even cancer. OBJECTIVE: This review and Bioinformatics analyses focuses on the investigation of Angiotensinconverting enzymes (ACE and ACE2) as therapeutical targets for Malignant Epithelial Neoplasia, specifically for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). CONCLUSION: The literature review and Bioinformatics analyses showed that ACE and ACE2 are interesting targets for OSCC treatment. Studies involving RAS and OSCC should be encouraged for experimental validation.

Hypoxia reduces the E-cadherin expression and increases OSCC cell migration regardless of the E-cadherin methylation profile.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study is to investigate the association between E-cadherin methylation status, hypoxia and OSCC. METHODS: HaCat and SCC9 cell lines were submitted to hypoxic treatment, followed by methylation profile analysis (MS-PCR) and analysis of the expression of mRNA gene E-cadherin (RT-PCR). Study group samples comprise individuals affected by potentially malignant lesions Potential Malignant Oral Lesion (PMOL, n=18) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC, n=28). The control group oral mucosa (OM, n=15) of patients with an oral mucocele. Cell migration ability was evaluated a scratch wound assay in SCC9 and HaCat cell lines RESULTS: E-cadherin mRNA expression in the cell lines SCC9 and HaCat was significantly reduced under hypoxia, regardless of the methylation profile, when compared to the control group. No differences in methylation profile of the E-cadherin were observed among the groups OM, PMOL and OSCC. HaCat and SCC9 presented increases in cell migration rates under hypoxia. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that hypoxia reduces E-cadherin expression and increase cell migration, regardless of the methylation profile. Additionally, no differences in E-cadherin methylation patterns were observed among OM, PMOL and OSCC.

Metformin increases PDH and suppresses HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions and induces cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Metformin is a biguanide, belonging to the oral hypoglycemic agents and is a widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Evidence indicate that Metformin inhibits cell proliferation in several human cancers and inhibits the Warburg phenomenon in tumor cells. RESULTS: Low PDH levels were observed in OSCC, and Metformin promotes an increase in PDH levels in hypoxic conditions. Metformin also reduced HIF-1α mRNA and protein levels. Metformin demonstrated antiproliferative effects, inhibited migration, increased the number of apoptotic cells and increased the transcription of caspase 3. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to explore the effects of Metformin in hypoxic conditions. Specifically, we focused on pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) HIF-1α levels and the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell phenotype. Additionally, we also investigated a theoretical consequence of Metformin treatment. METHODS: PDH levels in patients with OSCC and oral dysplasia were evaluated. Metformin was administered in vitro to test the effect of Metformin under hypoxic conditions. The results were complemented by Bioinformatics analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our current findings show that Metformin reduces HIF-1α gene expression and increases PDH expression. Metformin inhibits cell proliferation and migration in the OSCC cell line model. Additionally, Metformin enhances the number of apoptotic cells and caspase 3 levels. Interestingly enough, Metformin did not increase the mutant p53 levels under hypoxic conditions.

Protein expression of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP in actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, and basal cell carcinoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are 2 skin neoplasms with distinct potentials to invasion and metastasis. Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precursor lesion of SCC. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP in samples of BCC (n = 29), SCC (n = 12), and AK (n = 13). The ratio of positive cells to total cells was used to quantify the staining. Statistical significance was considered under the level P < .05. We found a higher expression of MMP-2 in tumor stroma and parenchyma of SCC as compared to BCC. The expression of this protein was also similar between SCC and its precursor actinic keratosis, and it was higher in the stroma of high-risk BCC when compared to low-risk BCC. MT1-MMP, which is an activator of MMP-2, was similarly expressed in all groups. Our results suggest that MMP-2 expression may contribute to the distinct invasive patterns seen in SCC and BCC.

Increased VEGFR2 and MMP9 protein levels are associated with epithelial dysplasia grading.

The present study aimed to compare levels of VEGFR2 and MMP-9 among control, epithelial dysplasia (ED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) groups. We analyzed 48 patients with oral leukoplakia (OL), 20 patients with OSCC and 21 patients without OL and OSCC. Immunohistochemistry of VEGFR2 and MMP9 were performed and compared among groups. Analysis of tissue immunolocalization of VEGFR2 and MMP-9 assumed non-parametrical distribution and comparison between groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. VEGFR2 and MMP9 immunoexpression appeared to correlate with the degree of dysplasia and was observed to increase in lesions with more severe dysplasia as compared to those with lower degrees of dysplasia. Immunoreactivity of MMP-9 was lower in the OL samples compared to the OSCC samples (p = 0.004). We observed no difference in VEGFR2 protein levels between OL and OSCC samples. A positive correlation was found between VEGFR2 and MMP-9 in OL samples (r = +0.452, p = 0.001), however, no correlation was found in OSCC samples (r = -0.042, p = 0.861). In conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that expression of MMP9 and VEGFR2 is associated with ED grading and MMP9 levels are increased in OSCC.

Th1 and Th2-like protein balance in human inflammatory radicular cysts and periapical granulomas.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic dental periapical lesions result from chronic inflammation of periapical tissues caused by continuous antigenic stimulation from infected root canals. Recent findings have suggested that T helper (Th) 1 and Th2-like cytokines are important in the pathogenesis of chronic periapical inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms regulating these immunoinflammatory pathways have not been fully elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate interleukin (IL)-4, IL-12, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) protein levels in human radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. METHODS: Archived samples of cysts (n = 52) and granulomas (n = 27) were sectioned and submitted to immunohistochemistry to evaluate the tissue expression of IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-γ. The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test (P < .05). RESULTS: An increased expression of IFN-γ was observed in radicular cysts. IL-4 expression was stronger in periapical granulomas than in radicular cysts. IL-12 was not detected in any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that IFN-γ protein levels are increased in radicular cysts, whereas IL-4 expression is stronger in samples of periapical granulomas. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the signaling pathways mediated by these cytokines and to facilitate the development of more effective periapical disease management strategies.

Association of -308 TNF-α promoter polymorphism with clinical aggressiveness in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region of the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene are involved in the regulation of the expression levels of its cytokine. Besides, these polymorphisms have been associated with the clinical behaviour of cancer. We investigated the -308 promoter region polymorphisms of the TNF-α gene and its association with the clinicopathological factors of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) sample. Furthermore, we analysed the impact of all the variables on the overall survival of patients. A sample of HNSCC (n=89) was evaluated. Clinicopathological factors and overall survival data were gathered. The TNF-α gene was analysed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Data analyses were performed by using bivariate and multivariate statistical tests. Significance was set at p<0.05. HNSCC subjects carrying the A allele (GA/AA) exhibited associations with poor performance status (OR=2.82, p=0.039), lesions located on posterior areas (OR=4.02, p=0.002), and large-size tumours (OR=2.91, p=0.015). Subjects carrying only AA genotype exhibited association with poor performance status (OR=6.667, p=0.007). A worse overall survival was noted in subjects with large tumours (OR=4.87, p=0.005) and locoregional metastatic disease (OR=2.50, p=0.018). Our data suggests that the presence of the A allele/AA haplotype in HNSCC individuals might contribute to the higher clinical aggressiveness of malignant disease.