Microaxial Flow Pump or Standard Care in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock.

BACKGROUND: The effects of temporary mechanical circulatory support with a microaxial flow pump on mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock remains unclear. METHODS: In an international, multicenter, randomized trial, we assigned patients with STEMI and cardiogenic shock to receive a microaxial flow pump (Impella CP) plus standard care or standard care alone. The primary end point was death from any cause at 180 days. A composite safety end point was severe bleeding, limb ischemia, hemolysis, device failure, or worsening aortic regurgitation. RESULTS: A total of 360 patients underwent randomization, of whom 355 were included in the final analysis (179 in the microaxial-flow-pump group and 176 in the standard-care group). The median age of the patients was 67 years, and 79.2% were men. Death from any cause occurred in 82 of 179 patients (45.8%) in the microaxial-flow-pump group and in 103 of 176 patients (58.5%) in the standard-care group (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 0.99; P = 0.04). A composite safety end-point event occurred in 43 patients (24.0%) in the microaxial-flow-pump group and in 11 (6.2%) in the standard-care group (relative risk, 4.74; 95% CI, 2.36 to 9.55). Renal-replacement therapy was administered to 75 patients (41.9%) in the microaxial-flow-pump group and to 47 patients (26.7%) in the standard-care group (relative risk, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.09). CONCLUSIONS: The routine use of a microaxial flow pump with standard care in the treatment of patients with STEMI-related cardiogenic shock led to a lower risk of death from any cause at 180 days than standard care alone. The incidence of a composite of adverse events was higher with the use of the microaxial flow pump. (Funded by the Danish Heart Foundation and Abiomed; DanGer Shock ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01633502.).

In vitro study on device-induced damage to blood cellular components and degradation of von Willebrand factor in a CentriMag pump-assisted circulation.

BACKGROUND: High mechanical shear stress (HMSS) generated by blood pumps during mechanical circulatory support induces blood damage (or function alteration) not only of blood cell components but also of plasma proteins. METHODS: In the present study, fresh, healthy human blood was used to prime a blood circuit assisted by a CentriMag centrifugal pump at a flow rate of 4.5 L/min under three pump pressure heads (75, 150, and 350 mm Hg) for 4 h. Blood samples were collected for analyses of plasma-free hemoglobin (PFH), von Willebrand factor (VWF) degradation and platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor shedding. RESULTS: The extent of all investigated aspects of blood damage increased with increasing cross-pump pressure and duration. Loss of high-molecular-weight multimers (HMWM)-VWF in Loop 2 and Loop 3 significantly increased after 2 h. PFH, loss of HMWM-VWF, and platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor shedding showed a good linear correlation with mean shear stress corresponding to the three pump pressure heads. CONCLUSIONS: HMSS could damage red blood cells, cause pathological VWF degradation, and induce platelet activation and platelet receptor shedding. Different blood components can be damaged to different degrees by HMSS; VWF and VWF-enhanced platelet activation may be more susceptible to HMSS.

Advanced heart failure patients supported with ambulatory inotropic therapy: What defines success of therapy?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the profiles and outcomes of a cohort of advanced heart failure patients on ambulatory inotropic therapy (AIT). BACKGROUND: With the growing burden of patients with end-stage heart failure, AIT is an increasingly common short or long-term option, for use as bridge to heart transplant (BTT), bridge to ventricular assist device (BTVAD), bridge to decision regarding advanced therapies (BTD) or as palliative care. AIT may be preferred by some patients and physicians to facilitate hospital discharge. However, counseling patients on risks and benefits is critically important in the modern era of defibrillators, durable mechanical support and palliative care. METHODS: We retrospectively studied a cohort of 241 patients on AIT. End points included transplant, VAD implantation, weaning of inotropes, or death. The primary outcomes were survival on AIT and ability to reach intended goal if planned as BTT or BTVAD. We also evaluated recurrent heart failure hospitalizations, incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (VT/VF) and indwelling line infections. Unintended consequences of AIT, such reaching unintended end point (e.g. VAD implantation in BTT patient) or worse than expected outcome after LVAD or HT, were recorded. RESULTS: Mean age of the cohort was 60.7 ± 13.2 years, 71% male, with Class III-IV heart failure (56% non-ischemic). Average ejection fraction was 19.4 ± 10.2%, pre-AIT cardiac index was 1.5 ± 0.4 L/min/m2 and 24% had prior ventricular arrhythmias. Overall on-AIT 1-year survival was 83%. Hospitalizations occurred in 51.9% (125) of patients a total of 174 times for worsening heart failure, line complication or ventricular arrhythmia. In the BTT cohort, only 42% were transplanted by the end of follow-up, with a 14.8% risk of death or delisting for clinical deterioration. For the patients who were transplanted, 1-year post HT survival was 96.7%. In the BTVAD cohort, 1-year survival after LVAD was 90%, but with 61.7% of patients undergoing LVAD as INTERMACS 1-2. In the palliative care cohort, only 24.5% of patients had a formal palliative care consult prior to AIT. CONCLUSIONS: AIT is a strategy to discharge advanced heart failure patients from the hospital. It may be useful as bridge to transplant or ventricular assist device, but may be limited by complications such as hospitalizations, infections, and ventricular arrhythmias. Of particular note, it appears more challenging to bridge to transplant on AIT in the new allocation system. It is important to clarify the goals of AIT therapy upfront and continue to counsel patients on risks and benefits of the therapy itself and potential unintended consequences. Formalized, multi-disciplinary care planning is essential to clearly define individualized patient, as well as programmatic goals of AIT.

Neutrophil injury and function alterations induced by high mechanical shear stress with short exposure time.

High mechanical shear stresses (HMSS) can cause damage to blood, which manifests as morphologic changes, shortened life span, biochemical alterations, and complete rupture of blood cells and proteins, leading to the alterations of normal blood function. The aim of this study is to determine the state of neutrophil activation and function alterations caused by HMSS with short exposure time relevant to ventricular assist devices. Blood from healthy donors was exposed to three levels of HMSS (75Pa, 125Pa, and 175Pa) for a short exposure time (0.5 s) using our Couette-type blood-shearing device. Neutrophil activation (Mac-1, platelet-neutrophil aggregates) and surface expression levels of two key functional receptors (CD62L and CD162) on neutrophils were evaluated by flow cytometry. Neutrophil phagocytosis and transmigration were also examined with functional assays. Results showed that the expression of Mac-1 on neutrophils and platelet-neutrophil aggregates increased significantly while the level of CD62L expression on neutrophils decreased significantly after the exposure to HMSS. The Mac-1 expression progressively increased while the CD62L expression progressively decreased with the increased level of HMSS. The level of CD162 expression on neutrophils slightly increased after the exposure to HMSS, but the increase was not significant. The phagocytosis assay data revealed that the ability of neutrophils to phagocytose latex beads coated with fluorescently labeled rabbit IgG increased significantly with the increased level of HMSS. The transmigration ability of neutrophils slightly increased after the exposure to HMSS, but did not reach a significant level. In summary, HMSS with a short exposure time of 0.5 seconds could induce neutrophil activation, platelet-neutrophil aggregation, shedding of CD62L receptor, and increased phagocytic ability. However, the exposure to the three levels of HMSS did not cause a significant change in neutrophil transmigration capacity and shedding of CD162 receptor on neutrophils.

Microcirculatory changes in venous leg ulcers using intermittent electrostimulation of common peroneal nerve.

OBJECTIVE: Activation of the venous muscle pumps of the leg by intermittent transdermal neuromuscular stimulation of the common peroneal nerve has been previously shown to augment venous and arterial flow in patients with leg ulcers. This study aims to establish if microcirculation in the wound bed and periwound area are augmented by the activation of a neuromuscular electrostimulation device (NMES) (Geko, Firstkind Ltd., UK). METHOD: In this self-controlled, observational study, laser speckle contrast imaging was used to map and quantify microcirculatory flow in the wound bed and periwound area of patients with venous leg ulcers (VLU). Values of flow and pulsatility in these locations were compared with the NMES device, both active and inactive. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients took part in the study. Microvascular flux increased by 27% (p=0.014) in the wound bed, and by 34% (p=0.004) in the periwound area, when the NMES device was activated. Pulsatility increased by 170% (p<0.001) in the wound bed and 173% (p<0.001) in the periwound area when the device was activated. CONCLUSION: Intermittent electrostimulation of the common peroneal nerve substantially increased both microcirculatory flux and pulsatility in the wound bed and in the periwound area of the VLUs of patients in this study. This provides a plausible mechanistic explanation for its reported efficacy in healing VLUs.

Current and Future Considerations in the Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices: An Update, 2008-2018.

Our review in the 2008 volume of this journal detailed the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for treatment of heart failure (HF). MCS initially utilized bladder-based blood pumps generating pulsatile flow; these pulsatile flow pumps have been supplanted by rotary blood pumps, in which cardiac support is generated via the high-speed rotation of computationally designed blading. Different rotary pump designs have been evaluated for their safety, performance, and efficacy in clinical trials both in the United States and internationally. The reduced size of the rotary pump designs has prompted research and development toward the design of MCS suitable for infants and children. The past decade has witnessed efforts focused on tissue engineering-based therapies for the treatment of HF. This review explores the current state and future opportunities of cardiac support therapies within our larger understanding of the treatment options for HF.

Outcome of rescue ablation in patients with refractory ventricular electrical storm requiring mechanical circulation support.

BACKGROUND: The management of refractory electrical storm (ES) requiring mechanical circulation support (MCS) remains a clinical challenge in structural heart disease (SHD). OBJECTIVE: The study sought to explore the 30-day and 1-year outcome of rescue ablation for refractory ES requiring MCS in SHD. METHODS: A total of 81 patients (mean age: 55.3 ± 18.9, 73 men [90.1%]) undergoing ablation were investigated, including 26 patients with ES requiring MCS (group 1) and 55 patients without (group 2). The 30-day and 1-year outcome, including mortality and recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VAs) receiving appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillators therapies, were assessed. RESULTS: The patients in group 1 were characterized by older age, more ischemic cardiomyopathies, worse left ventricular ejection fraction, and more comorbidities. Thirty days after ablation, overall events were seen in 15 patients (mortality in 10 and recurrent VA in 7), including pumping failure-related mortality in 6 (60%). During a 30-day follow-up, higher mortality was noted in group 1. After a 1-year follow-up, in spite of the higher mortality in group 1 (P < .001), the overall events and VA recurrences were similar between these two groups (P = .154 and P = .466, respectively). There was a significant reduction of VA burden in both groups and two patients had recurrent ES. CONCLUSION: Higher 30-day mortality was observed in patients undergoing rescue ablation for refractory ES requiring MCS, and pumping failure was the major cause of periprocedural death. Rescue ablation successfully prevented VA recurrences and resulted in a comparable 1-year prognosis between ES with and without MCS.

Mechanical Circulatory Support Combined With Immunosuppression for the Treatment of Giant Cell Myocarditis　- A Single-Center Experience in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic strategy for giant cell myocarditis (GCM) remains controversial, so we reviewed the clinical status of Japanese patients with GCM.Methods and Results:We retrospectively reviewed 6 consecutive patients with GCM requiring percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (p-MCS), with 3 further requiring ventricular assist devices. One patient died during p-MCS. Cardiac function improved in the other 5 with immunosuppressive therapy, but only 3 patients treated with dual immunosuppressants, including cyclosporine (CyA), achieved >1-year survival. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of patients with fulminant GCM is poor, but a treatment that combines MCS and early administration of CyA-based immunosuppressants will be useful.

Modeling Clot Formation of Shear-Injured Platelets in Flow by a Dissipative Particle Dynamics Method.

The regions with high non-physiological shear stresses (NPSS) are inevitable in blood-contacting medical devices (BCMDs) used for mechanically assisted circulatory support. NPSS can cause platelet activation and receptor shedding potentially resulting in the alteration of hemostatic function. In this study, we developed a dissipative particle dynamics model to characterize clot formation (platelet-collagen and inter-platelet adhesion) of NPSS-traumatized blood at a vascular injury site. A rectangular tube of 50 × 50 × 200 µm with an 8 × 8 µm collagen-coated area was modeled as a small blood vessel and perfusion with blood. Clot formation dynamics during perfusion was simulated. NPSS-traumatized blood was modeled to have more activated platelet and fewer adhesion receptors with weakened inter-platelet binding. Computational results showed that clots grew at a faster rate while the structure of the clots was less stable and collapsed more frequently for NPSS-traumatized blood compared with normal blood. The finding that NPSS-traumatized platelets could result in quicker but more easily breakable blood clots at injury sites may explain why increased risks of thrombotic and bleeding complications occurred concurrently in patients implanted with BCMDs.

How to Bail Out Patients with Severe Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the most serious complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The practice of early revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention, and advances in pharmacotherapy have reduced the rate of complications of CS. However, when CS is combined with AMI, mortality from AMI is still high, and many clinicians are wondering how to treat CS with AMI. In recent years, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices have improved the clinical outcome in AMI patients with CS. For best outcome, treatment of AMI with CS should always consider treatments that improve the prognosis of the patients.

How to Manage Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in the Critical Care Setting: Translating Physiology to the Bedside.

The incidence of cardiogenic shock and the utilization of mechanical circulatory support devices are increasing in the US. In this review we discuss the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock through basic hemodynamic and myocardial energetic principles. We also explore the commonly used platforms for temporary mechanical circulatory support, their advantages, disadvantages and practical considerations relating to implementation and management. It is through the translation of underlying physiological principles that we can attempt to maximize the clinical utility of circulatory support devices and improve outcomes in cardiogenic shock.

Mechanical circulatory support in the context of coronary artery bypass grafting.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With the continuous innovation in mechanical circulatory support as an option for the management of patients in cardiogenic shock from myocardial infarction, it is important to understand the current evidence and recommendations for the use of these devices for patients who require or underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. RECENT FINDINGS: The use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in patients with cardiogenic shock who require or underwent coronary artery bypass surgery has not been well studied. Observational studies have shown that the use of intra-aortic balloon pump or percutaneous ventricular assist devices prior to revascularization lead to better survival. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) still carries significant risk of mortality and complications; the use of additional MCS devices for left ventricular unloading during ECMO improves outcomes. SUMMARY: MCS will continue to play an important role in coronary artery surgery patients. Multidisciplinary Cardiac Shock Team can assist in proper patient selection and device choice, whereas prospective clinical trials are required to provide evidence-based guidance towards the management of these patients.

Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices for Cardiogenic Shock: State of the Art.

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2019. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2019 . Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901 .

Mechanical antithrombogenic properties by vibrational excitation of the impeller in a magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump.

Mechanical circulatory support devices have been used clinically for patients with heart failure for over 10 years. However, thrombus formation inside blood pumps remains a risk to patient life, causing pump failure and contributing to neurological damage through embolization. In this article, we propose a method for preventing thrombus formation by applying vibrational excitation to the impeller. We evaluate the ability of this method to enhance the antithrombogenic properties of a magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump and ensure that the impeller vibration does not cause undue hemolysis. First, 3 vibrational conditions were compared using an isolated pump without a mock circulation loop; the vibrational excitation frequencies and amplitudes for the impeller were set to (a) 0 Hz-0 µm, (b) 70 Hz-10 µm, and (c) 300 Hz-2.5 µm. The motor torque was measured to detect thrombus formation and obtain blood coagulation time by calculating the derivative of the torque. Upon thrombus detection, the pump was stopped and thrombi size were evaluated. The results showed an increase in the blood coagulation time and a decrease in the rate of thrombus formation in pumps with the impeller vibration. Second, an in vitro hemolysis test was performed for each vibrational condition to determine the effect of impeller vibration on hemolysis. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in hemolysis levels between each condition. Finally, the selected vibration based on the above test results and the non-vibration as control were compared to investigate antithrombogenic properties under the continuous flow condition. The blood coagulation time and thrombi size were investigated. As a result, vibrational excitation of the impeller at a frequency of 300 Hz and amplitude of 2.5 µm was found to significantly lengthen clotting time, decreasing the rate of pump thrombus compared to the non-vibration condition. We indicate the potential of impeller vibration as a novel mechanical antithrombogenic mechanism for rotary blood pumps.

Venous perfusion assist system has no additional effect compared to simple elevation on post-operative edema in patients with distal radial fracture treated with volar locking plate fixation: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: While limb elevation and other methods for reducing hand edema are commonly used in clinical practice, alternative methods, such as compression and venous perfusion assist system (VPAS), have emerged. This study compared the efficacy of VPAS to limb elevation in decreasing hand edema after surgery for distal radial fracture (DRF) treated by a volar locking plate (VLP). METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 102 patients to compare VPAS and elevation methods for edema reduction following VLP fixation for DRF. Changes in edema were measured using the tape measure method along with other parameters on the next day and at one, three, six, and 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in edema reduction or other factors between the VPAS and elevation groups at any measurement point. CONCLUSIONS: VPAS appears to confer no measurable advantage over management with elevation for edema reduction after VLP fixation of DRF. TRIALS REGISTRY: This study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000015640).

Advanced Therapies for Advanced Heart Failure in Women.

Women with advanced heart failure (HF) are underrepresented in trials of short-term and durable mechanical circulatory support although they derive similar benefit. In acute HF, intensive medical and interventional therapies are effective but underutilized. The smaller, newer generation, left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have increased the feasibility of durable support in women. Women frequently present late, with more comorbidities, emphasizing the need for timely referral. Compared with men, the stroke risk is higher in women with an LVAD. Increased representation in clinical trials and a better understanding of the psychosocial issues affecting women is essential.

Using a muscle pump activator device to stimulate healing for non-healing lower leg wounds in long-term care residents.

Chronic non-healing wounds are a burden in the Long-Term Care (LTC) sector, increasing costs, morbidity, and mortality and causing pain and suffering. The objective of this LTC Innovation pilot was to test the value of a promising new neuromuscular stimulation device in elevating the experience and satisfaction of the residents, engaging and empowering the nursing staff, and improving healing and/or reducing costs. Small, wireless, and worn at the knee, this muscle pump activator is self-contained, wearable, and battery-powered to increase lower-leg blood circulation (up to 60% of that achieved by walking). It has no wires, weighs just 10 g, and is easy to use. Nurses in four LTC homes identified residents with non-healing lower leg wounds. Consent was obtained, and on-site training was delivered. Eleven residents were recruited. Only seven met the inclusion criteria for venous/mixed or diabetic foot ulcers. Of the seven who met the criteria and were adherent with best practices and the muscle pump activator, four healed 100%, and one healed 90%. Two patients with other aetiologies, who were also adherent, healed. All adherent residents had an average weekly decrease in wound size of 9.75% and were extremely happy with the results. Three residents who were non-adherent had a 9.25% increase in wound size per week. One patient with diabetic foot ulcers developed skin changes at the end of life and passed away. Nursing staff and cognisant residents can easily adjust the pulse of muscle pump activator, and application and removal are simple. Most residents feel engaged with the therapy "because they feel it working". The LTC corporation feels that it is a great adjunctive solution for many types of lower-leg wounds (venous, mixed, diabetic, pressure) in addition to best practices in the LTC and Retirement home sectors.

Accurate Method of Quantification of Aortic Insufficiency During Left Ventricular Assist Device Support by Thermodilution Analysis: Proof of Concept and Validation by a Mock Circulatory System.

Aortic insufficiency (AI) is an intractable complication during long term left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. Conventional evaluation of AI depends on ultrasound evaluation, which is mainly a qualitative, not a quantitative method. The pathophysiology of AI during LVAD is shunt formation. Conversely, the methods to quantify the shunt of congenital heart disease are already established, and among these is the thermodilution technique. To develop an accurate quantification method for AI (namely, a shunt), we have adopted this conventional thermodilution technique. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this technique could calculate the shunt magnitude accurately in a simulated cardiac circuit. The magnitude of AI was represented by the recirculation rate (RR), defined by regurgitant flow (RF) divided by pump flow (PF). A mock circulatory system for an LVAD endurance test (Laboheart NCVC; Iwaki & Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) was used. A centrifugal LVAD was equipped in the Laboheart in parallel from the left ventricle to the aorta. A parallel shunt circuit was created across the aortic valve to mimic AI. To control the magnitude of AI, the resistance of the AI circuit was changed. Heart failure was simulated by controlling the parameters of the Laboheart. The LVAD was driven in full bypass condition, confirming that the heart did not eject forward flow via the aortic valve. PF, RF, and the temperatures of two points of the outflow graft measured with two thermistors were monitored. Analyses were started after confirming that circuit water temperature was the same as room temperature. Hot water was injected from a port between the two thermistors of the outflow conduit. The time-temperature curves of both thermistors were recorded, and RR was calculated. Two values of RR calculated in two different ways (by analyzing thermistors and by calculating from flowmeter values) were compared. Multiple measurements were done by changing the magnitude of AI. The existence of AI could be easily confirmed by analyzing the temperature data. There was a good correlation between RR by thermistor and RR by flowmeter data (r = 0.984). Furthermore, the two RR values were almost the same. This novel technique could provide an accurate method for quantifying AI during LVAD support. This method can be clinically applied by left-sided cardiac catheterization if a dedicated catheter with two thermistors and an injection hole is developed.

The Effect of LVAD Pressure Sensitivity on the Assisted Circulation Under Consideration of a Mitral Insufficiency: An In Vitro Study.

Current left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) differ with respect to their pump characteristics as described by the pump characteristic curve (also called HQ-curve). Pressure sensitive LVADs depict a flat characteristic curve while most available LVADs have a steep, less pressure sensitive characteristic curve. This in vitro study investigated the effect of LVAD pressure sensitivity with a focus on the afterload of the right ventricle (RV) which is one out of many factors influencing right heart failure (RHF). To this end, two laboratory pumps differing in pressure sensitivity were tested as LVAD in an established, active mock circulation loop (MCL). The MCL represented patients with left heart failure and mitral insufficiency as another contributing factor to RV afterload. The results show that the pressure-volume loop (PV-loop) of the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a leftward and thus somewhat of a downward-shift for highly pressure sensitive support. Consequently, the LV is unloaded to a higher degree at comparable arterial blood pressure and identical cardiac output, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and ventricular contractility. This causes a concomitant decrease of RV afterload. This effect seems to be due to increased unloading during systole. In case of a severe concomitant mitral insufficiency and looking at left atrial pressure, the difference is 18.5%. Without mitral insufficiency, the difference is reduced to 10.2%.

Circulatory Mechanotherapeutics: Moving with the Force.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review describes the current state of advancements in mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices with significantly improved hemodynamic performance and decreased adverse events. Novel considerations for future MCS designs that impart spiral flow regimes will be detailed. RECENT FINDINGS: Significant challenges in MCS device use have included size reduction, premature pump mechanical bearing failure, acquired bleeding disorders, and vascular complications related to high shear forces and jetting. Some of these problems have been improved upon, such as the use of magnetically levitated impellers and hydrodynamic bearings. The relative simplicity of continuous flow pumps has also enabled their miniaturization, portability, and reduced energy consumption. Recent studies by our group demonstrated that spiral forms of flow possess hemodynamically beneficial attributes at the MCS outflow cannula and aorta interface, reducing jet impact, organizing streamlines, and thereby improving endothelial function through wall shear stress modulation. Despite MCS design improvements, they are far from perfect. Induced spiral fluid modulation may help address the known flow-mediated disturbances in vascular mechanobiology.