RESUMO
The avascular nature of cartilage makes it a unique tissue1-4, but whether and how the absence of nutrient supply regulates chondrogenesis remain unknown. Here we show that obstruction of vascular invasion during bone healing favours chondrogenic over osteogenic differentiation of skeletal progenitor cells. Unexpectedly, this process is driven by a decreased availability of extracellular lipids. When lipids are scarce, skeletal progenitors activate forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors, which bind to the Sox9 promoter and increase its expression. Besides initiating chondrogenesis, SOX9 acts as a regulator of cellular metabolism by suppressing oxidation of fatty acids, and thus adapts the cells to an avascular life. Our results define lipid scarcity as an important determinant of chondrogenic commitment, reveal a role for FOXO transcription factors during lipid starvation, and identify SOX9 as a critical metabolic mediator. These data highlight the importance of the nutritional microenvironment in the specification of skeletal cell fate.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/citologia , Microambiente Celular , Condrogênese , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fatores de Transcrição SOX9/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Animais , Osso e Ossos/irrigação sanguínea , Condrócitos/citologia , Condrócitos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Feminino , Privação de Alimentos , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Osteogênese , Oxirredução , Fatores de Transcrição SOX9/genética , Transdução de Sinais , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
A hexanucleotide-repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic variant that contributes to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia1,2. The C9ORF72 mutation acts through gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms to induce pathways that are implicated in neural degeneration3-9. The expansion is transcribed into a long repetitive RNA, which negatively sequesters RNA-binding proteins5 before its non-canonical translation into neural-toxic dipeptide proteins3,4. The failure of RNA polymerase to read through the mutation also reduces the abundance of the endogenous C9ORF72 gene product, which functions in endolysosomal pathways and suppresses systemic and neural inflammation6-9. Notably, the effects of the repeat expansion act with incomplete penetrance in families with a high prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, indicating that either genetic or environmental factors modify the risk of disease for each individual. Identifying disease modifiers is of considerable translational interest, as it could suggest strategies to diminish the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, or to slow progression. Here we report that an environment with reduced abundance of immune-stimulating bacteria10,11 protects C9orf72-mutant mice from premature mortality and significantly ameliorates their underlying systemic inflammation and autoimmunity. Consistent with C9orf72 functioning to prevent microbiota from inducing a pathological inflammatory response, we found that reducing the microbial burden in mutant mice with broad spectrum antibiotics-as well as transplanting gut microflora from a protective environment-attenuated inflammatory phenotypes, even after their onset. Our studies provide further evidence that the microbial composition of our gut has an important role in brain health and can interact in surprising ways with well-known genetic risk factors for disorders of the nervous system.
Assuntos
Proteína C9orf72/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Gliose/microbiologia , Gliose/patologia , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/microbiologia , Medula Espinal/patologia , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/patologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Autoimunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Autoimunidade/genética , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/imunologia , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Feminino , Demência Frontotemporal/genética , Demência Frontotemporal/patologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Gliose/genética , Gliose/prevenção & controle , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Mutação com Perda de Função/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Microglia/imunologia , Microglia/microbiologia , Microglia/patologia , Medula Espinal/imunologia , Medula Espinal/microbiologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Metabolic alterations in cancer represent convergent effects of oncogenic mutations. We hypothesized that a metabolism-restricted genetic screen, comparing normal primary mouse hematopoietic cells and their malignant counterparts in an ex vivo system mimicking the bone marrow microenvironment, would define distinctive vulnerabilities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemic cells, but not their normal myeloid counterparts, depended on the aldehyde dehydrogenase 3a2 (Aldh3a2) enzyme that oxidizes long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to prevent cellular oxidative damage. Aldehydes are by-products of increased oxidative phosphorylation and nucleotide synthesis in cancer and are generated from lipid peroxides underlying the non-caspase-dependent form of cell death, ferroptosis. Leukemic cell dependence on Aldh3a2 was seen across multiple mouse and human myeloid leukemias. Aldh3a2 inhibition was synthetically lethal with glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) inhibition; GPX4 inhibition is a known trigger of ferroptosis that by itself minimally affects AML cells. Inhibiting Aldh3a2 provides a therapeutic opportunity and a unique synthetic lethality to exploit the distinctive metabolic state of malignant cells.
Assuntos
Aldeído Oxirredutases/fisiologia , Carbolinas/farmacologia , Cicloexilaminas/farmacologia , Ferroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Hematopoese/fisiologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/enzimologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/fisiologia , Fenilenodiaminas/farmacologia , Aldeído Oxirredutases/genética , Aldeídos/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citarabina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/fisiologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/deficiência , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Ácido Oleico/farmacologia , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/fisiologia , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , Fosfolipídeo Hidroperóxido Glutationa Peroxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfolipídeo Hidroperóxido Glutationa Peroxidase/fisiologiaRESUMO
The preservation of the bone-forming potential of skeletal progenitor cells during their ex vivo expansion remains one of the major challenges for cell-based bone regeneration strategies. We report that expansion of murine periosteal cells in the presence of FGF2, a signal present during the early stages of fracture healing, is necessary and sufficient to maintain their ability to organize in vivo into a cartilage template which gives rise to mature bone. Implantation of FGF2-primed cells in a large bone defect in mice resulted in complete healing, demonstrating the feasibility of using this approach for bone tissue engineering purposes. Mechanistically, the enhanced endochondral ossification potential of FGF2-expanded periosteal cells is predominantly driven by an increased production of BMP2 and is additionally linked to an improved preservation of skeletal progenitor cells in the cultures. This characteristic is unique for periosteal cells, as FGF2-primed bone marrow stromal cells formed significantly less bone and progressed exclusively through the intramembranous pathway, revealing essential differences between both cell pools. Taken together, our findings provide insight in the molecular regulation of fracture repair by identifying a unique interaction between periosteal cells and FGF2. These insights may promote the development of cell-based therapeutic strategies for bone regeneration which are independent of the in vivo use of growth factors, thus limiting undesired side effects.
Assuntos
Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 2/metabolismo , Fator 2 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/farmacologia , Periósteo/citologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Animais , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 2/genética , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Expressão Gênica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Periósteo/efeitos dos fármacos , Periósteo/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
A timely restoration of the ruptured blood vessel network in order to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the fracture zone is crucial for successful bone healing. Indeed, oxygen plays a key role in the aerobic metabolism of cells, in the activity of a myriad of enzymes as well as in the regulation of several (angiogenic) genes. In this paper, a previously developed model of bone fracture healing is further improved with a detailed description of the influence of oxygen on various cellular processes that occur during bone fracture healing. Oxygen ranges of the cell-specific oxygen-dependent processes were established based on the state-of-the art experimental knowledge through a rigorous literature study. The newly developed oxygen model is compared with previously published experimental and in silico results. An extensive sensitivity analysis was also performed on the newly introduced oxygen thresholds, indicating the robustness of the oxygen model. Finally, the oxygen model was applied to the challenging clinical case of a critical sized defect (3mm) where it predicted the formation of a fracture non-union. Further model analyses showed that the harsh hypoxic conditions in the central region of the callus resulted in cell death and disrupted bone healing thereby indicating the importance of a timely vascularization for the successful healing of a large bone defect. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that the oxygen model is a powerful tool to further unravel the complex spatiotemporal interplay of oxygen delivery, diffusion and consumption with the several healing steps, each occurring at distinct, optimal oxygen tensions during the bone repair process.
Assuntos
Consolidação da Fratura/efeitos dos fármacos , Fraturas Ósseas/patologia , Modelos Biológicos , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Calo Ósseo/efeitos dos fármacos , Calo Ósseo/patologia , Simulação por Computador , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Although bone has a unique restorative capacity, i.e., it has the potential to heal scarlessly, the conditions for spontaneous bone healing are not always present, leading to a delayed union or a non-union. In this work, we use an integrative in vivo-in silico approach to investigate the occurrence of non-unions, as well as to design possible treatment strategies thereof. The gap size of the domain geometry of a previously published mathematical model was enlarged in order to study the complex interplay of blood vessel formation, oxygen supply, growth factors and cell proliferation on the final healing outcome in large bone defects. The multiscale oxygen model was not only able to capture the essential aspects of in vivo non-unions, it also assisted in understanding the underlying mechanisms of action, i.e., the delayed vascularization of the central callus region resulted in harsh hypoxic conditions, cell death and finally disrupted bone healing. Inspired by the importance of a timely vascularization, as well as by the limited biological potential of the fracture hematoma, the influence of the host environment on the bone healing process in critical size defects was explored further. Moreover, dependent on the host environment, several treatment strategies were designed and tested for effectiveness. A qualitative correspondence between the predicted outcomes of certain treatment strategies and experimental observations was obtained, clearly illustrating the model's potential. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that due to the complex non-linear dynamics of blood vessel formation, oxygen supply, growth factor production and cell proliferation and the interactions thereof with the host environment, an integrative in silico-in vivo approach is a crucial tool to further unravel the occurrence and treatments of challenging critical sized bone defects.
Assuntos
Consolidação da Fratura/fisiologia , Fraturas Ósseas/fisiopatologia , Modelos Biológicos , Animais , Cartilagem/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Simulação por Computador , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Periósteo/citologia , Engenharia Tecidual , Alicerces TeciduaisRESUMO
Blood cell production arises from the activity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), defined by their self-renewal capacity and ability to give rise to all mature blood cell types. The mouse remains one of the most studied species in hematological research, and markers to define and isolate mouse HSCs are well-established. Given the very low frequency of HSCs in the bone marrow, stem cell pre-enrichment by red blood cell lysis and magnetic cell separation is often performed as part of the isolation process to reduce sorting times. Several pre-enrichment strategies are available, differing in their speed, degree of enrichment, final cell yield, and cost. In the current study, we performed a side-by-side comparison and provide a decision tree to help researchers select a pre-enrichment strategy for mouse HSC isolation depending on their downstream application. We then compared different pre-enrichment techniques in combination with metabolomics analysis of HSCs, where speed, yield and temperature during pre-enrichment are crucial factors, and found that the choice of pre-enrichment strategy significantly impacts the number of metabolites detected and levels of individual metabolites in HSCs.
RESUMO
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal; however, the mechanism by which mitochondrial metabolism controls HSC fate remains unknown. Here, we show that within the hematopoietic lineage, HSCs have the largest mitochondrial NADPH pools, which are required for proper HSC cell fate and homeostasis. Bioinformatic analysis of the HSC transcriptome, biochemical assays, and genetic inactivation of FAO all indicate that FAO-generated NADPH fuels cholesterol synthesis in HSCs. Interference with FAO disturbs the segregation of mitochondrial NADPH toward corresponding daughter cells upon single HSC division. Importantly, we have found that the FAO-NADPH-cholesterol axis drives extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis and release in HSCs, while inhibition of EV signaling impairs HSC self-renewal. These data reveal the existence of a mitochondrial NADPH-cholesterol axis for EV biogenesis that is required for hematopoietic homeostasis and highlight the non-stochastic nature of HSC fate determination.
Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , NADP/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Autorrenovação CelularRESUMO
One of the key challenges in bone tissue engineering is the timely formation of blood vessels that promote the survival of the implanted cells in the construct. Fracture healing largely depends on the presence of an intact periosteum but it is still unknown whether periosteum-derived cells (PDC) are critical for bone repair only by promoting bone formation or also by inducing neovascularization. We first established a protocol to specifically isolate murine PDC (mPDC) from long bones of adult mice. Mesenchymal stem cells were abundantly present in this cell population as more than 50% of the mPDC expressed mesenchymal markers (CD73, CD90, CD105, and stem cell antigen-1) and the cells exhibited trilineage differentiation potential (chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic). When transplanted on a collagen-calcium phosphate scaffold in vivo, mPDC attracted numerous blood vessels and formed mature bone which comprises a hematopoiesis-supportive stroma. We explored the proangiogenic properties of mPDC using in vitro culture systems and showed that mPDC promote the survival and proliferation of endothelial cells through the production of vascular endothelial growth factor. Coimplantation with endothelial cells demonstrated that mPDC can enhance vasculogenesis by adapting a pericyte-like phenotype, in addition to their ability to stimulate blood vessel ingrowth from the host. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that periosteal cells contribute to fracture repair, not only through their strong osteogenic potential but also through their proangiogenic features and thus provide an ideal cell source for bone regeneration therapies.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/irrigação sanguínea , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/fisiologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Osteogênese , Periósteo/citologia , Animais , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Regeneração Óssea , Substitutos Ósseos , Osso e Ossos/citologia , Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Fosfatos de Cálcio , Diferenciação Celular , Hipóxia Celular , Separação Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Cocultura , Colágeno , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Masculino , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos Transgênicos , Cultura Primária de Células , Engenharia Tecidual , Alicerces Teciduais , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell production in adults and serves as the source of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that maintain bone homeostasis. The medullary microenvironment is also involved in malignancy, providing a fertile soil for the growth of blood cancers or solid tumors metastasizing to bone. The cellular composition of the bone marrow is highly complex, consisting of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, maturing blood cells, skeletal stem cells, osteoblasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, adipocytes, endothelial cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and nerve cells. Intercellular communication at different levels is essential to ensure proper skeletal and hematopoietic tissue function, but it is altered when malignant cells colonize the bone marrow niche. While communication often involves soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, as well as their respective cell-surface receptors, cells can also communicate by exchanging metabolic information. In this review, we discuss the importance of metabolic crosstalk between different cells in the bone marrow microenvironment, particularly concerning the malignant setting.
RESUMO
Barth syndrome is an inherited X-linked disorder that leads to cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and neutropenia. These symptoms result from the loss of function of the enzyme TAFAZZIN, a transacylase located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that is responsible for the final steps of cardiolipin production. The link between defective cardiolipin maturation and neutropenia remains unclear. To address potential mechanisms of neutropenia, we examined myeloid progenitor development within the fetal liver of TAFAZZIN knockout (KO) animals as well as within the adult bone marrow of wild-type recipients transplanted with TAFAZZIN-KO hematopoietic stem cells. We also used the ER-Hoxb8 system (estrogen receptor fused to Hoxb8) of conditional immortalization to establish a new murine model system for the ex vivo study of TAFAZZIN-deficient neutrophils. The TAFAZZIN-KO cells demonstrated the expected dramatic differences in cardiolipin maturation that result from a lack of TAFAZZIN enzyme activity. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not identify any significant differences in neutrophil development or neutrophil function across a variety of assays including phagocytosis and the production of cytokines or reactive oxygen species. However, transcriptomic analysis of the TAFAZZIN-deficient neutrophil progenitors demonstrated an upregulation of markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and confirmatory testing demonstrated that the TAFAZZIN-deficient cells had increased sensitivity to certain ER stress-mediated and non-ER stress-mediated triggers of apoptosis. Although the link between increased sensitivity to apoptosis and the variably penetrant neutropenia phenotype seen in some patients with Barth syndrome remains to be clarified, our studies and new model system set a foundation for further investigation.
Assuntos
Aciltransferases/metabolismo , Síndrome de Barth , Neutropenia , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Apoptose , Síndrome de Barth/genética , Cardiolipinas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Camundongos , Receptores de Estrogênio , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
A functional electron transport chain (ETC) is crucial for supporting bioenergetics and biosynthesis. Accordingly, ETC inhibition decreases proliferation in cancer cells but does not seem to impair stem cell proliferation. However, it remains unclear how stem cells metabolically adapt. In this study, we show that pharmacological inhibition of complex III of the ETC in skeletal stem and progenitor cells induces glycolysis side pathways and reroutes the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to regenerate NAD+ and preserve cell proliferation. These metabolic changes also culminate in increased succinate and 2-hydroxyglutarate levels that inhibit Ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA demethylase activity, thereby preserving self-renewal and multilineage potential. Mechanistically, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and reverse succinate dehydrogenase activity proved to be essential for the metabolic rewiring in response to ETC inhibition. Together, these data show that the metabolic plasticity of skeletal stem and progenitor cells allows them to bypass ETC blockade and preserve their self-renewal.
Assuntos
Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico , Mitocôndrias , Proliferação de Células , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , RespiraçãoRESUMO
The skeleton is diverse in its functions, which include mechanical support, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage and endocrine regulation. This multifaceted role is achieved through an interplay of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, bone marrow adipocytes and stromal cells, all generated from skeletal stem cells. Emerging evidence shows the importance of cellular metabolism in the molecular control of the skeletal system. The different skeletal cell types not only have distinct metabolic demands relating to their particular functions but also are affected by microenvironmental constraints. Specific metabolites control skeletal stem cell maintenance, direct lineage allocation and mediate cellular communication. Here, we discuss recent findings on the roles of cellular metabolism in determining skeletal stem cell fate, coordinating osteoblast and chondrocyte function, and organizing stromal support of haematopoiesis. We also consider metabolic dysregulation in skeletal ageing and degenerative diseases, and provide an outlook on how the field may evolve in the coming years.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas/fisiopatologia , Osso e Ossos/citologia , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea , Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/fisiopatologia , Comunicação Celular , Linhagem da Célula , Senescência Celular , Humanos , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
Once thought to be a mere consequence of the state of a cell, intermediary metabolism is now recognized as a key regulator of mammalian cell fate and function. In addition, cell metabolism is often disturbed in malignancies such as cancer, and targeting metabolic pathways can provide new therapeutic options. Cell metabolism is mostly studied in cell cultures in vitro, using techniques such as metabolomics, stable isotope tracing, and biochemical assays. Increasing evidence however shows that the metabolic profile of cells is highly dependent on the microenvironment, and metabolic vulnerabilities identified in vitro do not always translate to in vivo settings. Here, we provide a detailed protocol on how to perform in vivo stable isotope tracing in leukemia cells in mice, focusing on glutamine metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. This method allows studying the metabolic profile of leukemia cells in their native bone marrow niche.
RESUMO
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a high remission, high relapse fatal blood cancer. Although mTORC1 is a master regulator of cell proliferation and survival, its inhibitors have not performed well as AML treatments. To uncover the dynamics of mTORC1 activity in vivo, fluorescent probes are developed to track single cell proliferation, apoptosis and mTORC1 activity of AML cells in the bone marrow of live animals and to quantify these activities in the context of microanatomical localization and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. When chemotherapy drugs commonly used clinically are given to mice with AML, apoptosis is rapid, diffuse and not preferentially restricted to anatomic sites. Dynamic measurement of mTORC1 activity indicated a decline in mTORC1 activity with AML progression. However, at the time of maximal chemotherapy response, mTORC1 signaling is high and positively correlated with a leukemia stemness transcriptional profile. Cell barcoding reveals the induction of mTORC1 activity rather than selection of mTORC1 high cells and timed inhibition of mTORC1 improved the killing of AML cells. These data define the real-time dynamics of AML and the mTORC1 pathway in association with AML growth, response to and relapse after chemotherapy. They provide guidance for timed intervention with pathway-specific inhibitors.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Progressão da Doença , Regulação para Baixo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , Células NIH 3T3 , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Transcriptoma/genética , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Mitochondria have an independent genome (mtDNA) and protein synthesis machinery that coordinately activate for mitochondrial generation. Here, we report that the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate links metabolism to mitobiogenesis through binding to malic enzyme 2 (ME2). Mechanistically, fumarate binds ME2 with two complementary consequences. First, promoting the formation of ME2 dimers, which activate deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (DUT). DUT fosters thymidine generation and an increase of mtDNA. Second, fumarate-induced ME2 dimers abrogate ME2 monomer binding to mitochondrial ribosome protein L45, freeing it for mitoribosome assembly and mtDNA-encoded protein production. Methylation of the ME2-fumarate binding site by protein arginine methyltransferase-1 inhibits fumarate signaling to constrain mitobiogenesis. Notably, acute myeloid leukemia is highly dependent on mitochondrial function and is sensitive to targeting of the fumarate-ME2 axis. Therefore, mitobiogenesis can be manipulated in normal and malignant cells through ME2, an unanticipated governor of mitochondrial biomass production that senses nutrient availability through fumarate.
Assuntos
Fumaratos/metabolismo , Malato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Dimerização , Humanos , Leucemia/patologia , Leucemia/veterinária , Malato Desidrogenase/antagonistas & inibidores , Malato Desidrogenase/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Mitocôndrias/genética , Ligação Proteica , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/genética , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Pirofosfatases/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Ribossômicas/metabolismo , Timidina/metabolismoRESUMO
Cancer cells have differential metabolic dependencies compared to their nonmalignant counterparts. However, few metabolism-targeting compounds have been successful in clinical trials. Here, we investigated the metabolic vulnerabilities of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), particularly those metabolic perturbations that increased mitochondrial apoptotic priming and sensitivity to BH3 mimetics (drugs that antagonize antiapoptotic proteins). We used high-throughput dynamic BH3 profiling (HT-DBP) to screen a library of metabolism-perturbing small molecules, which revealed inhibitors of the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) as top candidates. In some TNBC cells but not in nonmalignant cells, NAMPT inhibitors increased overall apoptotic priming and induced dependencies on specific antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members. Treatment of TNBC cells with NAMPT inhibitors sensitized them to subsequent treatment with BH3 mimetics. The combination of a NAMPT inhibitor (FK866) and an MCL-1 antagonist (S63845) reduced tumor growth in a TNBC patient-derived xenograft model in vivo. We found that NAMPT inhibition reduced NAD+ concentrations below a critical threshold that resulted in depletion of adenine, which was the metabolic trigger that primed TNBC cells for apoptosis. These findings demonstrate a close interaction between metabolic and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways and reveal that exploitation of a tumor-specific metabolic vulnerability can sensitize some TNBC to BH3 mimetics.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Apoptose , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Mitocôndrias , Proteína de Sequência 1 de Leucemia de Células Mieloides , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2 , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The periosteum is critical for bone repair and contains skeletal stem cells (SSCs), but these cells are still poorly characterized. In the bone marrow, cells expressing the Nes-GFP transgene have been described to be SSCs. Here, we investigated whether Nes-GFP expression also typifies SSCs in the periosteum. We show that in adult mice, Nes-GFP cells are present in the periosteum and localize closely to blood vessels, but periosteal Nes-GFP cells express SSC and progenitor markers differently compared to Nes-GFP cells in the bone marrow. Periosteal Nes-GFP cells show in vitro clonogenicity and tri-lineage differentiation potential and they can form bone in vivo. Shortly after fracture, they start to proliferate and they contribute to the osteoblast pool during the repair process. However, periosteal Nes-GFP cells are not slow dividing nor self-renewing in vivo. These results indicate that in adult mice, periosteal Nes-GFP expressing cells are skeletal progenitors rather than true SSCs, and they participate in the fracture healing process.
Assuntos
Osteoblastos , Periósteo , Animais , Camundongos , Nestina/genética , Células-Tronco , TransgenesRESUMO
Cancer relapse begins when malignant cells pass through the extreme metabolic bottleneck of stress from chemotherapy and the byproducts of the massive cell death in the surrounding region. In acute myeloid leukemia, complete remissions are common, but few are cured. We tracked leukemia cells in vivo, defined the moment of maximal response following chemotherapy, captured persisting cells, and conducted unbiased metabolomics, revealing a metabolite profile distinct from the pre-chemo growth or post-chemo relapse phase. Persisting cells used glutamine in a distinctive manner, preferentially fueling pyrimidine and glutathione generation, but not the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. Notably, malignant cell pyrimidine synthesis also required aspartate provided by specific bone marrow stromal cells. Blunting glutamine metabolism or pyrimidine synthesis selected against residual leukemia-initiating cells and improved survival in leukemia mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. We propose that timed cell-intrinsic or niche-focused metabolic disruption can exploit a transient vulnerability and induce metabolic collapse in cancer cells to overcome chemoresistance.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Congênicos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos NODRESUMO
Tissue engineering holds great promise for bone regenerative medicine, but clinical translation remains challenging. An important factor is the low cell survival after implantation, primarily caused by the lack of functional vasculature at the bone defect. Interestingly, bone development and repair initiate predominantly via an avascular cartilage template, indicating that chondrocytes are adapted to limited vascularization. Given these advantageous properties of chondrocytes, we questioned whether tissue-engineered cartilage intermediates implanted ectopically in mice are able to form bone, even when the volume size increases. Here, we show that endochondral ossification proceeds efficiently when implant size is limited (≤30 mm3 ), but chondrogenesis and matrix synthesis are impaired in the center of larger implants, leading to a fibrotic core. Increasing the level of angiogenic growth factors does not improve this outcome, because this strategy enhances peripheral bone formation, but disrupts the conversion of cartilage into bone in the center, resulting in a fibrotic core, even in small implants. On the other hand, activation of hypoxia signaling in cells before implantation stimulates chondrogenesis and matrix production, which culminates in enhanced bone formation throughout the entire implant. Together, our results show that induction of angiogenesis alone may lead to adverse effects during endochondral bone repair, whereas activation of hypoxia signaling represents a superior therapeutic strategy to improve endochondral bone regeneration in large tissue-engineered implants. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.