Access to and acceptability of sexual and reproductive health, harm reduction and other essential health services among people who inject drugs in Durban, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk of HIV acquisition. The number of PWID in South African cities is increasing, and in spite of an advanced HIV prevention and treatment programme, there are PWID who experience challenges accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and HIV related services. Access to and acceptability of SRH and harm reduction services by PWID needs to be further understood and explored. METHODS: In-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with 10 key stakeholders and 11 PWID, in Durban, South Africa. Interviews were transcribed and translated. Data were thematically analysed using Dedoose software. RESULTS: Participants described stigma/discrimination from healthcare workers and other clients accessing services as barriers to accessing healthcare services. They were concerned about long waiting times at healthcare facilities because of possibilities of withdrawal, as well as lost opportunities to "hustle". Targeted, non-discriminatory services, as well as mobile clinics existed in the city. Non-governmental organisations reportedly worked together with the public sector, facilitating access to HIV and TB prevention and treatment services. There were also needle exchange programmes and a harm reduction clinic in the city. However, there was limited access to contraceptive and STI services. Although there was reportedly good access to HIV and TB and harm reduction services in the city of Durban, uptake was low. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of services to enable PWID to access different services under one roof is critical. There is also a need to strengthen linkages between public and private healthcare, and ensure services are provided in a non-discriminatory environment. This will facilitate uptake and access to more comprehensive SRH and harm reduction services for PWID in Durban, South Africa.

Access to maternal health services for Indigenous women in low- and middle-income countries: an updated integrative review of the literature from 2018 to 2023.

INTRODUCTION: Ninety-seven per cent of Indigenous Peoples live in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). A previous systematic integrative review of articles published between 2000 and 2017 identified numerous barriers for Indigenous women in LMICs in accessing maternal healthcare services. It is timely given the aim of achieving Universal Health Coverage in six years' time, by 2030, to undertake another review. This article updates the previous review exploring the recent available literature on Indigenous women's access to maternal health services in LMICs identifying barriers to services. METHODS: An integrative review of literature published between 2018 and 2023 was undertaken. This review followed a systematic process using Whittemore and Knafl's five-step framework for integrative reviews and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 944 articles were identified from six databases: Academic Search Premier, MEDLINE, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL Plus with Full Text and APA PsycArticles (through EBSCOhost). The search was undertaken on 16 January 2023. After screening of the title/abstract and the full text using inclusion and exclusion criteria 26 articles were identified. Critical appraisal resulted in 24 articles being included in the review. Data were extracted using a matrix informed by Penchansky and Thomas's taxonomy, extended by Saurman, which focused on six dimensions of access to health care: affordability, accessibility, availability, accommodation, acceptability and awareness. Ten studies took place in Asia, 10 studies were from the Americas and four studies took place in the African region. Seventeen articles were qualitative, two were quantitative and five were mixed methods. The methods for the integrative review were prespecified in a protocol, registered at Open Science Framework. RESULTS: Barriers identified included affordability; community awareness of services including poor communication between providers and women; the availability of services, with staff often missing from the facilities; poor quality services, which did not consider the cultural and spiritual needs of Indigenous Peoples; an overreliance on the biomedical model; a lack of facilities to enable appropriate maternal care; services that did not accommodate the everyday needs of women, including work and family responsibilities; lack of understanding of Indigenous cultures from health professionals; and evidence of obstetric violence and mistreatment of Indigenous women. CONCLUSION: Barriers to Indigenous women's access to maternal health services are underpinned by the social exclusion and marginalisation of Indigenous Peoples. Empowerment of Indigenous women and communities in LMICs is required as well as initiatives to challenge the stigmatisation and marginalisation that they face. The importance of community involvement in design and interventions that support the political and human rights of Indigenous Peoples are required. Limitations of this review include the possibility of missing articles as it was sometimes unclear from the articles whether a particular group was from an Indigenous community. More research on access to services in the postnatal period is still needed, as well as quality quantitative research. There is also a lack of research on Indigenous groups in North Africa, and in sub-Saharan Africa - especially hunter-gatherer groups - as well as the impact of COVID-19 on access to services.

" in the middle of nowhere " Access to, and quality of, services for autistic adults from parents' perspectives: a qualitative study.

Introduction: Adequate education, employment, and services for autistic individuals contribute significantly to their and their parents' quality of life. Services and support for adults are dramatically more limited than those for children. The main purpose of this study was to explore how parents perceive factors supporting/hindering access to services, and how they assess the quality of services. Methods: Qualitative data provided by 12 parents via a semi-structured interview with a broader focus on parental quality of life and its factors were analyzed. Their autistic children were between 20 and 34 years of age. A thematic analysis was performed on parts of the narratives on their adult periods of life. Results: A complex pattern of parental perception of supportive and hampering factors influencing access to services unfolded. The sparsity of services/activities and reliable information on them made the space for autonomous decisions on service take highly limited. Parents have modest expectations on quality of services, evaluating them along two key aspects: a safe, positive atmosphere, and communication between parents and professionals. Other aspects of individualized autism-specific support were not or just rarely mentioned. Discussion: Parents perceive themselves as investing a lot of effort and resources in getting some form of regular service and/or activity for their adult child. However, these parental efforts often fail, their child becoming inactive, and dependent on their presence. This suggests system-level problems with services for autistic adults in Hungary, with literature showing it is not specific to this country.

"I had no idea there were psychiatric clinics for children": A qualitative study of how migrant parents reach Swedish mental health services for their children.

Migrant children have repeatedly been shown to underutilize psychiatric services and to face barriers to care, yet few studies have examined the experience of migrant parents who are successful in their help-seeking efforts for their children's mental health. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of facilitators and obstacles to reaching care among migrant parents in contact with child psychiatric services. We explored how migrant parents in Stockholm, Sweden, experienced the process of reaching child mental health services. Participants were recruited from out-patient mental health clinics. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted; qualitative analysis of transcripts was undertaken using thematic content analysis. Parents described a desire to reach services but difficulties doing so on their own. We identified a strong dependence on referring agents, such as schools and child health centers, for parents to gain contact. Informants expressed a high degree of trust toward these agents. Contrary to previous studies, stigma was not described as an obstacle to help-seeking but was recognized by informants as a potential barrier to care had they not emigrated. Although participants in our study had differing educational backgrounds and residency times in Sweden, a common experience of reliance on others for reaching services was evident in the data. Our findings highlight the role of referring agents as bridging contacts between different welfare services. Understanding the specific local resources and services that are available to migrant parents, and strengthening these across different sectors, could potentially help reduce barriers to care.

Top Ten Tips Palliative Clinicians Should Know About Rural Palliative Care in the United States.

Palliative care improves outcomes, yet rural residents often lack adequate and equitable access. This study provides practical tips to address palliative care (PC)-related challenges in rural communities. Strategies include engaging trusted community partners, addressing cultural factors, improving pediatric care, utilizing telehealth, networking with rural teams including caregivers, and expanding roles for nurses and advanced practice providers. Despite complex barriers to access, providers can tailor PC to be patient-centered, respect local values, and bridge gaps. The "Top 10" format emphasizes the relevant issues to enable clinicians to provide optimal care for people from rural areas.

Reforma a la salud y reconfiguración de la trayectoria de acceso a los servicios de salud desde la experiencia de los usuarios en Medellín, Colombia / Reforma ao sistema de saúde e reconfiguracao da trajectória do acesso a servicos de saúde desde a experiencia dos utentes em Medellín, Colombia / Health reform and reconfiguration of the trajectory of access to health services from the experience of users in Medellin, Colombia

Esta es una investigación cualitativa, realizada entre 2005 y 2007 en Medellín, Colombia, que reconstruye, en el contexto de la reforma, la trayectoria de acceso a los servicios de salud y las estrategias para enfrentar obstáculos de ese proceso, desde la experiencia de asegurados –regímenes subsidiado y contributivo– y no asegurados en el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS). El modelo de Aday y Andersen es referente teórico para orgnizar la información empírica. Las barreras transversales en la búsqueda de servicios son la exclusión del seguro, la insuficiencia de la red pública y las barreras económicas. En la utilización están constituidas por la negación y/o aplazamiento de atención especializada, tratamientos incompletos, atención fragmentada y falta de dinero. El SGSSS privilegia la rentabilidad económica sobre la resolución de necesidades en salud, reconfigurando trayectorias de acceso, generando nuevas barreras y profundizando otras instauradas antes de la reforma. Esto deviene en inequidades en salud, porque los obstáculos del proceso de acceso son mayores para el régimen subsidiado y para los no afiliados, precisamente los que menos tienen y menos reciben. Se recomiendan algunos indicadores cualitativos que podrían utilizarse en estudios de acceso a los servicios...

The following article is the result of qualitative research carried out between 2005 and 2007 in Medellín, Colombia. In a context of reform to the healthcare sector, it analyses the trajectories of access to healthcare of insured (subsidized and contributive regime) and non-insured individuals within the General Social Security Health System (SGSSS in Spanish). The model developed by Aday and Andersen constitutes an analytical framework for the empirical data. The most significant obstacles faced by individuals seeking adequate health services are: exclusion from insurance, insufficiency in the public services network and financial shortcomings. As users they face refusal or deferral of specialized treatment, incomplete or fragmented treatment and insufficient resources. The SGSSS privileges economic return over health needs resulting in the reconfiguration of trajectories of access, generating new healthcare barriers and deepening those that existed before the reforms. This results in acute inequalities in healthcare as the obstacles are greater for non-insured and subsidized regime users, precisely those who have less and receive less. Qualitative indicators that may be used in the study of access to services are recommended...

Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada entre 2005 e 2007, em Medellín, Colômbia. A partir da reforma do sistema de saúde realizada no país, a pesquisa reconstrói a trajetória no acesso aos serviços de saúde e as estratégias para superar os obstáculos, desde o ponto de vista da experiência dos segurados ao Sistema Geral de Segurança Social em Saúde (SGSSS), tanto no regime subsidiado quanto no contributivo, e dos não segurados. O modelo de Aday e Andersen é o referente teórico para organizar os dados empíricos. Os obstáculos transversais na busca dos serviços são: exclusão do sistema, insuficiência da rede pública, e empecilhos econômicos. Por sua vez, os entraves na utilização dos serviços são: negação e/ou adiamento da atenção especializada, tratamentos incompletos, atenção fragmentada e falta de dinheiro. O Sistema Geral de Saúde privilegia a rentabilidade econômica sobre a resolução das necessidades de saúde, redefinindo trajetórias de acesso, gerando novos obstáculos, ou aprofundando algumas outras instauradas antes da reforma. Como conseqüência, aparecem desigualdades no sistema de saúde, já que as barreiras no acesso são maiores para os segurados do regime subsidiado e para os não afiliados, ou seja, justamente aqueles que menos têm e que menos recebem. ugerem-se alguns indicadores qualitativos que podem ser utilizados em pesquisas sobre acesso aos serviços...