Prevalence of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in previously GH-treated young adults with Prader-Willi syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Some features of subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) resemble those seen in growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Children with PWS are treated with growth hormone (GH), which has substantially changed their phenotype. Currently, young adults with PWS must discontinue GH after attainment of adult height when they do not fulfil the criteria of adult GHD. Limited information is available about the prevalence of GHD in adults with PWS. This study aimed to investigate the GH/insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) axis and the prevalence of GHD in previously GH-treated young adults with PWS. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in 60 young adults with PWS. MEASUREMENTS: Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels, GH peak during combined growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-arginine stimulation test. RESULTS: Serum IGF-I was <-2 standard deviation scores (SDS) in 2 (3%) patients, and IGFBP-3 was within the normal range in all but one patient. Median (IQR) GH peak was 17.8 µg/L (12.2; 29.7) [~53.4 mU/L] and below 9 µg/L in 9 (15%) patients. Not one patient fulfilled the criteria for adult GHD (GH peak < 9 µg/L and IGF-I < -2 SDS), also when BMI-dependent criteria were used. A higher BMI and a higher fat mass percentage were significantly associated with a lower GH peak. There was no significant difference in GH peak between patients with a deletion or a maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD). CONCLUSIONS: In a large group of previously GH-treated young adults with PWS, approximately 1 in 7 exhibited a GH peak <9 µg/L during a GHRH-arginine test. However, none of the patients fulfilled the consensus criteria for adult GHD.

Bone mineral density in young adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover GH trial.

CONTEXT: The prevalence of osteoporosis is increased in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). In children with PWS, growth hormone (GH) treatment has beneficial effects on bone mineral density (BMD). BMD might deteriorate after cessation of GH at adult height (AH), while continuing GH might maintain BMD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of GH vs placebo, and furthermore the effects of sex steroid replacement therapy (SSRT), on BMD in GH-treated young adults with PWS who had attained AH. DESIGN: Two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover GH study. PATIENTS: Twenty-seven young adults with PWS were stratified for gender and BMI and then randomly and blindly assigned to receive GH (0.67 mg/m2 /day) or placebo for 1 year, after which they crossed over to the alternative treatment for another year. MEASUREMENTS: Bone mineral density of the total body (BMDTB ) and lumbar spine (BMDLS ) SDS were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: At AH, BMDTB SDS was significantly lower compared to healthy peers (P < .01), while BMADLS SDS was similar. Both BMDTB SDS and BMADLS SDS were similar during 1 year of GH vs 1 year of placebo. In hypogonadal young adults without SSRT, BMDTB SDS and BMADLS SDS decreased during the 2-year study (P = .11 and P = .01), regardless of GH or placebo, while BMDTB SDS increased in those with SSRT (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to GH treatment, 1 year of placebo after attainment of AH does not deteriorate BMD SDS in young adults with PWS. In addition, our data suggest that GH is not able to prevent the decline in BMD SDS in hypogonadal young adults with PWS, unless it is combined with SSRT.

Pancytopenia and Hypothyroidism in a Patient With Leukemic Infiltration of the Thyroid as the First Presentation of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

We report the case of a 16-year-old female patient with hypothyroidism, goiter, and pancytopenia. Biopsy of the thyroid showed leukemic infiltration. After confirmation of the diagnosis of B-lymphoblastic leukemia, treatment was started. Histologic follow-up at day 33 and 79 showed no residual signs of leukemic infiltration. Hypothyroidism persisted despite successful antileukemic treatment. Leukemic infiltration of the thyroid should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with hypothyroidism, goiter, and pancytopenia. We suggest that follow-up of thyroid function and histology should be incorporated in the follow-up of rare patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with thyroid infiltration.

Design and evaluation of a clinical competency committee.

INTRODUCTION: In postgraduate medical education, group decision-making has emerged as an essential tool to evaluate the clinical progress of residents. Clinical competency committees (CCCs) have been set up to ensure informed decision-making and provide feedback regarding performance of residents. Despite this important task, it remains unclear how CCCs actually function in practice and how their performance should be evaluated. METHODS: In the prototyping phase of a design-based approach, a CCC meeting was developed, using three theoretical design principles: (1) data from multiple assessment tools and multiple perspectives, (2) a shared mental model and (3) structured discussions. The meetings were held in a university children's hospital and evaluated using observations, interviews with CCC members and an open-ended questionnaire among residents. RESULTS: The structured discussions during the meetings provided a broad outline of resident performance, including identification of problematic and excellent residents. A shared mental model about the assessment criteria had developed over time. Residents were not always satisfied with the feedback they received after the meeting. Feedback that had been provided to a resident after the first CCC meeting was not addressed in the second meeting. DISCUSSION: The principles that were used to design the CCC meeting were feasible in practice. Structured discussions, based on data from multiple assessment tools and multiple perspectives, provided a broad outline of resident performance. Residency programs that wish to implement CCCs can build on our design principles and adjust the prototype to their particular context. When running a CCC, it is important to consider feedback that has been provided to a resident after the previous meeting and to evaluate whether it has improved the resident's performance.

Beneficial Effects of GH in Young Adults With Prader-Willi Syndrome: A 2-Year Crossover Trial.

CONTEXT: Patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are severely at risk to develop morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, and cardiovascular disease, leading to high mortality. They have an increased fat mass (FM) and decreased lean body mass (LBM). During childhood, GH treatment counteracts the natural course of increasing obesity. Discontinuation of GH treatment at attainment of adult height (AH) might deteriorate their improved clinical condition, whereas continuation might benefit them. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of GH versus placebo on body composition in young adults with PWS who were GH treated for many years during childhood and had attained AH. DESIGN: Two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with stratification for gender and body mass index in 27 young adults with PWS. SETTING: PWS Reference Center in The Netherlands. INTERVENTION: Crossover intervention with GH (0.67 mg/m2 · d) and placebo, both during 1 year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body composition, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: During placebo, FM increased (relative change +21.5%; P < .001). Compared with placebo, GH treatment resulted in lower FM (-2.9 kg; P = .004) and higher LBM (+1.5 kg; P = .005), representing relative changes of -17.3% FM and +3.5% LBM. Both limb and trunk FM percentage were lower during GH versus placebo (relative change +17.3% and +15.6%; P < .001 and P = .007, respectively). No GH-related adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: GH-treated young adults with PWS who have attained AH benefit from continuation of GH treatment. FM increases during placebo, whereas GH versus placebo results in lower FM and higher LBM. Thus, GH treatment maintains the improved body composition without safety concerns.

Karyotype-specific ear and hearing problems in young adults with Turner syndrome and the effect of oxandrolone treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate karyotype-specific ear and hearing problems in young-adult patients with Turner syndrome (TS) and assess the effects of previous treatment with oxandrolone (Ox). STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind follow-up study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Sixty-five TS patients (mean age, 24.3 yr) previously treated with growth hormone combined with placebo, Ox 0.03 mg/kg per day, or Ox 0.06 mg/kg per day from the age of 8 years and estrogen from the age of 12 years. INTERVENTION: Ear examination was performed according to standard clinical practice. Air- and bone conduction thresholds were measured in decibel hearing level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We compared patients with total monosomy of the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp), monosomy 45,X and isochromosome 46,X,i(Xq), with patients with a partial monosomy Xp, mosaicism or other structural X chromosomal anomalies. We assessed the effect of previous Ox treatment. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent of the patients had a history of recurrent otitis media. We found hearing loss in 66% of the ears, including pure sensorineural hearing loss in 32%. Hearing thresholds in patients with a complete monosomy Xp were about 10 dB worse compared with those in patients with a partial monosomy Xp. Air- and bone conduction thresholds were not different between the placebo and Ox treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Young-adult TS individuals frequently have structural ear pathology, and many suffer from hearing loss. This indicates that careful follow-up to detect ear and hearing problems is necessary, especially for those with a monosomy 45,X or isochromosome 46,X,i(Xq). Ox does not seem to have an effect on hearing.

Buccal cell FISH and blood PCR-Y detect high rates of X chromosomal mosaicism and Y chromosomal derivatives in patients with Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is the result of (partial) X chromosome monosomy. In general, the diagnosis is based on karyotyping of 30 blood lymphocytes. This technique, however, does not rule out tissue mosaicism or low grade mosaicism in the blood. Because of the associated risk of gonadoblastoma, mosaicism is especially important in case this involves a Y chromosome. We investigated different approaches to improve the detection of mosaicisms in 162 adult women with TS (mean age 29.9 ± 10.3). Standard karyotyping identified 75 patients (46.3%) with a non-mosaic monosomy 45,X. Of these 75 patients, 63 underwent additional investigations including FISH on buccal cells with X- and Y-specific probes and PCR-Y on blood. FISH analysis of buccal cells revealed a mosaicism in 19 of the 63 patients (30.2%). In five patients the additional cell lines contained a (derivative) Y chromosome. With sensitive real-time PCR we confirmed the presence of this Y chromosome in blood in three of the five cases. Although Y chromosome material was established in ovarian tissue in two patients, no gonadoblastoma was found. Our results confirm the notion that TS patients with 45,X on conventional karyotyping often have tissue specific mosaicisms, some of which include a Y chromosome. Although further investigations are needed to estimate the risk of gonadoblastoma in patients with Y chromosome material in buccal cells, we conclude that FISH or real-time PCR on buccal cells should be considered in TS patients with 45,X on standard karyotyping.

Long-term effects of previous oxandrolone treatment in adult women with Turner syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Short stature is a prominent feature of Turner syndrome (TS), which is partially overcome by GH treatment. We have previously reported the results of a trial on the effect of oxandrolone (Ox) in girls with TS. Ox in a dose of 0.03 mg/kg per day (Ox 0.03) significantly increased adult height gain, whereas Ox mg/kg per day (0.06) did not, at the cost of deceleration of breast development and mild virilization. The aim of this follow-up study in adult participants of the pediatric trial was to investigate the long-term effects of previous Ox treatment. DESIGN AND METHODS: During the previous randomized controlled trial, 133 girls were treated with GH combined with placebo (Pl), Ox 0.03, or Ox 0.06 from 8 years of age and estrogen from 12 years. Sixty-eight women (Pl, n=23; Ox 0.03, n=27; and Ox 0.06, n=18) participated in the double-blind follow-up study (mean age, 24.0 years; mean time since stopping GH, 8.7 years; and mean time of Ox/Pl use, 4.9 years). We assessed height, body proportions, breast size, virilization, and body composition. RESULTS: Height gain (final minus predicted adult height) was maintained at follow-up (Ox 0.03 10.2±4.9 cm, Ox 0.06 9.7±4.4 cm vs Pl 8.0±4.6 cm). Breast size, Tanner breast stage, and body composition were not different between groups. Ox-treated women reported more subjective virilization and had a lower voice frequency. CONCLUSION: Ox 0.03 mg/kg per day has a beneficial effect on adult height gain in TS patients. Despite previously reported deceleration of breast development during Ox 0.03 treatment, adult breast size is not affected. Mild virilization persists in only a small minority of patients. The long-term evaluation indicates that Ox 0.03 treatment is effective and safe.