Alcohol Use Severity among Hispanic Emerging Adults: Examining Intragroup Marginalization, Bicultural Self-Efficacy, and the Role of Gender within a Stress and Coping Framework.

Most research on cultural stressors and alcohol has focused on intercultural stressors. Continuing to exclude intracultural stressors (e.g., intragroup marginalization) from alcohol research will yield a biased understanding of the experiences of Hispanics living in a bicultural society. As we amass more studies on intracultural stressors, research will be needed to identify mutable sociocultural factors that may mitigate the association between intracultural stressors and alcohol. To address these limitations, we examined the association between intragroup marginalization and alcohol use severity and the extent to which gender and bicultural self-efficacy may moderate this association. A convenience sample of 200 Hispanic emerging adults ages 18-25 (men = 101, women = 99) from Arizona (n = 99) and Florida (n = 101) completed a cross-sectional survey. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. Higher intragroup marginalization was associated with higher alcohol use severity. Gender functioned as a moderator whereby intragroup marginalization was associated with higher alcohol use severity among men, but not women. Also, higher social groundedness functioned as a moderator that weakened the association between intragroup marginalization and alcohol use severity. Role repertoire did not function as a moderator. Our findings are significant because they enhance the reliability of the association between intragroup marginalization and alcohol use severity, and the moderating effect of gender in this respective association. This emerging line of research suggests that alcohol interventions targeting Hispanics may have a significant limitation by not accounting for intracultural stressors.

Ethnic Discrimination and Self-rated Health among Hispanic Emerging Adults: Examining the Moderating Effects of Self-esteem and Resilience.

Exposure to ethnic discrimination has been conceptualized as a sociocultural stressor that is associated with lower self-rated health. However, this association remains understudied among Hispanics and less is known about constructs that may mitigate the effects of ethnic discrimination on self-rated health. Accordingly, this study aimed to (a) examine the association between ethnic discrimination and self-rated health among Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25), and (b) examine the extent to which self-esteem and resilience may moderate this association. A convenience sample of 200 Hispanic emerging adults from Arizona (n=99) and Florida (n=101) was recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. Results indicate that higher ethnic discrimination was associated with lower self-rated health. Moderation analyses indicated that self-esteem functioned as a moderator that weakened the association between ethnic discrimination and self-rated health; however, resilience did not function similarly as a moderator. This study adds to the limited literature on ethnic discrimination and self-rated health among Hispanics and highlights that psychological factors, such as enhancing self-esteem, may help buffer the adverse effects of ethnic discrimination on health outcomes.

Ethnic discrimination and psychological stress among Hispanic emerging adults: Examining the moderating effects of distress tolerance and optimism.

Hispanic emerging adults are often exposed to ethnic discrimination, yet little is known about coping resources that may mitigate the effects of ethnic discrimination on psychological stress in this rapidly growing population. As such, this study aims to examine (1) the associations of ethnic discrimination, distress tolerance, and optimism with psychological stress and (2) the moderating effects of distress tolerance and optimism on the association between ethnic discrimination and psychological stress. Data were drawn from a cross-sectional study of 200 Hispanic adults ages 18-25, recruited from two urban counties in Arizona and Florida. Hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses were utilized to examine these associations and moderated effects. Findings indicated that higher optimism was associated with lower psychological stress. Conversely, higher ethnic discrimination was associated with higher psychological stress. Moderation analyses indicated that both distress tolerance and optimism moderated the association between ethnic discrimination and psychological stress. These study findings add to the limited literature on ethnic discrimination among Hispanic emerging adults and suggest that distress tolerance may be a key intrapersonal factor that can protect Hispanic emerging adults against the psychological stress often resulting from ethnic discrimination.

Exposure to ethnic discrimination in social media and symptoms of anxiety and depression among Hispanic emerging adults: Examining the moderating role of gender.

METHOD: Two hundred Hispanic emerging adults from Arizona (n = 99) and Florida (n = 101) completed a cross-sectional survey, and data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. RESULTS: Higher social media discrimination was associated with higher symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety. Moderation analyses indicated that higher social media discrimination was only associated with symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety among men, but not women. CONCLUSION: This is likely the first study on social media discrimination and mental health among emerging adults; thus, expanding this emerging field of research to a distinct developmental period.

Elevated cholesterol among African American adults: the role of fatalistic attitudes about health.

Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects 47% of African-American adults (AAs) in the United States. Elevated cholesterol, the greatest risk factor for CVD, is highly prevalent among AAs, potentially as the result of engagement in behavioral risk factors. Religiosity has been associated with a beneficial effect in health promoting behaviors, yet findings have been mixed depending on methods employed. Religious health fatalism, defined as 'the belief that health outcomes are inevitable and/or determined by God', is a more specific domain of a religiosity that needs further exploration through scientific research. The purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between RHFQ subscales and self-reported lifetime history of elevated cholesterol. Methods: Participants (n = 135) were recruited from a large, predominately African American church. A multiple logistic regression model was used to test whether the three subscales of the Religious Health Fatalism Questionnaire (RHFQ) were cross-sectional predictors of self-reported lifetime history of elevated cholesterol. Sets of variables were entered into a stepwise logistic regression model with the first set (Block 1) including significant demographic variables and religiosity (i.e. sex, age, level of education, employment status and scores on the Lukwago Religiosity Scale score [LRS]. The three RHFQ subscales were entered into Block 2 as our predictors of interest. Results: After adjusting for covariates, the likelihood of elevated cholesterol increased significantly (OR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.81-5.69, p < .001) as Helpless Inevitability (RHFQ subscale) scores increased. Conclusions: A greater degree of Helpless Inevitability was found to be significantly associated with self-reported elevated cholesterol level. Future research is needed to further understand the complex interplay of factors associated with religiosity and fatalism that contribute to increased risk of elevated cholesterol among AAs.

Depressive Symptoms and Resilience among Hispanic Emerging Adults: Examining the Moderating Effects of Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation, Family Cohesion, and Social Support.

Emerging adulthood has been described as a difficult stage in life and may be particularly stressful for Hispanic emerging adults who are disproportionately exposed to adversity and chronic sociocultural stressors. To better prevent and treat depressive disorders among Hispanic emerging adults, more research is needed to identify and understand modifiable determinants that can help this population enhance their capacity to offset and recover from adversity and sociocultural stressors. As such, this study aimed to (1) examine the association between resilience and depressive symptoms among Hispanic emerging adults, and (2) examine the extent to which intrapersonal resources (e.g., mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation strategies) and interpersonal resources (e.g., family cohesion, social support) moderate the association between resilience and depressive symptoms. To examine these aims, 200 Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25) from Arizona (n = 99) and Florida (n = 101) completed a cross-sectional survey, and data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. Findings from the hierarchical multiple regression indicate that higher resilience was associated with lower depressive symptoms. Findings from the moderation analyses indicate that family cohesion, social support, and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) functioned as moderators; however, mindfulness and distress tolerance were not significant moderators. Findings from this study add to the limited literature on resilience among Hispanics that have used validated measures of resilience. Furthermore, we advance our understanding of who may benefit most from higher resilience based on levels of intrapersonal and interpersonal resources.

Gender as a Moderator of Descriptive Norms and Substance Use among Latino College Students.

This study addresses gaps in the literature by testing gender differences in the associations between substance use norms and substance use among Latino college students. Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the 2009 National College Health Assessment. Participants selected for this study were 4,336 Latino undergraduates. Linear mixed modeling was used to test gender as a moderator of the relationship between alcohol use norms and alcohol use as well as marijuana use norms and marijuana use. Results indicated that the strength of the relationships between norms and substance use was stronger for males than for females. Substance use rates and gender roles differ for Latinos and Latinas and may partially account for the stronger relationship between these constructs for males. Implications for future research and prevention are discussed.

The Influence of Social Support on Smoking Cessation Treatment Adherence Among HIV+ Smokers.

INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence of smoking among people living with HIV is a significant problem. Nonadherence to smoking cessation pharmacotherapy is a barrier for successfully quitting. The current study investigated the extent to which social support variables impact adherence and cessation. METHODS: Participants were 444 HIV+ smokers who provided data on nicotine patch adherence, social support, and smoking. We conducted a path analysis to estimate (1) the effects of six social support indicators at baseline on nicotine patch adherence; (2) the effect of patch adherence on 7-day point prevalence smoking at 6-month follow-up; and (3) the indirect effects of social support indicators on 7-day point prevalence smoking at 6-month follow-up via patch adherence. RESULTS: The tested model demonstrated good fit as indicated by the comparative fit index, root mean square error of approximation, and weighted root mean square residual (0.94, 0.02, and 0.51, respectively). Path analysis results indicated greater social support network contact was associated with higher levels of nicotine patch adherence (ß = .13, P = .02), greater patch adherence was associated with a lower probability of 7-day point prevalence smoking at 6-month follow-up (ß = -.47, P < .001) and greater social support network contact (ß = -.06, P = .03) had a significant indirect effect on 7-day point prevalence smoking at 6-month follow-up via patch adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Findings have implications for smoking cessation interventions that seek to capitalize on the beneficial effects of social support. Such efforts should account for the role that frequency of contact may have on nicotine patch use and other treatment-related mechanisms.

Smoking Status and Substance Use Treatment Outcomes Among Spanish Speakers Enrolled in Substance Abuse Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Smoking is highly prevalent among individuals with drug and alcohol disorders. Concurrent tobacco dependence treatment during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is supported, yet the association between SUD treatment outcomes and smoking status has been understudied in minorities, including Latinos. METHOD: Participants were 322 Spanish-speaking Latinos enrolled in a SUD treatment study in 5 U.S. cities. Logistic regression examined associations between baseline smoking status and treatment outcomes for nontobacco substance use at follow-up. Covariates included age, gender, level of education, marital status, treatment group, and mandated treatment status. RESULTS: Results indicated smokers had a reduced likelihood of abstinence for all nontobacco substances (p = .001) and their primary drug of use (p = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Findings contribute to the growing literature indicating a possible beneficial effect of smoking cessation services on SUD treatment, specifically among Latinos. Further research is needed to identify ideal smoking cessation treatments for Latinos.

Outcomes of a Tailored Intervention for Cigarette Smoking Cessation Among Latinos Living With HIV/AIDS.

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use has emerged as a leading killer among persons living with HIV, with effective approaches to tobacco treatment still unknown. HIV infection is nearly 3 times as prevalent in Latinos than in non-Latino Whites. This study reports the results of a randomized trial comparing a tailored intervention to brief counseling for smoking cessation among Latino smokers living with HIV (LSLWH). METHODS: LSLWH (N = 302; 36% female, 10% employed full-time, 49% born in United States) were randomized to 4 in-person sessions of a tailored intervention (Aurora) or 2 in-person sessions of brief advice (enhanced standard care [ESC]). Both groups received 8 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patch. Biochemically validated 6- and 12-month 7-day point-prevalence abstinence (PPA) rates were compared, along with secondary outcomes (e.g., reduction to light smoking, NRT adherence). RESULTS: Seven-day PPA rates reached 8% versus 11% at 6 months and 6% versus 7% at 12 months, for Aurora and ESC, respectively, with no between-group differences (p values > .40). Significant changes from baseline to 6 and 12 months among intervention targets were noted (percentage reduction in heavy smoking and dependence; increases in knowledge and self-efficacy). Baseline smoking frequency, older age, and higher intensity of patch use during the trial emerged as significant predictors of abstinence at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that the tailored intervention improved cessation rates. Interventions that encourage use of, and adherence to, empirically validated cessation aids require further development to reduce tobacco-related death and disease in this vulnerable population.

Alcohol Use Severity Among Hispanic Emerging Adults in Higher Education: Understanding the Effect of Cultural Congruity.

BACKGROUND: Identifying and understanding determinants of alcohol use behavior among Hispanic college students is an increasingly important public health issue, particularly during emerging adulthood. Studies examining ethnocultural determinants of alcohol use behavior among Hispanic college students have focused on direct associations with cultural orientation (e.g., acculturation and enculturation); yet there is a need for research that accounts for the complex interplay of other culturally relevant sociocultural factors. OBJECTIVES: This study examined associations of behavioral acculturation, behavioral enculturation, and cultural congruity (perception of cultural fit between the values of the academic environment and the student's personal values) with alcohol use severity (AUS); and tested if gender moderated those associations. METHODS: A hierarchical linear regression and moderation analysis were conducted on a sample of 167 Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25) enrolled in college. RESULTS: All predictor variables entered in the regression model accounted for 20.9% of the variance in AUS. After controlling for demographic variables and depressive symptoms, behavioral acculturation and enculturation did not have a statistically significant association with AUS. Further, gender did not moderate either of these associations. Conversely, greater cultural congruity was associated with lower reports of AUS. A moderation analysis suggested that cultural congruity predicted lower reports of AUS among men, but not among women. CONCLUSIONS: This was the first known study to examine the association of cultural congruity with alcohol use. Findings highlight the value of examining contextual factors of culture and moving beyond reductive measures of cultural orientation.

Enrollment in Hispanic Serving Institutions as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Drinking Norms and Quantity of Alcohol Use Among Hispanic College Students.

BACKGROUND: Hispanic college students represent a growing proportion of the college population. Studies have found that an individual's perception of the drinking of others is linked to one's own personal use and that college students frequently overestimate the drinking of their peers. The current study builds on previous college student drinking literature by examining the influence that attending a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI) has on the personal alcohol use and perception of peers' drinking norms among Hispanic college students. METHODS: This secondary data analysis utilized data from the American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment. Participants were self-identified Hispanics between the ages of 18 and 25 (N = 4336). RESULTS: Results indicated that there was a significant interaction between attending an HSI and the perception of the number of drinks of a typical student. Specifically, the perception of others' drinking was more strongly linked to personal drinking for students in non-Hispanic serving institutions. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of attending a Hispanic-serving institution may be related to a more culturally affirming college environment.

Early quit days among methadone-maintained smokers in a smoking cessation trial.

INTRODUCTION: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients have an exceedingly high prevalence of tobacco use, and interventions that have been specifically developed for this vulnerable subpopulation have struggled to attain even modest rates of cessation. A significant barrier has been an inability to initiate a quit attempt early in the treatment process and adherence to treatment. METHODS: This study examined the extent to which self-efficacy, medication adherence, and other demographic and smoking variables predicted an early quit day in a sample of MMT smokers (n = 315) enrolled in a smoking cessation pharmacotherapy trial. Using logistic regression, we estimated the association of having an early quit day-24hr without smoking during the first month of treatment. RESULTS: Only 35.2% of participants reported a successful early quit day. The likelihood of an early quit day increased significantly (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.04-1.86, p < .05) with education level and if a quit attempt was made in the past year (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.33-3.87, p < .01). Compared to the placebo arm, those randomized to either nicotine replacement therapy (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 1.30-8.10, p < .01) or varenicline (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.26-7.92) were significantly more likely to have an early quit day. The likelihood of an early quit day was also positively associated with adherence to the medication protocol (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.52-2.76). CONCLUSIONS: Difficulty in achieving an early quit attempt may help explain the very low cessation rates found in studies of MMT smokers.

Tobacco cessation among low-income smokers: motivational enhancement and nicotine patch treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Despite decades of tobacco use decline among the general population in the United States, tobacco use among low-income populations continues to be a major public health concern. Smoking rates are higher among individuals with less than a high school education, those with no health insurance, and among individuals living below the federal poverty level. Despite these disparities, smoking cessation treatments for low-income populations have not been extensively tested. In the current study, the efficacy of 2 adjunctive smoking cessation interventions was evaluated among low-income smokers who were seen in a primary care setting. METHODS: A total of 846 participants were randomly assigned either to motivational enhancement treatment plus brief physician advice and 8 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or to standard care, which consisted of brief physician advice and 8 weeks of NRT. Tobacco smoking abstinence was at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months following baseline. RESULTS: The use of the nicotine patch, telephone counseling, and positive decisional balance were predictive of increased abstinence rates, and elevated stress levels and temptation to smoke in both social/habit and negative affect situations decreased abstinence rates across time. Analyses showed intervention effects on smoking temptations, length of patch use, and number of telephone contacts. Direct intervention effects on abstinence rates were not significant, after adjusting for model predictors and selection bias due to perirandomization attrition. CONCLUSIONS: Integrating therapeutic approaches that promote use of and adherence to medications for quitting smoking and that target stress management and reducing negative affect may enhance smoking cessation among low-income smokers.

Intimate partner violence among individuals in methadone maintenance treatment.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a highly prevalent and concerning problem among methadone maintenance populations, and previous studies have shown a relationship between a history of IPV and increased substance use and affective disturbances. METHODS: The current study examined (1) the association between recent IPV victimization and alcohol and cocaine use and (2) the relationship between recent IPV victimization and depression in a sample of smokers (N = 203) in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Participants in this study completed a battery of assessments that included standard questionnaires of trauma, alcohol and substance use, and depression. Parallel logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the adjusted association of IPV victimization and depressive symptoms and evaluate the adjusted association of victimization with recent substance use. RESULTS: Participants recently victimized by partners were shown to have significantly higher mean Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores (b = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.07; 1.02], P <.05) and were found to have a 6 times greater likelihood of cocaine use (odds ratio [OR] = 6.65, 95% CI: [1.61; 27.46], P <.01) after controlling for age, gender, education, opiate use, and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the notion that IPV victimization can potentially increase depression and other substance use among MMT patients, which can have a deleterious impact on treatment.

Evaluating the indirect roles of anxiety and depressive symptoms in the relations between negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress and cigarette smoking among Hispanic adults who smoke.

There has been increased recognition that Hispanic/Latinx (hereinafter Hispanic) persons are a tobacco disparities group in the United States. Although some past work has found greater exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination is associated with indices of smoking among Hispanic persons, research has not explored the degree of negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress in terms of smoking processes. The present cross-sectional study served to evaluate the indirect effects of depressive and anxiety symptoms in terms of relations between racial/ethnic stress reactivity and cigarette dependence, severity of problems when trying to quit, and perceived barriers for quitting among Hispanic persons who smoke in the United States. Participants included 329 Hispanic adults who smoked cigarettes daily (Mage = 35.5 years; SD = 8.67; 37.4% female). Results indicated that depressive symptoms exerted a statistically significant indirect effect in the association between negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress and cigarette dependence and severity of problems when trying to quit, whereas anxiety symptoms maintained an indirect effect for perceived barriers for smoking cessation. The current findings help characterize the intricacies by which negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress is related to smoking behavior and beliefs among Hispanic persons who smoke. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Self-efficacy and motivation to quit marijuana use among young women.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Assessing motivation to quit substance use is recommended as part of brief interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine correlates of desire to quit marijuana use among young adult women enrolled in a brief motivational intervention trial. METHODS: Participants were 332 female marijuana users, aged 18-24, who rated their current desire to quit using a single item change ladder. We hypothesized self-efficacy and prior quit attempts will interact in this population to increase motivation to quit. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 20.5 years, 67.7% were non-Hispanic Caucasian, and 60% had some desire to quit marijuana use. Using multivariate linear regression, quit desire was significantly lower among Caucasians (b = -.256; 95% CI -.489; -.037) and more frequent marijuana users (b = -.268; 95% CI -.372; -.166), and higher among those with previous quit attempts (b = .454; 95% CI .235; .671), and greater marijuana problem severity (b = .408; 95% CI .302; .514). Greater refusal self-efficacy was associated with greater quit desire among participants with previous quit attempts, but not among those without prior quit attempts (b = .241; 95% CI .050; .440). CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the factors relating to quit desire among marijuana users may allow clinicians to tailor counseling so as to increase readiness to quit and decrease use and its associated consequences.

Synergistic effects of high early-life stress exposure and HIV infection on reaction time variability.

Addressing comorbidities contributing to cognitive impairment in people living with HIV (PLWH) remains imperative. Prior studies utilizing reaction time intra-individual variability (RT-IIV), a robust behavioral marker of cognitive dysfunction, demonstrate increased cognitive impairment in adults living with HIV who have high early life stress (ELS) exposure relative to those with low-ELS exposure. Yet, it is unknown whether RT-IIV elevations are due to high-ELS alone or both HIV-status and high-ELS. In the current study, we explore the potential additive effects of HIV and high-ELS exposure on RT-IIV to better characterize the independent and combined effects of these factors on RT-IIV among PLWH. We assessed 59 PLWH and 69 HIV-negative healthy control (HC) participants with either low or high ELS on RT-IIV during a working memory task (1-back). We observed a significant interaction between HIV status and ELS exposure on RT-IIV, PLWH who had experienced high ELS demonstrating RT-IIV elevations relative to all other groups. In addition, RT-IIV was significantly associated with ELS exposure in PLWH, but not in the HC group. We also observed associations between RT-IIV and measures of HIV-disease severity (plasma HIV viral load, nadir CD4) among PLWH. Taken as a whole, these findings provide novel evidence of the combined effects of HIV and high-ELS exposure on RT-IIV, and thus suggest HIV-related and ELS-related neural abnormalities may act in an additive or synergistic manner to affect cognition. Such data warrant further investigation into the neurobiological mechanisms associated with HIV and high-ELS exposure that contribute to increased neurocognitive dysfunction among PLWH.

Acculturation gap conflicts and self-rated health among Hispanic emerging adults.

INTRODUCTION: Emerging adulthood is a distinct and challenging developmental stage of life. It may be particularly stressful for Hispanic emerging adults due to various cultural stressors. However, there is little research on the impact of one particular cultural stressor, the acculturation gap. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether acculturation gap conflicts are associated with self-rated health. METHOD: Participants were recruited in Arizona and Florida, and 200 Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25) completed a cross-sectional survey. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: Coefficients from a hierarchical multiple regression model indicated that higher levels of acculturation gap conflicts were associated with lower self-rated health after controlling for psychological stress and other demographic variables. DISCUSSION: This is the first study on acculturation gap conflicts and self-rated health among Hispanics. Findings from this study indicate that acculturation gap conflicts are associated with self-rated health and merit further investigation as they may have implications for health interventions targeting Hispanics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Childhood maltreatment, subjective social status, and health disparities in bereavement.

BACKGROUND: Spousal bereavement can lead to adverse health outcomes; however, not all widow(er)s experience the same degree of health problems. Thus, it is important to understand the contribution of disparities (e.g., childhood maltreatment and subjective social status) that may underlie adverse health outcomes that arise following bereavement. METHODS: We collected data from 130 spousally bereaved individuals at 3-time points (3 months post-loss, 4 months post-loss, and 6 months post-loss). Using mixed models, we assessed the interaction of childhood maltreatment, subjective social status, and time to predict changes in proinflammatory cytokine production, depressive symptoms, grief symptoms. RESULTS: We found a significant interaction between childhood maltreatment, subjective social status, and time predicting proinflammatory cytokine production (beta > -0.01, p = 0.048), depressive symptoms (beta = 0.008, p = .010), and grief symptoms (beta = 0.001 p = .001). CONCLUSION: This study highlights the role of disparities related to childhood maltreatment and subjective social status on adverse health outcomes following spousal bereavement.