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OBJECTIVE: To explore what is known on community-based food production initiatives (CFPIs) in Small Island Developing States, particularly the health, social, economic, and environmental impacts of and on CFPIs. METHODS: This was a systematic scoping review using 14 electronic databases to identify articles published from 1997 to 2016 on the topic of CFPIs in Small Island Developing States. From 8 215 articles found, 153 were eligible and abstracted. Analysis focused on geographic location, typology, methodology, study design, theoretical frameworks, and impacts. RESULTS: Most research was conducted in the Pacific or Caribbean (49% and 43% of studies, respectively) and primarily focused on fishing and crop farming (40%, 34%). Findings indicate a predominance of research focusing on the environmental impact of marine and coastal resources on CFPIs, and very limited evidence of CFPI impact on human health, particularly nutrition and diet-related outcomes. There was a lack of explicit theoretical frameworks to explain the impacts of CFPIs. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of impacts of CPFIs in Small Island Developing States is limited and the approaches taken are inconsistent. This review demonstrates the need and provides a basis for developing a coherent body of methods to examine the impacts of CFPIs and provide evidence to guide policy, especially as it relates to health.
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Comprehending the characteristics and causes of vegetation coverage in history is of practical significance for studying ecological and environmental changes. As a typical region of the semi-arid and semi-humid climatic zone in northwest China, the upper reaches of the Weihe River have relatively fragile ecological environment. Based on tree-ring width chronologies, the vegetation coverage represented by the normalized difference vegetation index was reconstructed from 1630 to 2006 using a regression model. There were 64 years with high vegetation coverage and 56 years with low vegetation coverage over the past 377 years. At low frequencies, the coverage was relatively higher in the 1650s and from the 1880s to 1890s, while the coverage was lower in the 1720s and from the 1760s to 1770s. While precipitation and temperature had positive and negative influences on the changes of vegetation coverage, respectively, during the past several centuries, the agricultural cultivation played an important role on coverage changes. Along with the land reclamation expansion in history, the forest cover gradually declined, and vegetation coverage decreased. The vegetation coverage was lower when there were more arable lands reclaimed from woodlands. Regardless of the land reclamation policy during the historical period or the current conversion project of cropland to forest, they affected the vegetation coverage by influencing cover ranges of woodland and farmland.
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Mudança Climática , China , Florestas , Rios , ÁrvoresRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Currently, vegetables like lettuce are widely recommended as part of the daily diet given their high nutritional value; however, while consumers feel attracted to the benefits provided by the vegetable, they may also be exposed to parasitic intestinal infections. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence or absence of enteroparasites in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in the rural area in the municipality of Pasto, and to analyze associated factors based on the characterization of the lands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a descriptive double blind cross-sectional study. We took a total of 105 samples from 21 properties from June to December, 2013, and we processed them by sedimentation and flotation tests. Additionally, the owners were surveyed in order to obtain information about the possible variables influencing the occurrence of enteroparasites. RESULTS: We detected contamination in 100% of the lettuce samples and we found parasite eggs and larvae as follows: 95.25% with Entamoeba spp. cysts; 71.43% with Isospora spp. oocysts; 61.90% with Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (L3); 28.57% with Toxocara spp. eggs, and 4.76% with Eimeria spp. oocysts. Using the chi-square test we found association between Entamoeba spp. and ditches (p=0.008), dogs (p=0.008) and septic tanks (p=0.029); between Isospora spp. and compost (p=0.0001), dogs (p=0.0001) and slugs (p=0.002); between S. stercoralis and handling (p=0.003), and between Toxocara spp. and no use of biodigesters (p= 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We found contamination with enteroparasites in lettuce samples from growing areas in the municipality of Pasto with animal and human sources as their main reservoirs, although others were present in the environment.
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Parasitologia de Alimentos , Lactuca/parasitologia , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Altitude , Animais , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Método Duplo-Cego , Fazendas , Umidade , Larva , Óvulo , TemperaturaRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of acute exposure to air pollutants (NO2 and PM10) on hospitalization of adults and older people with cardiovascular diseases in Western São Paulo. METHODS Daily cardiovascular-related hospitalization data (CID10 – I00 to I99) were acquired by the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS) from January 2009 to December 2012. Daily levels of NO2 and PM10 and weather data were obtained from Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB – São Paulo State Environmental Agency). To estimate the effects of air pollutants exposure on hospital admissions, generalized linear Poisson regression models were used. RESULTS During the study period, 6,363 hospitalizations were analysed. On the day of NO2 exposure, an increase of 1.12% (95%CI 0.05–2.20) was observed in the interquartile range along with an increase in hospital admissions. For PM10, a pattern of similar effect was observed; however, results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Even though with values within established limits, NO2 is an important short-term risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Incineração , Exposição por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Saccharum , Brasil , Sistema Cardiovascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/toxicidade , Material Particulado/análise , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Considering the increase of pasta market and the importance of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) nutritional value and economic aspects, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addiction of OFSP and potato starch on the physical characteristics of gnocchi pasta during cooking, as well as to determine the chemical and sensory characteristics of the best samples, analyzing them during storage. A central composite rotational 2nd order experimental design was employed to investigate the effects of adding 63.65% to 75.81% OFSP and 35.86% to 64.14% potato starch during the cooking of the pasta. The best treatments were analyzed for acceptability, chemical composition and behavior during storage. The addition of OFSP affected only the cooking time by causing an increase in this value. Moreover, it positively contributed to the acceptability of the product, especially the color, as well as to the increase of the fiber and ash contents. It is recommended to consume immediately after preparation. If storage is necessary, the refrigeration at 4°C is suggested, provided that packaging requirements are met, preferably vacuum packaging.
Frente ao crescente mercado de massas alimentícias e da importância da batata doce de polpa alaranjada (BDPA) por seu valor nutritivo e aspectos econômicos, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de BDPA e fécula de batata nas características físicas de massas do tipo nhoque durante o cozimento, bem como determinar as características químicas e sensoriais das melhores amostras caracterizando-as durante seu armazenamento. Utilizou-se um delineamento central composto rotacional de 2ª ordem para investigar os efeitos da adição de 63,65% a 75,81% de BDPA e de 35,86% a 64,14% de fécula de batata durante a cocção das massas. Os melhores tratamentos foram analisados quanto a aceitabilidade, composição química e comportamento durante o armazenamento. A adição de BDPA nas massas de nhoque influenciou apenas no tempo de cozimento ocasionando aumento deste valor. Além disso, contribuiu positivamente para a aceitabilidade do produto, em especial à cor, bem como para o aumento dos teores de resíduo mineral e fibras. Recomenda-se que o consumo seja imediato, após o preparo. Sendo necessário o armazenamento, sugere-se que sejam mantidos sob refrigeração a 4°C, desde que sejam respeitadas as condições de embalagem, de preferência à vácuo.
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Controle de Qualidade , Produção Agrícola , Ipomoea batatas , Ciências da NutriçãoRESUMO
Resumen Introducción. Actualmente se recomienda incluir en la dieta diaria verduras como la lechuga por su gran aporte nutricional; sin embargo, atraídos por tales beneficios, los consumidores pueden estar expuestos a infecciones con parásitos intestinales. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia o ausencia de enteroparásitos en la lechuga (Lactuca sativa) cultivada en la zona rural del municipio de Pasto y, una vez caracterizados los predios, analizar los factores asociados. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal doble ciego de tipo descriptivo. Se tomaron 105 muestras de 21 predios entre junio y diciembre de 2013 y se procesaron mediante pruebas de flotación y sedimentación. Además, se encuestó a los propietarios de los predios para obtener información sobre las variables que pudieran determinar la aparición de enteroparásitos. Resultados. Se encontró contaminación con huevos y larvas de parásitos en 100 % de las muestras: 95,25 % con quistes de Entamoeba spp.; 71,43% con ooquistes de Isospora spp.; 61,90% con larvas (L3) de Strongyloides stercoralis; 28,57 % con huevos de Toxocara spp., y 4,76 % con ooquistes de Eimeria spp. En cuanto a los factores asociados según la prueba de ji al cuadrado, se encontró relación entre Entamoeba spp. y las acequias (p=0,008), los perros (p=0,008) y los pozos sépticos (p=0,029); entre Isospora spp. y el compost (p=0,0001), los perros (p=0,0001) y las babosas (p=0,002); entre S. stercoralis y la manipulación (p=0,003), y entre Toxocara spp. y el hecho de no utilizar biodigestores (p=0,002). Conclusiones. En las áreas de cultivo del municipio de Pasto se encontró contaminación de las muestras de lechuga con enteroparásitos provenientes principalmente de reservorios animales y humanos, aunque también presentes en el medio ambiente.
Abstract Introduction: Currently, vegetables like lettuce are widely recommended as part of the daily diet given their high nutritional value; however, while consumers feel attracted to the benefits provided by the vegetable, they may also be exposed to parasitic intestinal infections. Objective: To determine the presence or absence of enteroparasites in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in the rural area in the municipality of Pasto, and to analyze associated factors based on the characterization of the lands. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive double blind cross-sectional study. We took a total of 105 samples from 21 properties from June to December, 2013, and we processed them by sedimentation and flotation tests. Additionally, the owners were surveyed in order to obtain information about the possible variables influencing the occurrence of enteroparasites. Results: We detected contamination in 100% of the lettuce samples and we found parasite eggs and larvae as follows: 95.25% with Entamoeba spp. cysts; 71.43% with Isospora spp. oocysts; 61.90% with Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (L3); 28.57% with Toxocara spp. eggs, and 4.76% with Eimeria spp. oocysts. Using the chi-square test we found association between Entamoeba spp. and ditches (p=0.008), dogs (p=0.008) and septic tanks (p=0.029); between Isospora spp. and compost (p=0.0001), dogs (p=0.0001) and slugs (p=0.002); between S. stercoralis and handling (p=0.003), and between Toxocara spp. and no use of biodigesters (p= 0.002). Conclusions: We found contamination with enteroparasites in lettuce samples from growing areas in the municipality of Pasto with animal and human sources as their main reservoirs, although others were present in the environment.
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Animais , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Lactuca/parasitologia , Óvulo , Temperatura , Método Duplo-Cego , Estudos Transversais , Colômbia , Altitude , Fazendas , Umidade , LarvaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a produção e o potencial produtivo de hortaliças, frutas e frutos nativos do Cerrado, em Goiás e no Distrito Federal, com vistas à sua inserção na alimentação escolar, conforme a Lei Federal nº 11.947/2009. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo quantitativo descritivo durante 2009, em cinco mesorregiões de Goiás e no Distrito Federal. Para produção agrícola, consideraram-se dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e estimativas de produção de 2003-2007. Obteve-se o potencial agrícola a partir da temperatura média anual por mesorregião e faixas de temperaturas ótimas por cultura. Os alimentos selecionados foram classificados em escala de produção (menor, média ou alta) e potencial agrícola (ótimo, médio ou baixo). RESULTADOS: Foi observado que a produção de frutas e hortaliças concentrou-se no Centro, Leste e Sul do Estado, enquanto o Noroeste e Norte apresentaram menor aproveitamento produtivo. As culturas mais exploradas foram limão, alface, manga, banana e caju. O Distrito Federal teve menor aproveitamento do potencial produtivo em relação a três mesorregiões de Goiás (sem corrigir o índice para área real cultivada). Identificou-se a carência de dados oficiais sobre os frutos do Cerrado. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou as diferenças regionais quanto à produção de alimentos viáveis à alimentação escolar e também destacou o potencial produtivo a ser alcançado, considerando o desenvolvimento sustentável.
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the production and production potential of vegetables, fruits and native Cerrado fruits in Goiás and Distrito Federal, for their inclusion in the school menu as determined by the Law 11.947/2009. METHODS: A descriptive, quantitative study was done in 2009 in five mesoregions of Goiás and in Distrito Federal. The agricultural production was determined using data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and production estimates from 2003-2007. The estimated agricultural potential was based on the mean annual temperature of each mesoregion and optimal temperature ranges for each culture. The selected foods were classified according to production scale (small, average or high) and agricultural potential (excellent, average or low). RESULTS: The production of fruits and vegetables occurred mainly in the central, southern and eastern regions of the state, while the northeast and northern regions were less exploited. The most common cultures were lime, lettuce, mango, banana and cashew. The production potential of the Distrito Federal was less exploited than that of three mesoregions of Goiás (without correcting the index for the actual cultivated area). Also, there is a scarcity of official data on Cerrado fruits. CONCLUSION: This study showed the differences in regional production of viable foods for the school menu and highlighted the productive potential of the region, taking sustainable development into account.
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Alimentação Escolar , Produção Agrícola , Produtos AgrícolasRESUMO
Ao longo dos últimos anos é crescente a preocupação com a qualidade de vida e a preservação da saúde. A cultura orgânica, diante da tendência ao consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis, visa produzir alimentos sem a adição de agrotóxicos ou qualquer produto químico. Esta agricultura tem-se intensificado, pois contraria a agricultura convencional, cujo objetivo principal é a utilização intensiva de terras e de tecnologias que acarreta em um grande uso de fertilizantes, inseticidas e herbicidas. As hortaliças são componentes importantes em uma dieta saudável, ajudando a diminuir o risco de determinadas doenças, além de favorecer o trânsito intestinal e proporcionar efeito antioxidante no organismo. No entanto, estas hortaliças possuem nitrato e nitrito, componentes naturais, precursores de algumas formas de câncer e da metahemoglobinemia. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a concentração de nitrato e nitrito em hortaliças, como beterraba, cenoura, espinafre e repolho, cultivados de forma convencional e orgânica. A determinação de nitrato e nitrito foi baseada na metodologia oficial do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento e os resultados foram comparados através do Statistica® for Windows versão 7.0. O nitrito foi encontrado na beterraba e no espinafre e o nitrato ocorreu em todas as amostras analisadas. Todos os vegetais apresentaram médias de valores superiores a 1000 mg/kg, portanto foram classificados como hortaliças com alto conteúdo de nitrato. Houve diferença significativa entre os níveis de nitrato dos vegetais da agricultura convencional para a orgânica, mostrando que o consumo de hortaliças orgânicas favorece uma menor ingestão destes elementos.
In recent years there is a concern about the quality of life and public health. The organic farming aims to produce organic foods without pesticides due to the trend towards consumption of healthier foods. This type of farming contradicts the conventional farming, whose main objective is the intensive use of land, technology and fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides. Vegetables are important components in a healthy diet, since they minimize some disease risks, promote intestinal function and provide antioxidant effects in the body. However, these vegetables contain nitrate and nitrite, natural compounds, precursors of some forms of cancer and methemoglobinaemia. This study aimed to compare the concentration of nitrate and nitrite in vegetables such as beets, carrots, spinach and cabbage, grown in conventional and organic production. The determination of nitrate and nitrite was based on the official methodology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply and the results were evaluated using the Statistica® for Windows version 7.0. Nitrite was found in beets and spinach and nitrate was found in all the samples. All plants showed high content of nitrate, which exceeded 1000 mg/kg. There were significant differences between the levels of nitrate from conventional farming to organic one, which shows that the intake of organic vegetables benefits a lower intake of these elements.
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OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de sintomas respiratórios e analisar fatores associados, bem como medidas de pico de fluxo expiratório em escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo transversal com escolares de dez a 14 anos de Monte Aprazível, SP. Foram aplicados questionários sobre sintomas de asma e de rinite do protocolo International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, questões sociodemográficas, fatores predisponentes e antecedentes pessoais e familiares. Foram realizadas medidas repetidas do pico de fluxo expiratório nas crianças e dos níveis de concentração de material particulado (MP2,5) e de black carbon. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sintomas de asma foi de 11 por cento e de 33,2 por cento de rinite; 10,6 por cento apresentaram mais de quatro crises de sibilos nos últimos 12 meses. Antecedentes familiares para bronquite e rinite associaram-se à presença de asma (p = 0,002 e p < 0,001) e de rinite atuais (p < 0,001 e p < 0,001, respectivamente). Para rinite, houve associação com presença de mofo ou rachadura na casa (p = 0,009). Houve maior freqüência de rinite nos meses de junho a outubro, período de safra da cana de açúcar. Prevalência diária de pico de fluxo expiratório abaixo de 20 por cento da mediana de medidas na criança foi maior em dias com maior concentração de MP2,5. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de sintomas de asma está abaixo e a de rinite está acima da média nacional. Ainda que dentro dos níveis aceitáveis, a poluição nos períodos de queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar pode contribuir para a exacerbação de episódios de asma e de rinite.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and to analyze associated factors as well as peak expiratory flow measurements in schoolchildren. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with schoolchildren aged 10-14 from the city of Monte Aprazível (Southeastern Brazil). Questionnaires containing the asthma and rhinitis components of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood were administered. The questionnaires also approached sociodemographic characteristics, predisposing factors, and family and personal medical history. Repeated measures of peak expiratory flow in the children, and of black carbon and particulate matter (PM2,5) concentration levels were carried out. RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis symptoms was 11 percent and 33.2 percent, respectively. Among asthmatic children, 10.6 percent presented four or more wheezing attacks in the past 12 months. Past family history of bronchitis and rhinitis was associated with presence of asthma (p=0.002 and p <0.001) and rhinitis (p <0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Regarding rhinitis, there was association with presence of mold or cracks on the house (p=0.009). Rhinitis was most frequent from June to October, a period that matches the sugarcane harvest season. Daily prevalence of peak expiratory flow below 20 percent of the median of each child's measurements was higher in days with greater PM2,5 concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma symptoms is below and that of rhinitis is above the national average. Although within acceptable levels, pollution in the cane trash burn season may contribute to the exacerbation of asthma and rhinitis episodes.
OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios y analizar factores asociados, así como medidas de pico de flujo expiratorio en escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal con escolares de diez a 14 años de Monte Aprazível, Sureste de Brasil. Se aplicaron cuestionarios sobre síntomas de asma y de rinitis del protocolo International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, preguntas sociodemográficas, factores predisponentes y antecedentes personales y familiares. Se realizaron medidas repetidas del pico de flujo expiratorio en los niños y de los niveles de concentración de material particulado (MP2,5) y de black carbon. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de síntomas de asma fue de 11 por ciento y de 33,2 por ciento de rinitis, 10,6 por ciento presentaron más de cuatro crisis de silbidos en los últimos 12 meses. Antecedentes familiares para bronquitis y rinitis se asociaron a la presencia de asma (p=0,002 y p<0,001) y de rinitis actuales (p<0,001 y p<0,001, respectivamente). Para rinitis, hubo asociación con la presencia de moho o rajadura en la casa (p=0,009). Hubo mayor frecuencia de rinitis en los meses de junio a octubre, período de cosecha de caña de azúcar. Prevalencia diaria de pico de flujo expiratorio debajo de 20 por ciento de la mediana de medidas en el niño fue mayor en días con mayor concentración de MP2,5. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de síntomas de asma está por debajo y la de rinitis está por encima del promedio nacional. A pesar de estar dentro de los niveles aceptables, la polución en los períodos de quema de paja de caña de azúcar puede contribuir en la exacerbación de episodios de asma y de rinitis.