How particle shape affects granular segregation in industrial and geophysical flows.

Industrial and environmental granular flows commonly exhibit a phenomenon known as "granular segregation," in which grains separate according to physical characteristics (size, shape, density), interfering with industrial applications (cement mixing, medicine, and food production) and fundamentally altering the behavior of geophysical flows (landslides, debris flows, pyroclastic flows, riverbeds). While size-induced segregation has been well studied, the role of grain shape has not. Here we conduct numerical experiments to investigate how grain shape affects granular segregation in dry and wet flows. To isolate the former, we compare dry, bidisperse mixtures of spheres alone with mixtures of spheres and cubes in a rotating drum. Results show that while segregation level generally increases with particle size ratio, the presence of cubes decreases segregation levels compared to cases with only spheres. Further, we find differences in the segregation level depending on which shape makes up each size class, reflecting differences in mobility when smaller grains are cubic or spherical. We find similar dynamics in simulations of a shear-driven coupled fluid-granular flow (e.g., a simulated riverbed), demonstrating that this phenomenon is not unique to rotating drums; however, in contrast to the dry system, we find that the segregation level increases in the presence of cubic grains, and fluid drag effects can qualitatively change segregation trends. Our findings demonstrate competing shape-induced segregation patterns in wet and dry flows that are independent from grain size controls, with implications for many industrial and geophysical processes.

Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) Consumption in Energy-Restricted Intervention Decreases Proinflammatory Markers and Intestinal Permeability of Women with Overweight/Obesity: A Controlled Trial (Brazilian Nuts Study).

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and increased intestinal permeability (IP). The Brazil nut (BN) (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) appears to be a promising dietary intervention to control inflammation by enhancing antioxidant defenses. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the effect of daily BN consumption on inflammatory biomarkers and IP in the context of an energy-restricted intervention. Furthermore, we evaluated the correlation between the changes in these inflammatory markers and the changes in serum selenium and IP. METHODS: In this 8-wk nonrandomized controlled trial, 56 women with overweight or obesity were allocated into 2 groups, both following an energy-restricted diet (-500 kcal/d). The control group (CO) consumed a nut-free diet, while the BN group consumed 8 g BN/d, providing 347.2 µg selenium (Se). Inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in plasma and Se in serum. IP was assessed using the lactulose/mannitol test (LM ratio). RESULTS: Forty-six women completed the intervention. Both groups achieved similar energy restriction (CO Δ= -253.7 ± 169.4 kcal/d; BN Δ= -265.8 ± 141.8 kcal/d) and weight loss (CO Δ= -2.5 ± 0.5 kg; BN Δ= -3.5 ± 0.5 kg). The BN group showed lower values of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)1-ß, IL-8, percentage lactulose excretion, and LM ratio than the CO group. Additionally, changes in serum Se concentration were predictive of changes in IL-8 concentration (ß: -0.054; adjusted R2: 0.100; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.100; -0.007; P = 0.025), and changes in IL-8 were predictive of changes in the LM ratio (ß: 0.006; adjusted R2: 0.101; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.011; P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Regular intake of BNs can be a promising complementary dietary strategy for controlling low-grade inflammation and improving IP in women with overweight/obesity undergoing energy-restricted treatment. However, the effects of BNs seem to be Se status-dependent. This trial was registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3ntxrm/.

Cosmetic application of the stem-bark extract of Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.

OBJECTIVE: The Amazon has a rich biodiversity where many different plant species can be found. This diversity is an important source of bioactive substances, mainly due to the different structural components of their phytometabolites. Research for natural products is a strategy for the development of new agents in therapeutic applications, especially cosmetic applications, that have better pharmacological potential. Within this perspective, the objective of the study was to investigate the cosmetic application (anti-aging potential) of the stem-bark extract of Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K - (SBEBE), popularly known as the Brazil nut tree, here called SBEBE, a noble plant species of the Amazon that is rich in selenium. METHODS: Enzymatic, glycation, proliferation, cell-healing, collagen quantification, toxicity and genotoxicity assays were used. RESULTS: Among the enzymes involved in the extracellular matrix of the skin, SBEBE was able to inhibit only elastase (62.67 ± 3.75) when compared to the standard sivelestat (89.04 ± 0.53), and the extract was also able to inhibit both the oxidative and the non-oxidative pathway. When cell toxicity in fibroblasts (MRC-5) and keratinocytes (HACAT) was evaluated, SBEBE did not present toxicity in 24 h of incubation. After this period, the extract showed average cytotoxicity in 48 and 72 h, but not enough to reach the concentration of 50% of MRC-5 fibroblasts. In the trypan blue assay, the extract promoted fibroblast proliferation in 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation, which was evaluated through exponential cell growth, with emphasis mainly on the lowest concentration with results higher than the standard. When the cell healing capacity was evaluated, in 48 h of exposure to fibroblast, SBEBE was able to induce a cell carpet (cell film) in the cell monolayer scratch assay. CONCLUSIONS: SBEBE stimulated collagen production at all concentrations tested. In the alkaline comet assay, at the lowest concentration, the extract did not induce DNA damage when compared to the reference drug doxorubicin. This study proved that SBEBE extract can be considered an ally in the treatment of skin anti-ageing as a possible biotechnological, phytocosmetic product.

OBJECTIF: L'Amazonie possède une riche biodiversité ou l'on trouve de nombreuses espèces végétales différentes. Cette diversité constitue une source importante de substances bioactives, principalement en raison des différents composants structurels de leurs phytométabolites. La recherche de produits naturels est une stratégie de développement de nouveaux agents à applications thérapeutiques, notamment cosmétiques, présentant un meilleur potentiel pharmacologique. Dans cette perspective, l'objectif de l'étude était d'étudier l'application cosmétique (potentiel anti-âge) de l'extrait d'écorce de tige de Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K - (SBEBE), communément connu sous le nom de noix du Brésil, ici appelé SBEBE, un arbre noble, espèce végétale d'Amazonie riche en sélénium. MÉTHODES: Des tests enzymatiques, de glycation, de prolifération, de guérison cellulaire, de quantification du collagène, de toxicité et de génotoxicité ont été utilisés. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les enzymes impliquées dans la matrice extracellulaire de la peau, le SBEBE était capable d'inhiber uniquement l'élastase (62,67 +- 3,75) par rapport au sivelestat standard (89,04 +- 0,53), et l'extrait était également capable d'inhiber à la fois la voie oxydative et non-oxydative. Lorsque la toxicité cellulaire dans les fibroblastes (MRC-5) et les kératinocytes (HACAT) a été évaluée, SBEBE n'a présenté aucune toxicité en 24 heures d'incubation. Après cette période, l'extrait a montré une cytotoxicité moyenne en 48 et 72 h, mais pas suffisamment pour atteindre la concentration de 50 % de fibroblastes MRC-5. Dans le test au bleu trypan, l'extrait a favorisé la prolifération des fibroblastes en 24, 48 et 72 heures d'incubation, qui a été évaluée par une croissance cellulaire exponentielle, en mettant l'accent principalement sur la concentration la plus faible avec des résultats supérieurs à la norme. Lorsque la capacité de guérison cellulaire a été évaluée, en 48 heures d'exposition aux fibroblastes, SBEBE a pu induire un tapis cellulaire (film cellulaire) dans le test de grattage de la monocouche cellulaire. CONCLUSIONS: SBEBE a stimulé la production de collagène à toutes les concentrations testées. Dans le test alcalin des comètes, à la concentration la plus faible, l'extrait n'a pas induit de dommages à l'ADN par rapport au médicament de référence, la doxorubicine. Cette étude a prouvé que l'extrait de SBEBE peut être considéré comme un allié dans le traitement anti-âge cutané en tant que possible produit biotechnologique et phytocosmétique.

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) and Brazil nut oil: effects on oxidative stress and potential therapeutic health benefits from human, animal, and cell culture models.

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) is characterized by its high nutritional and energetic value. It contains high levels of l-arginine, antioxidant vitamins, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols. In addition to their biological functions, bioactive compounds and essential fatty acids present therapeutic effects on chronic disease prevention through their antioxidant effects. Thus, this review aims to present the most recent scientific evidence on the effect of Brazil nut on human health. A search for scientific articles was carried out through the MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Direct, and LILACS databases, considering articles published between the years 2010 and 2023. The results showed that Brazil nuts and Brazil nut oil, when consumed regularly and associated with a balanced diet, can improve lipid profile, attenuate inflammatory response, and improve oxidative stress through increased activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, further studies are recommended to better understand the mechanisms of action.

A Healthy Brazil Nut Beverage with Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Green Extract: Beverage Stability and Changes in Bioactives and Antioxidant Activity during Cold Storage.

Plant-based beverages are one of the foods that currently arouse a lot of interest in the population due to their composition with compounds beneficial to health in addition to their being used as milk substitutes for people who suffer from food disorders. Also, their fortification with different nutrients or healthy ingredients with the aim of improving plant-based health potential is actually gaining importance in the food industry. For this reason, the aim of the present investigation was the preparation of a healthy Brazil nut beverage enriched with Opuntia stricta var. dillenii pulp green extracts (ODPs), in order to produce a healthy plant-based beverage with improved nutritional characteristics. The microstructural characterization of the Brazil nut beverage, its stability during cold storage for up to 24 days at 5 °C, the composition of bioactive compounds provided via ODP extract (betalains and phenolic compounds), and their antioxidant activity were evaluated in this study. Green ODP extracts (0.5 and 1 g/100 g beverage) were added to a standardized Brazil nut beverage (reduced fat beverage). The characterization of the bioactive composition (betalains and phenolic compounds) of the elaborated beverage was achieved via HPLC (UV-vis and MS-QT of detection), and the antioxidant activity measurements via ORAC were also carried out. Optical microscopy, particle size, and Z potential analysis was conducted to characterize the structure of the Brazil nut beverages as food emulsions in which ODP extract was added. Most of the bioactive compounds from the green ODP extract added to the beverages showed good retention and remained stable throughout the 24 days of storage at 7 °C, with encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 98.34% to 92.35% for betalains and from 93.67% and 81.20% for phenolic compounds. According to the results of this study, Brazil nut beverage seems to be a healthy and efficient food emulsion system to encapsulate ODP extract rich in betalains and phenolic compounds, with high antioxidant activity, making possible the development of a Brazil nut beverage with improved health potential.

Brazil nuts potential: effects on lipid peroxidation and heart health in nephrectomized rats.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of a Brazil nut-enriched diet on the wall thickness and the left ventricular chamber diameter of the heart, and lipid peroxidation in a CKD-induced model. METHODS: Male Wistar rats at 12 weeks of age were divided into two groups (n=16/group): the Nx group, which underwent 5/6 nephrectomy, and the Sham group, as a control. After 5 weeks, the groups were subdivided according to diet (n=8/group): the Nx and Sham groups received a control diet; the Nx5% and Sham5% groups received a diet enriched with 5 % Brazil nuts for 8 weeks. The left ventricular thickening and chamber diameter were determined. Plasma biochemical parameters were evaluated. Analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant enzyme activity was performed in the plasma and the left ventricle (LV). LV mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The Nx5% group showed a remodeled LV wall with decreased thickness compared to the Nx group (p=0.016). Furthermore, LV TBARS concentration was reduced in the Nx5% group (p=0.0064). In addition, the Nx5% group showed an increase in plasma GPx activity (p=0.0431). No significant results were found concerning the LV mRNA expression of NF-κB and Nrf2 genes. CONCLUSIONS: A Brazil nut-enriched diet decreased LV thickness and LV TBARS concentration and increased GPx activity in a 5/6 nephrectomy experimental model, making it a promising adjuvant therapy to improve antioxidant status and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease.

Brazil nut-enriched diet modulates bone mineral density and body composition in an experimental model of chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effects of a Brazil nut-enriched diet on body composition and bone parameters in CKD animal model. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were assigned to the following groups: Sham (n=8), Nx (n=6), nephrectomized rats, and NxBN (n=6), nephrectomized rats and an enricheddiet with 5% Brazil nut. Body composition parameters were obtained by dual-energy X- ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bioclin kits determined plasmatic calcium. The femurs werecollected to determine absolute mass and length, bone mineral density, and biomechanical tests. RESULTS: The NxBN group exhibited a higher total body bone mineral density (BMD) value than the Nx group (0.177±0.004g/cm2vs 0,169±0.003g/cm2; p=0.0397). No significant differences were observed regarding absolute mass, length, BMD, and biomechanical parameters in the femurs of the groups. Moreover, no significant differences were found in plasmatic calcium levels among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Brazil-nut enriched diet modulated BMD in CKD experimental model, and further studies are demanded to understand the pathways involved in this finding.

Supplementation of the maternal diet with Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) prevents cognitive impairment in the offspring of obese mothers.

Maternal obesity may trigger long-term neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. Considering the benefits of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), a rich source of nutrients such as selenium, this study aimed to evaluate its effect on the behavior of obese rat offspring and its relationship with oxidative stress. From 60 days of age until weaning, female Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet (mHF) or an HF diet supplemented with 5% Brazil nut (mHF/BN), while control mothers (mCTL) were fed a standard diet or a standard diet supplemented with 5% Brazil nut (mBN). Male pups received a standard diet throughout life and, at 30 and 90 days old, were subjected to behavioral tasks to evaluate anxiety and cognition. Biochemical evaluations were performed at 90 days of age. No alterations were observed in the anxiety behavior of the offspring. However, the offspring of the mHF group (oHF) exhibited impaired short-term memory at 30 and 90 days of age and impaired long-term memory at 30 days. Short-term memory impairment was prevented by Brazil nuts in young rats (30 days). While the serum selenium concentration was reduced in the oHF group, the serum catalase concentration was reduced in all groups, without changes in lipid peroxidation or protein carbonylation. Brazil nut maternal diet supplementation prevented short- and long-term cognitive impairment in the offspring, which may be related to the selenium levels.

Consumo de Castanha-do-Brasil reduz o N-óxido de trimetilamina (TMAO) e a inflamação em um paciente com síndrome cardiorrenal: uma comunicação breve / Brazil nut consumption reduces trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO) and inflammation in a patient with cardiorenal syndrome: a brief communication

Introdução: A disbiose intestinal é uma característica comum na síndrome cardiorrenal e está associada ao aumento de toxinas urêmicas, como o N-óxido de trimetilamina (TMAO), que estão envolvidas com a inflamação e mortalidade cardiovascular. A castanha-do-Brasil (semente típica brasileira) possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes, mas não há evidências dos seus efeitos na modulação da microbiota intestinal e redução de toxinas urêmicas. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do consumo de castanha-do-Brasil nos níveis de TMAO e marcadores de inflamação em um paciente com síndrome cardiorrenal. Métodos: Um paciente com doença arterial coronariana (66 anos e IMC, 26 kg/m2), estágio 3 da DRC (TFGe 36 mL/min), recebeu uma castanha-do-Brasil por dia durante três meses. Resultados: Os níveis plasmáticos de TMAO e a expressão de mRNA de NF-κB foram reduzidos e a atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) aumentou após esta intervenção. Conclusão: A prescrição de castanha-do-Brasil pode ser uma estratégia promissora para mitigar as complicações relacionadas à síndrome cardiorrenal. Este caso apoia o conceito de "alimento como remédio" visando o fenótipo urêmico na síndrome cardiorrenal.

Introduction: Gut dysbiosis is a common feature in cardiorenal syndrome, and it is linked to increased uremic toxins, like trimethylamine-n-oxide (TMAO), which are involved with inflammation and cardiovascular mortality. Brazil nut (typical Brazilian seed) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but there is no evidence of the effects of gut microbiota modulation and reduction of uremic toxins. Objective: To assess the impact of Brazil nut consumption on TMAO levels and inflammation markers in a patient with cardiorenal syndrome. Methods: Acoronary artery disease patient(66 years and BMI, 26 kg/m2),stage-3 of CKD (eGFR 36 mL/min), receivedone Brazil nut per day for three months. Results: TMAO plasma levels and NF-κB mRNA expression were reduced, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased after this intervention. Conclusion: Brazil nut prescription may be a promising strategy to mitigate complications related tothe cardiorenal syndrome. This case supports the concept of "Food as medicine" targeting the uremic phenotype in cardiorenal syndrome.

Growth and functional leaf traits of coppice regrowth of Bertholletia excelsa during an El Niño event in the central Amazon / Crescimento e características funcionais foliares de rebrotas de Bertholletia excelsa durante um evento de El Niño na Amazônia Central

The most severe drought of this century in the Amazon rainforest, which was caused by El Niño, occurred from 2015 to 2016. With a focus on the ecophysiology of the regrowth of the Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excelsa, it was investigated how the progression of the drought of 2015-2016 affected the physiological traits of the coppice regrowth of B. excelsa. The experiment was carried out in a ten-year-old plantation of Brazil nut trees, which had been subjected to thinning and coppice regrowth two years earlier. In the sprouts grown on the stumps of cut trees, the following treatments were applied: (T1) thinning to one sprout per stump; (T2) thinning to two sprouts per stump, and (T3) maintenance of three sprouts per stump. Thinning treatments did not alter the growth and ecophysiological traits of the Brazil nut tree sprouts, though the phosphorus content of the leaves was higher in T1. However, the progression of the drought in 2015-2016 negatively affected the growth (height) and gas exchange of sprouts of all treatments. In addition, an increase of around 37% was observed in the intrinsic wateruse efficiency. Concerning photochemical performance, no alterations were observed. Therefore, drought stress promoted a negative effect on sprout growth and affected traits related to the photosynthesis of the B. excelsa sprouts independently of the number of sprouts per stump.(AU)

A seca mais severa deste século na floresta amazônica, causada por El Niño, ocorreu de 2015 a 2016. Com foco na ecofisiologia da rebrota da castanheira da Amazônia, foi investigado como a progressão da seca de 2015-2016 afetou as características fisiológicas das rebrotas de uma talhadia de B. excelsa. O experimento foi realizado em uma plantação de castanheiras com dez anos, a qual havia sido submetida a um desbaste e rebrota de talhadia dois anos antes. Nas rebrotas crescidas sobre os tocos das árvores cortadas foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: (T1) desbrota para manter um broto por cepa; (T2) desbrota para manter dois brotos por cepa; e (T3) manutenção de três brotos por cepa. Os tratamentos de desbrota não alteraram o crescimento e as características ecofisiológicas dos brotos da castanheira, exceto para o teor foliar de fósforo, que foi maior em T1. Porém, a progressão da seca em 2015-2016 afetou negativamente o crescimento em altura e as trocas gasosas dos brotos de todos os tratamentos. Além disso, foi observado um aumento de cerca de 37% na eficiência intrínseca do uso da água. Quanto ao desempenho fotoquímico, não foram observadas alterações. Portanto, o estresse hídrico promoveu efeito negativo no crescimento da brotação e afetou características relacionadas à fotossíntese das brotações de B. excelsa, independentemente do número de brotações por cepa.(AU)

Preparing multicomponent snack bars based on tapioca flour, Brazil nut, and regional fruits / Preparación de barras multicomponentes a base de harina de tapioca, castaña de brasil y frutos regionales

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and assess the physicochemical, sensory parameters, and shelf life estimation of multicomponent snack bars based on tapioca flour, Brazil nut, and açaí or cupuassu pulp. The physicochemical composition of açaí- and cupuassu-flavored snack bars had, respectively, 0.92 and 0.99% ash, 19.22 and 17.02% lipids, 3.02 and 3.03% protein, 1.06 and 1.69% fiber, and 448 and 436 kcal/100 g energy value. The shear stress test showed the consumer needs to bite more strongly to break the açaí-flavored bar. The opposite was observed in the hardness test, in which the bite compression force during mastication was greater for the cupuassu-flavored bar. The bars had water activity below 0.6, which denotes microbiological stability. The sensory analysis ranked the bars between "liked slightly" and "liked very much," which was confirmed by the acceptability index above 75% for all attributes assessed. According to the results a significant increase in water activity over storage was observed suggest the packaging used in the tests did not present a satisfactory barrier to water vapor permeability. Only water activity was used to estimate shelf life, which was determined as 58 days and 49 days for the açaí- and cupuassu-flavored bars, respectively. Thus, the snack bars represent an alternative for athletes as well as individuals with celiac disease since they are gluten free.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar y evaluar los parámetros físicos, físico-químicos, microbiológicos, sensoriales y la vida útil en estante de barras a base de harina de tapioca, castaña de Brasil y pulpa de açaí o cupuaçu. En cuanto a la composición físico-química, las barras multicomponentes sabor açaí y cupuaçu presentaron, respectivamente, 0,92 y 0,99% de cenizas, 19,22 y 17,02% de lípidos, 3,02 y 3,03% proteínas, 1,06 y 1,69% de fibras y 448 y 436 kcal/100g de valor energético. La prueba de cizallamiento y dureza mostraron que el consumidor necesita una fuerza de mordida mayor para romper la barra sabor açaí. El comportamiento contrario fue observado en la prueba de dureza donde la fuerza de compresión de la mordida, durante la masticación, fue mayor en la barra sabor cupuaçu. Para el análisis sensorial se observó que las barras evaluadas recibieron notas situadas entre las categorías "me gustó ligeramente" y "me gustó mucho", resultado comprobado por el índice de aceptabilidad con valores superiores al 75% para todos los atributos evaluados. De acuerdo con los resultados, se observó un aumento significativo en la actividad de agua durante el almacenamiento, lo que sugiere que el embalaje utilizado en las pruebas no presentó una barrera satisfactoria para la permeabilidad al vapor de agua. Para la estimación de vida de estante sólo la actividad de agua fue utilizada para los cálculos, siendo el tiempo de vida de estante determinado en 58 días para la barra sabor açaí y 49 días para la barra sabor cupuaçu. Así, las barras multicomponentes elaboradas representam una alternativa para atletas, así como para portadores de la enfermedad celíaca, visto la ausencia de gluten en su composición.

Elaboration and characterization of snack bars made with ingredients from the Amazon / Elaboração e caracterização de barras de cereais à base de ingredientes da Amazônia

ABSTRACT Snack bars were launched on the market as an alternative for people seeking healthier food options. They are popular portable snacks commonly eaten between meals. This study aimed to develop snack bars made with tapioca flour, Brazil nut and native fruit pulps (açaí, cupuaçu, muruci and taperebá) as well as to assess their physical, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes. The preferred concentration of fruit pulp was 10% in the açaí bar, and 15% in the cupuaçu, muruci and taperebá bars. The acceptance rate of the açaí bars was greater than 70% for the attributes appearance, color, texture, and overall impression, but was lower for flavour. This result may be related to the eating habits of some panelists, who eat açaí pulp without adding any other ingredients that can impart the unique flavour of the fruit. The cupuaçu and muruci snack bars had higher sensory acceptance than the açaí and taperebá bars; therefore, they are more likely to have better market prospects.

RESUMO Como uma alternativa para as pessoas que procuram opções para uma alimentação saudável, as barras de cereais foram lançadas no mercado. Elas são populares como alimentos portáteis e podem ser consumidas entre as refeições. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e determinar as variáveis físicas, físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais de barras de cereais à base de farinha de tapioca, castanha-do-brasil e polpas de frutas regionais (açaí, cupuaçu, muruci e taperebá). A concentração preferida de polpa na barra sabor açaí foi de 10% e nas barras sabor cupuaçu, muruci e taperebá de 15%. O índice de aceitação da barra sabor açaí foi superior a 70% nos atributos aparência, cor, textura e impressão global e inferior no sabor. Este comportamento pode estar relacionado à cultura de alguns provadores, os quais têm o hábito de consumir a polpa de açaí sem adição de qualquer outro ingrediente que possa mascarar o sabor intrínseco e peculiar do fruto. As barras sabor cupuaçu e muruci, por apresentarem maior aceitação sensorial, quando comparadas às barras sabor açaí e taperebá, têm melhores perspectivas de mercado caso sejam comercializadas.

Efeito do consumo de castanhas-do-brasil (Bertholettia excelsa H.B.K. ) sobre os biomarcadores inflamatórios e o estado nutricional relativo ao selênio de mulheres obesas / Effect of Brazil nut (Bertholettia excelsa H.B.K. ) consumption on inflammatory biomarkers and nutritional status of selenium in obese women

A inflamação e o estresse oxidativo são processos que ocorrem simultaneamente na obesidade e contribuem para o aumento da síntese de mediadores inflamatórios e de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio. O mineral selênio (Se), cuja principal fonte alimentar é a castanha-do-brasil, possui propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias. Considerando a importância do processo inflamatório na obesidade e o potencial papel do Se como anti-inflamatório por meio da atuação de selenoproteínas, o estudo da influência deste micronutriente neste contexto é de grande relevância. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo da castanha-do-brasil sobre os biomarcadores inflamatórios e o estado nutricional relativo ao Se de mulheres obesas. No total, foram recrutadas 72 participantes alocadas randomicamente no grupo que consumiu a castanha-dobrasil (BN) ou no grupo controle (CO) e, acompanhadas por um período de 2 meses. O grupo BN consumiu 1 unidade de castanha-do-brasil (~409,5 µg/Se) por dia e o grupo CO não recebeu nenhum tipo de intervenção. Antes e após o período da intervenção, foram realizadas as avaliações antropométrica e do consumo alimentar, e dos parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados ao Se, estresse oxidativo, perfil lipídico e biomarcadores inflamatórios. Completaram o estudo 29 participantes do grupo BN e 26 do grupo CO com idade média de 40,3 (9,0) e 39,4 (9,5) anos (p=0,714), respectivamente. No baseline do estudo, observou-se que a população estudada não apresentava deficiência de Se. No grupo BN, verificou-se um aumento de todos biomarcadores de Se avaliados. Após 8 semanas de intervenção, um aumento significativo foi observado na expressão gênica de diversos parâmetros pró-inflamatórios no grupo BN (IL-6, TNF-α, TLR2 e TLR4). Apesar de não ter havido mudanças nas concentrações plasmáticas referentes a estes parâmetros, o aumento significativo da expressão gênica pode ser um indicativo de estímulo pró-inflamatório induzido pelo consumo da castanha-do-brasil com altas concentrações de Se

Inflammation and oxidative stress are processes that occur simultaneously in obesity and contribute to an increase in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The mineral selenium (Se), whose main food source is the Brazil nut, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Considering the importance of the inflammatory process in obesity and the potential role of Se as an anti-inflammatory by means of selenoproteins, the study of the influence of this micronutrient in this context is of great relevance. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brazil nut intake on inflammatory biomarkers and nutritional status of Se in obese women. In total, 72 participants randomly assigned to Brazil nut group (BN) or control group (CO) were recruited and followed up for 2 months. The BN group consumed 1 unit of Brazil nut (~ 409.5 µg/Se) per day and the CO group did not received any intervention. On baseline and after two months of follow-up, the evaluation of anthropometry and food consumption, and of the biochemical parameters related to Se, oxidative stress, lipid profile and inflammatory biomarkers were performed. Twenty-nine participants of BN group and twenty-six of the CO group completed the trial, with a mean age of 40.3 (9.0) and 39.4 (9.5) years (p= 0.714), respectively. At the baseline of the study, it was observed that this population did not present Se deficiency. In BN group, there was an increase in all Se biomarkers evaluated. After 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase was observed in gene expression of several pro-inflammatory parameters in BN group (IL-6, TNF-α, TLR2 and TLR4). Although there have been no changes in plasma concentrations related to these parameters, a significant increase in gene expression may be an indicative of a pro-inflammatory stimulus induced by the intake of Brazil nuts with high Se concentrations

Expressão de microRNA circulantes em mulheres com excesso de peso suplementadas com castanha-do-brasil / Expression of circulating microRNAs in overweight and obese women supplemented with Brazil nut

O aumento excessivo de peso corporal acompanhado do acúmulo de gordura visceral eleva o risco de morbidade por hipertensão, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doença cardiovascular (DCV). O estresse oxidativo e a inflamação desempenham papel etiológico nestas comorbidades. Neste contexto, os microRNA (miRNA) atuam na regulação pós-transcricional no intuito de manter a homeostase celular sob condições de estresse fisiológico. A expressão de miRNA pode ser modulada por nutrientes e compostos bioativos provenientes da alimentação, atuando sobre processos inflamatórios, reduzindo o risco e/ou atenuando a progressão das DCV. A castanha-do-brasil é a maior fonte alimentar de selênio, sendo considerada um alimento com potencial função antioxidante podendo ser utilizado em pacientes com elevado risco cardiovascular. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a expressão de microRNA circulantes em mulheres com excesso de peso antes e após o consumo da castanha-do-brasil. Para isso, foram selecionadas 72 mulheres com excesso de peso que frequentam o serviço de endocrinologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). As participantes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo intervenção (grupo Brazil Nut - BN), que consumiu uma unidade de castanha-do-brasil durante 60 dias, e grupo controle (CO), que não recebeu intervenção durante o mesmo período. Ao início e ao final da intervenção foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e coleta de sangue. Foram incluídas no estudo 54 participantes: 29 do grupo BN e 25 do grupo CO. Nenhuma das variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas apresentou variação significativa entre os grupos durante o período de intervenção. Conforme esperado, apenas o grupo BN apresentou um aumento significativo do selênio plasmático e eritrocitário durante o período de intervenção (> 200%; P<0,001). Foram avaliados 25 miRNA plasmáticos antes e após a intervenção. Dois miRNA (miR-454-3p e miR-584-5p) apresentaram aumento significativo (fold change maior que 2,2; P<0,05) após a ingestão de castanha-do-brasil. A análise dos seus possíveis alvos pelo software Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®, Qiagen) apontou que ambos estão relacionados com a via de ativação do VDR/RXR, podendo apresentar efeitos sobre a homeostase do cálcio, regulação do crescimento e função imune. O miR-454-3p apresentou, ainda, correlação positiva com a variação do selênio plasmático (r=0,432; P=0,005) e diversos miRNA apesentaram correlação significativa com parâmetros relacionados à síndrome metabólica e à resistência à insulina. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que o consumo da castanha-do-brasil por 60 dias é capaz de modular a expressão de miRNA circulantes em mulheres com excesso de peso, particularmente do miR-454-3p e do miR-584-5p, podendo estes serem utilizados como possíveis biomarcadores de ingestão e auxiliar, ainda, no entendimento dos mecanismos pelos quais o selênio exerce seu efeito na saúde dessa população

Excessive body weight gain accompanied by visceral fat accumulation raises the morbidity risk due to hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Oxidative stress and inflammation play etiological role in these comorbidities. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) act in post-transcriptional regulation in order to maintain cellular homeostasis under physiological stress. MicroRNAs expression can be modulated by nutrients and bioactive compounds from the diet, acting on inflammatory processes, reducing the risk and/or attenuating the progression of CVD. Brazil nut is the major food source of selenium, being considered a food with potential antioxidant function to be used in patients with high cardiovascular risk. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the expression of circulating miRNAs in overweight and obese women before and after Brazil nuts intake. Thus, we selected 72 overweight and obese women recruited at Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism from the Clinical Hospital (School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil). Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: intervention group (Brazil Nut - BN group), which consumed one Brazil nut for 60 days, and control group (CO), which received no intervention during the same period. At the baseline and at the end of the intervention were performed anthropometric assessments and blood collection. The study included 54 participants: 29 from the BN group and 25 from the CO group. None of the anthropometric and biochemical variables presented significant variation between the groups during the intervention period. As expected, only the BN group showed a significant increase in plasma and erythrocyte selenium during the intervention period (> 200%; P<0.001). We evaluated 25 circulating miRNAs before and after the intervention. Two miRNAs (miR-454-3p and miR-584-5p) presented a significant increase (fold change greater than 2.2; P <0.05) after Brazil nuts intake. The analysis of potential targets by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA®, Qiagen) indicated that both are related to the VDR/RXR activation pathway, and may have effects on calcium homeostasis, growth regulation and immune function. Furthermore, miR-454-3p presented a positive correlation with plasma selenium (r = 0.432, P = 0.005) and several miRNAs showed a significant correlation with parameters related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Thus, we conclude that Brazil nut inatke for 60 days is capable of modulating circulating miRNAs in overweight and obese women, particularly miR-454-3p and miR-584-5p, and these may be used as possible biomarkers of intake and help to understand the mechanisms by which selenium exerts its effect on health of this population

Estudo das potencialidades da castanha-do-brasil: produtos e subprodutos / Study of Brazil nut potential: products and by-products

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o potencial de produtos e subprodutos da castanha-do-brasil, focou-se primariamente em sua forma in natura, em seguida no óleo extraído desse fruto e seu respectivo subproduto convertido em farinha. Inicialmente apresenta-se uma breve revisão de literatura vislumbrando aspectos relevantes a investigações, com respeito aos potenciais dessas oleaginosas. Em seguida foca-se a avaliação microbiológica, de micotoxinas e a caracterização em macro e micronutrientes dessa amêndoa. Após isso, apresenta-se um estudo sobre as formas de extrações lipídicas, avaliando as características físico-químicas, colorimétricas e perfis de ácidos graxos dos óleos obtidos, analisando seu comportamento térmico, sua estabilidade oxidativa e o perfil espectroscópico, correlacionando as diferenças impostas ao material de acordo com o método de extração. Posteriormente, aborda-se o estudo do subproduto da extração lipídica e sua transformação em farinha, por meio de análises de composição física; físico-químicas; propriedades funcionais e tecnológicas; análises de minerais e a composição em aminoácidos. O estudo inicial confirmou a potencialidade da castanha-do-brasil nos mais diversos segmentos industriais e suas inúmeras possibilidades de pesquisas. Os dados relacionados à composição desse fruto coadunam com as pesquisas que relatam sua alta qualidade nutricional e funcional. Com relação à extração lipídica foi possível observar que a forma de extração com utilização de fluido supercrítico com dióxido de carbono (CO2) apresentou o melhor rendimento e manutenção da qualidade do material extraído. As comparações dos eventos termogravimétricos e diferenciais em diferentes atmosferas mostraram maior estabilidade térmica nos óleos extraídos com fluidos supercríticos (CO2). A avaliação acelerada da estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos via análise por Rancimat em comparação com o DSC evidenciam diferenças entre aos métodos de avaliação e entre as formas de...

The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of products and by-products of Brazil nut focusing primarily on the in natura fruit, followed by the oil extracted from this fruit and the resulting by-product that is converted into flour. Firstly, a brief literature review of published relevant information on the potential of this oilseed is presented. Next, the microbiological evaluation for the presence of mycotoxins and the characterization of macro- and micronutrients of this kernel are performed. Then, a study on lipid extractions is presented evaluating the physicochemical and colorimetric characteristics and the fatty acid profiles of the oils obtained analyzing their thermal behavior, oxidative stability, and spectroscopic profile and correlating the differences in the materials according to the method of extraction. Lastly, the by-product obtained from the lipid extraction and processing into flour is evaluated through the analysis of physical composition and physicochemical, functional, and technological properties as well as the analysis of minerals and amino acid composition. The preliminary study confirmed the potential use of Brazil nut in many different industries and its many possibilities for research. The data obtained from the analysis of this fruit composition are consistent with those of studies reporting its high nutritional and functional quality. With regard to the extraction of lipids, it was observed that the extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) showed the best performance maintaining the quality of the extracted material. The comparison of the thermogravimetric and differential events under different atmospheres showed higher thermal stability for the oils extracted with supercritical fluids (CO2). The evaluation of the accelerated oxidative stability of the oils by Rancimat analysis compared to DSC showed differences between the methods of evaluation and different types of oil extraction. The evaluation...

Efeitos da suplementação com castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K. ) sobre o estresse oxidativo em mulheres obesas e sua relação com o polimorfismo Pro198Leu no gene da glutationa peroxidase 1 / Effects of the supplementation with Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K. ) on the oxidative stress in obese women and its relation with the Pro198Leu polimorphism in the glutathione peroxidase 1 gene

Indivíduos obesos apresentam níveis elevados de estresse oxidativo quando comparados com controles de peso eutrófico. Isto pode ser atribuído a uma série de fatores, com destaque para a ingestão reduzida de substâncias antioxidantes. Outro aspecto a ser considerado é a presença de polimorfismos em genes que codificam para enzimas antioxidantes, como é o caso do Pro198Leu no gene da enzima glutationa peroxidase 1 (GPx 1). Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar as relações entre obesidade, marcadores de estresse oxidativo e o polimorfismo Pro198Leu no gene da GPx1, além de verificar as respostas destes parâmetros à ingestão de castanhas-do-brasil como fonte de selênio (Se). Participaram do estudo 37 mulheres em idade reprodutiva, que não apresentavam diabetes mellitus, doenças da tireóide; não ingeriam suplementos de minerais e vitaminas, medicamentos para redução de peso ou hipolipemiantes, e não eram tabagistas. Foram utilizados os seguintes marcadores bioquímicos: concentrações de Se plasmático, eritrocitário e nas unhas; atividade eritrocitária total da GPx; concentrações urinárias de 8-isoprostanos; concentrações plasmática de TBARS; avaliação de danos em DNA; perfil lipídico sérico; além da determinação dos genótipos relativos àquele polimorfismo. Cada unidade de castanha forneceu, em média, 290 µg do mineral. Na fase pré-suplementação, 100 por cento das pacientes estavam deficientes em Se. As concentrações eritrocitárias (60,5±22,6 x 205,9±42,0 µg/L; p=0.000) e plasmáticas (55,7±13,3 x 132,5±34,9 µg/L; p=0.000) deste mineral aumentaram significativamente na fase pós-suplementação. O mesmo perfil foi observado para a atividade eritrocitária total de GPx (36,6±17,1 x 53,6±20,4 U/gHb; p=0.000) e para as concentrações plasmáticas de TBARS (5,0±3,7 x 7,6±3,3 µmol/L; p=0.000)...

Obese subjects present high oxidative stress levels when compared to those with normal weight. This characteristic can be attributed to several factors, mainly the low intake of antioxidant compounds. Another aspect to be taken into account is the presence of polimorphisms in genes of antioxidant enzymes, such as the Pro198Leu in the glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) gene. The objectives of this work were to study the relations among obesity, oxidative stress markers, and the GPx1 Pro198Leu polymorphism, and to verify the responses of these parameters to the intake of Brazil nuts as a selenium (Se) source. Thirty seven women in reproductive age have participated in the study. They did not present diabetes mellitus, thyroid diseases, intake of vitamins and minerals supplements, medicines for weight loss or for cholesterol levels management, and smoking habit. The following biochemical markers were determined: plasma, erythrocyte and nails Se concentrations; total erythrocyte GPx activity, urine 8-isoprostanes concentration; plasma TBARS concentration; DNA damage; serum lipid profile; and genotyping of the polymorphism. Each unit of Brazil nut was estimated to provide ≈ 290 µg of Se. In the pre-supplementation phase, 100 percent of the subjects presented Se deficiency. The erythrocyte (60.5±22.6 x 205.9±42.0 µg/L; p=0.000) and plasma (55.7±13.3 x 132.5±34.9 µg/L; p=0.000) concentrations of this mineral had presented a significant raise in the post-supplementation phase. The same profile was observed for the GPx activity (36.6±17.1 x 53.6±20.4 U/gHb; p=0.000) and for the plasma TBARS (5.0±3.7 x 7.6±3.3 µmol/L; p=0.000) concentrations. There were no significant changes in the urinary 8-isoprostanes (25.1±14.2 x 21.8±15.6 ng/mmol creat.) concentration. The same pattern was observed in relation to the DNA damage levels (77.3±21.6 x 72.2±28.1 µm)...