RESUMO
The immunological mechanisms underlying chronic colitis are poorly understood. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are critical in helping B cells during germinal center reactions. In a T cell transfer colitis model, a lymphoid structure composed of mature dendritic cells (DCs) and TFH cells was found within T cell zones of colonic lymphoid follicles. TFH cells were required for mature DC accumulation, the formation of DC-T cell clusters and colitis development. Moreover, DCs promoted TFH cell differentiation, contributing to colitis development. A lineage-tracing analysis showed that, following migration to the lamina propria, TFH cells transdifferentiated into long-lived pathogenic TH1 cells, promoting colitis development. Our findings have therefore demonstrated the reciprocal regulation of TFH cells and DCs in colonic lymphoid follicles, which is critical in chronic colitis pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Colite , Células Dendríticas , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares , Animais , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Colite/imunologia , Colite/patologia , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/imunologia , Camundongos , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Th1/imunologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Camundongos Knockout , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
To understand the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), we analyzed colonic T cells isolated from patients with UC and controls. Here we identified colonic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets with gene expression profiles resembling stem-like progenitors, previously reported in several mouse models of autoimmune disease. Stem-like T cells were increased in inflamed areas compared to non-inflamed regions from the same patients. Furthermore, TCR sequence analysis indicated stem-like T cells were clonally related to proinflammatory T cells, suggesting their involvement in sustaining effectors that drive inflammation. Using an adoptive transfer colitis model in mice, we demonstrated that CD4+ T cells deficient in either BCL-6 or TCF1, transcription factors that promote T cell stemness, had decreased colon T cells and diminished pathogenicity. Our results establish a strong association between stem-like T cell populations and UC pathogenesis, highlighting the potential of targeting this population to improve clinical outcomes.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito , Colite Ulcerativa/imunologia , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-6/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-6/genética , Células-Tronco/imunologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Feminino , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Camundongos Knockout , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transferência Adotiva , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Spatial barcoding technologies have the potential to reveal histological details of transcriptomic profiles; however, they are currently limited by their low resolution. Here, we report Seq-Scope, a spatial barcoding technology with a resolution comparable to an optical microscope. Seq-Scope is based on a solid-phase amplification of randomly barcoded single-molecule oligonucleotides using an Illumina sequencing platform. The resulting clusters annotated with spatial coordinates are processed to expose RNA-capture moiety. These RNA-capturing barcoded clusters define the pixels of Seq-Scope that are â¼0.5-0.8 µm apart from each other. From tissue sections, Seq-Scope visualizes spatial transcriptome heterogeneity at multiple histological scales, including tissue zonation according to the portal-central (liver), crypt-surface (colon) and inflammation-fibrosis (injured liver) axes, cellular components including single-cell types and subtypes, and subcellular architectures of nucleus and cytoplasm. Seq-Scope is quick, straightforward, precise, and easy-to-implement and makes spatial single-cell analysis accessible to a wide group of biomedical researchers.
Assuntos
Microscopia , Transcriptoma/genética , Animais , Núcleo Celular/genética , Colo/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Inflamação/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/genética , RNA/metabolismo , Análise de Célula ÚnicaRESUMO
Increasing evidence indicates that the brain regulates peripheral immunity, yet whether and how the brain represents the state of the immune system remains unclear. Here, we show that the brain's insular cortex (InsCtx) stores immune-related information. Using activity-dependent cell labeling in mice (FosTRAP), we captured neuronal ensembles in the InsCtx that were active under two different inflammatory conditions (dextran sulfate sodium [DSS]-induced colitis and zymosan-induced peritonitis). Chemogenetic reactivation of these neuronal ensembles was sufficient to broadly retrieve the inflammatory state under which these neurons were captured. Thus, we show that the brain can store and retrieve specific immune responses, extending the classical concept of immunological memory to neuronal representations of inflammatory information.
Assuntos
Imunidade , Córtex Insular/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Animais , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/complicações , Colite/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana , Feminino , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Peritônio/patologia , Peritonite/complicações , Peritonite/imunologia , Peritonite/patologia , Sinapses/metabolismo , ZimosanRESUMO
Endocannabinoids are host-derived lipid hormones that fundamentally impact gastrointestinal (GI) biology. The use of cannabis and other exocannabinoids as anecdotal treatments for various GI disorders inspired the search for mechanisms by which these compounds mediate their effects, which led to the discovery of the mammalian endocannabinoid system. Dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling was linked to inflammation and the gut microbiota. However, the effects of endocannabinoids on host susceptibility to infection has not been explored. Here, we show that mice with elevated levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are protected from enteric infection by Enterobacteriaceae pathogens. 2-AG directly modulates pathogen function by inhibiting virulence programs essential for successful infection. Furthermore, 2-AG antagonizes the bacterial receptor QseC, a histidine kinase encoded within the core Enterobacteriaceae genome that promotes the activation of pathogen-associated type three secretion systems. Taken together, our findings establish that endocannabinoids are directly sensed by bacteria and can modulate bacterial function.
Assuntos
Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Enterobacteriaceae/patogenicidade , Animais , Ácidos Araquidônicos/química , Ácidos Araquidônicos/metabolismo , Aderência Bacteriana , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Sistemas de Secreção Bacterianos/metabolismo , Citrobacter rodentium/patogenicidade , Colo/microbiologia , Colo/patologia , Endocanabinoides/química , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glicerídeos/química , Glicerídeos/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Monoacilglicerol Lipases/metabolismo , Salmonella/patogenicidade , VirulênciaRESUMO
The precise mechanism by which oral infection contributes to the pathogenesis of extra-oral diseases remains unclear. Here, we report that periodontal inflammation exacerbates gut inflammation in vivo. Periodontitis leads to expansion of oral pathobionts, including Klebsiella and Enterobacter species, in the oral cavity. Amassed oral pathobionts are ingested and translocate to the gut, where they activate the inflammasome in colonic mononuclear phagocytes, triggering inflammation. In parallel, periodontitis results in generation of oral pathobiont-reactive Th17 cells in the oral cavity. Oral pathobiont-reactive Th17 cells are imprinted with gut tropism and migrate to the inflamed gut. When in the gut, Th17 cells of oral origin can be activated by translocated oral pathobionts and cause development of colitis, but they are not activated by gut-resident microbes. Thus, oral inflammation, such as periodontitis, exacerbates gut inflammation by supplying the gut with both colitogenic pathobionts and pathogenic T cells.
Assuntos
Colite/patologia , Enterobacter/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Klebsiella/fisiologia , Boca/microbiologia , Animais , Colite/microbiologia , Colo/microbiologia , Colo/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Enterobacter/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/deficiência , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Klebsiella/isolamento & purificação , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Periodontite/microbiologia , Periodontite/patologia , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/metabolismoRESUMO
Interferon (IFN)-Is are crucial mediators of antiviral immunity and homeostatic immune system regulation. However, the source of IFN-I signaling under homeostatic conditions is unclear. We discovered that commensal microbes regulate the IFN-I response through induction of IFN-ß by colonic DCs. Moreover, the mechanism by which a specific commensal microbe induces IFN-ß was identified. Outer membrane (OM)-associated glycolipids of gut commensal microbes belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum induce expression of IFN-ß. Using Bacteroides fragilis and its OM-associated polysaccharide A, we determined that IFN-ß expression was induced via TLR4-TRIF signaling. Antiviral activity of this purified microbial molecule against infection with either vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) or influenza was demonstrated to be dependent on the induction of IFN-ß. In a murine VSV infection model, commensal-induced IFN-ß regulated natural resistance to virus infection. Due to the physiological importance of IFN-Is, discovery of an IFN-ß-inducing microbial molecule represents a potential approach for the treatment of some human diseases.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Microbiota , Viroses/microbiologia , Animais , Bacteroides fragilis/fisiologia , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Colo/virologia , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicolipídeos/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferon beta/sangue , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/farmacologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Vesiculovirus/fisiologia , Viroses/genéticaRESUMO
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed risk alleles for ulcerative colitis (UC). To understand their cell type specificities and pathways of action, we generate an atlas of 366,650 cells from the colon mucosa of 18 UC patients and 12 healthy individuals, revealing 51 epithelial, stromal, and immune cell subsets, including BEST4+ enterocytes, microfold-like cells, and IL13RA2+IL11+ inflammatory fibroblasts, which we associate with resistance to anti-TNF treatment. Inflammatory fibroblasts, inflammatory monocytes, microfold-like cells, and T cells that co-express CD8 and IL-17 expand with disease, forming intercellular interaction hubs. Many UC risk genes are cell type specific and co-regulated within relatively few gene modules, suggesting convergence onto limited sets of cell types and pathways. Using this observation, we nominate and infer functions for specific risk genes across GWAS loci. Our work provides a framework for interrogating complex human diseases and mapping risk variants to cell types and pathways.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Colo/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Bestrofinas/metabolismo , Antígenos CD8/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Colite Ulcerativa/metabolismo , Colo/patologia , Enterócitos/citologia , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Feminino , Loci Gênicos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Trombospondinas/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The colonic epithelium can undergo multiple rounds of damage and repair, often in response to excessive inflammation. The responsive stem cell that mediates this process is unclear, in part because of a lack of in vitro models that recapitulate key epithelial changes that occur in vivo during damage and repair. Here, we identify a Hopx+ colitis-associated regenerative stem cell (CARSC) population that functionally contributes to mucosal repair in mouse models of colitis. Hopx+ CARSCs, enriched for fetal-like markers, transiently arose from hypertrophic crypts known to facilitate regeneration. Importantly, we established a long-term, self-organizing two-dimensional (2D) epithelial monolayer system to model the regenerative properties and responses of Hopx+ CARSCs. This system can reenact the "homeostasis-injury-regeneration" cycles of epithelial alterations that occur in vivo. Using this system, we found that hypoxia and endoplasmic reticulum stress, insults commonly present in inflammatory bowel diseases, mediated the cyclic switch of cellular status in this process.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Colo/patologia , Células-Tronco/patologia , Células 3T3 , Animais , Colite/patologia , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , Oxigênio/farmacologia , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Pediatric-onset colitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have significant effects on the growth of infants and children, but the etiopathogenesis underlying disease subtypes remains incompletely understood. Here, we report single-cell clustering, immune phenotyping, and risk gene analysis for children with undifferentiated colitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. We demonstrate disease-specific characteristics, as well as common pathogenesis marked by impaired cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response signaling. Specifically, infiltration of PDE4B- and TNF-expressing macrophages, decreased abundance of CD39-expressing intraepithelial T cells, and platelet aggregation and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine at the colonic mucosae were common in colitis and IBD patients. Targeting these pathways by using the phosphodiesterase inhibitor dipyridamole restored immune homeostasis and improved colitis symptoms in a pilot study. In summary, comprehensive analysis of the colonic mucosae has uncovered common pathogenesis and therapeutic targets for children with colitis and IBD.
Assuntos
Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/patologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/terapia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Apirase/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Colo/patologia , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Dipiridamol/farmacologia , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Memória Imunológica , Inflamação/patologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/sangue , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/genética , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Metilprednisolona/farmacologia , Células Mieloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Mieloides/metabolismoRESUMO
It is increasingly recognized that immune development within mucosal tissues is under the control of environmental factors during early life. However, the cellular mechanisms that underlie such temporally and regionally restrictive governance of these processes are unclear. Here, we uncover an extrathymic pathway of immune development within the colon that is controlled by embryonic but not bone marrow-derived macrophages, which determines the ability of these organs to receive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and allow them to establish local residency. Consequently, early-life perturbations of fetal-derived macrophages result in persistent decreases of mucosal iNKT cells and is associated with later-life susceptibility or resistance to iNKT cell-associated mucosal disorders. These studies uncover a host developmental program orchestrated by ontogenically distinct macrophages that is regulated by microbiota, and they reveal an important postnatal function of macrophages that emerge in fetal life.
Assuntos
Colite/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Listeriose/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Células T Invariantes Associadas à Mucosa/imunologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células/genética , Colite/microbiologia , Colite/patologia , Colo/citologia , Colo/embriologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Toxina Diftérica/administração & dosagem , Toxina Diftérica/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/imunologia , Vida Livre de Germes , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Mucosa Intestinal/embriologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Listeriose/microbiologia , Listeriose/patologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , RNA-Seq , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a barrier for tumor immunity and a target for immunotherapy. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we found that CD4+ T cells infiltrating primary and metastatic colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer are highly enriched for two subsets of comparable size and suppressor function comprising forkhead box protein P3+ Treg and eomesodermin homolog (EOMES)+ type 1 regulatory T (Tr1)-like cells also expressing granzyme K and chitinase-3-like protein 2. EOMES+ Tr1-like cells, but not Treg cells, were clonally related to effector T cells and were clonally expanded in primary and metastatic tumors, which is consistent with their proliferation and differentiation in situ. Using chitinase-3-like protein 2 as a subset signature, we found that the EOMES+ Tr1-like subset correlates with disease progression but is also associated with response to programmed cell death protein 1-targeted immunotherapy. Collectively, these findings highlight the heterogeneity of Treg cells that accumulate in primary tumors and metastases and identify a new prospective target for cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/imunologia , Hematopoiese Clonal/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/secundário , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Proliferação de Células/genética , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Quitinases/metabolismo , Colectomia , Colo/patologia , Colo/cirurgia , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/terapia , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , Progressão da Doença , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/imunologia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Granzimas/metabolismo , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cultura Primária de Células , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA-Seq , Análise de Célula Única , Proteínas com Domínio T/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismoRESUMO
Osmotic diarrhea is a prevalent condition in humans caused by food intolerance, malabsorption, and widespread laxative use. Here, we assess the resilience of the gut ecosystem to osmotic perturbation at multiple length and timescales using mice as model hosts. Osmotic stress caused reproducible extinction of highly abundant taxa and expansion of less prevalent members in human and mouse microbiotas. Quantitative imaging revealed decimation of the mucus barrier during osmotic perturbation, followed by recovery. The immune system exhibited temporary changes in cytokine levels and a lasting IgG response against commensal bacteria. Increased osmolality prevented growth of commensal strains in vitro, revealing one mechanism contributing to extinction. Environmental availability of microbiota members mitigated extinction events, demonstrating how species reintroduction can affect community resilience. Our findings (1) demonstrate that even mild osmotic diarrhea can cause lasting changes to the microbiota and host and (2) lay the foundation for interventions that increase system-wide resilience.
Assuntos
Diarreia/patologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Polietilenoglicóis/farmacologia , Animais , Bacteroidetes/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteroidetes/genética , Bacteroidetes/isolamento & purificação , Ceco/química , Ceco/metabolismo , Ceco/microbiologia , Ceco/patologia , Colo/química , Colo/microbiologia , Colo/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diarreia/imunologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Fezes/microbiologia , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Metagenômica , Camundongos , Concentração Osmolar , Polietilenoglicóis/metabolismo , Proteoma/análise , RNA Ribossômico 16S/química , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Verrucomicrobia/efeitos dos fármacos , Verrucomicrobia/genética , Verrucomicrobia/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The composition of the intestinal microbiota is associated with both the development of tumors and the efficacy of anti-tumor immunity. Here, we examined the impact of microbiota-specific T cells in anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) immunity. Introduction of Helicobacter hepaticus (Hhep) in a mouse model of CRC did not alter the microbial landscape but increased tumor infiltration by cytotoxic lymphocytes and inhibited tumor growth. Anti-tumor immunity was independent of CD8+ T cells but dependent upon CD4+ T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Hhep colonization induced Hhep-specific T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, increased the number of colon Tfh cells, and supported the maturation of Hhep+ tumor-adjacent tertiary lymphoid structures. Tfh cells were necessary for Hhep-mediated tumor control and immune infiltration, and adoptive transfer of Hhep-specific CD4+ T cells to Tfh cell-deficient Bcl6fl/flCd4Cre mice restored anti-tumor immunity. Thus, introduction of immunogenic intestinal bacteria can promote Tfh-associated anti-tumor immunity in the colon, suggesting therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CRC.
Assuntos
Subpopulações de Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/imunologia , Helicobacter hepaticus/fisiologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/imunologia , Estruturas Linfoides Terciárias/imunologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-6/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-6/metabolismoRESUMO
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Immune disorders play an essential role in the pathogenesis of these two IBDs, but the differences in the immune microenvironment of the colon and their underlying mechanisms remain poorly investigated. Here we examined the immunological features and metabolic microenvironment of untreated individuals with IBD by multiomics analyses. Modulation of CD-specific metabolites, particularly reduced selenium, can obviously shape type 1 T helper (Th1) cell differentiation, which is specifically enriched in CD. Selenium supplementation suppressed the symptoms and onset of CD and Th1 cell differentiation via selenoprotein W (SELW)-mediated cellular reactive oxygen species scavenging. SELW promoted purine salvage pathways and inhibited one-carbon metabolism by recruiting an E3 ubiquitin ligase, tripartite motif-containing protein 21, which controlled the stability of serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2. Our work highlights selenium as an essential regulator of T cell responses and potential therapeutic targets in CD.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Crohn/imunologia , Selênio/farmacologia , Selenoproteína W/metabolismo , Células Th1/citologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Polaridade Celular , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Glicina Hidroximetiltransferase/metabolismo , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteínas/metabolismo , Células Th1/imunologia , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismoRESUMO
Three-dimensional organoid culture technologies have revolutionized cancer research by allowing for more realistic and scalable reproductions of both tumour and microenvironmental structures1-3. This has enabled better modelling of low-complexity cancer cell behaviours that occur over relatively short periods of time4. However, available organoid systems do not capture the intricate evolutionary process of cancer development in terms of tissue architecture, cell diversity, homeostasis and lifespan. As a consequence, oncogenesis and tumour formation studies are not possible in vitro and instead require the extensive use of animal models, which provide limited spatiotemporal resolution of cellular dynamics and come at a considerable cost in terms of resources and animal lives. Here we developed topobiologically complex mini-colons that are able to undergo tumorigenesis ex vivo by integrating microfabrication, optogenetic and tissue engineering approaches. With this system, tumorigenic transformation can be spatiotemporally controlled by directing oncogenic activation through blue-light exposure, and emergent colon tumours can be tracked in real-time at the single-cell resolution for several weeks without breaking the culture. These induced mini-colons display rich intratumoural and intertumoural diversity and recapitulate key pathophysiological hallmarks displayed by colorectal tumours in vivo. By fine-tuning cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic parameters, mini-colons can be used to identify tumorigenic determinants and pharmacological opportunities. As a whole, our study paves the way for cancer initiation research outside living organisms.
Assuntos
Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Colo , Neoplasias Colorretais , Optogenética , Organoides , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/efeitos da radiação , Colo/patologia , Colo/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Luz , Optogenética/métodos , Organoides/patologia , Organoides/efeitos da radiação , Análise de Célula Única , Fatores de Tempo , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Microambiente Tumoral , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de MedicamentosRESUMO
Gut dysbiosis might underlie the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. In mice of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) strain, we found that key features of disease correlated inversely with blood and fecal concentrations of the microbial metabolites acetate and butyrate. We therefore fed NOD mice specialized diets designed to release large amounts of acetate or butyrate after bacterial fermentation in the colon. Each diet provided a high degree of protection from diabetes, even when administered after breakdown of immunotolerance. Feeding mice a combined acetate- and butyrate-yielding diet provided complete protection, which suggested that acetate and butyrate might operate through distinct mechanisms. Acetate markedly decreased the frequency of autoreactive T cells in lymphoid tissues, through effects on B cells and their ability to expand populations of autoreactive T cells. A diet containing butyrate boosted the number and function of regulatory T cells, whereas acetate- and butyrate-yielding diets enhanced gut integrity and decreased serum concentration of diabetogenic cytokines such as IL-21. Medicinal foods or metabolites might represent an effective and natural approach for countering the numerous immunological defects that contribute to T cell-dependent autoimmune diseases.
Assuntos
Acetatos/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Butiratos/metabolismo , Colo/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/dietoterapia , Disbiose/dietoterapia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Autoimunidade , Linfócitos B/microbiologia , Células Cultivadas , Colo/patologia , Dietoterapia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Interleucinas/sangue , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Linfócitos T Reguladores/microbiologiaRESUMO
All nucleated cells express major histocompatibility complex I and interferon-γ (IFNγ) receptor1, but an epithelial cell-specific function of IFNγ signalling or antigen presentation by means of major histocompatibility complex I has not been explored. We show here that on sensing IFNγ, colonic epithelial cells productively present pathogen and self-derived antigens to cognate intra-epithelial T cells, which are critically located at the epithelial barrier. Antigen presentation by the epithelial cells confers extracellular ATPase expression in cognate intra-epithelial T cells, which limits the accumulation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate and consequent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in tissue macrophages. By contrast, antigen presentation by the tissue macrophages alongside inflammasome-associated interleukin-1α and interleukin-1ß production promotes a pathogenic transformation of CD4+ T cells into granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF)-producing T cells in vivo, which promotes colitis and colorectal cancer. Taken together, our study unravels critical checkpoints requiring IFNγ sensing and antigen presentation by epithelial cells that control the development of pathogenic CD4+ T cell responses in vivo.
Assuntos
Apresentação de Antígeno , Colo , Células Epiteliais , Interferon gama , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Colite/imunologia , Colite/patologia , Colite/prevenção & controle , Colo/citologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/imunologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/imunologia , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-1alfa/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismoRESUMO
Dysregulated expression of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in the colonic mucosa is associated with colonic inflammation and cancer. However, the cell-intrinsic molecular mechanisms by which IL-17 expression is regulated remain unclear. We found that deficiency in the ubiquitin ligase Itch led to spontaneous colitis and increased susceptibility to colon cancer. Itch deficiency in the TH17 subset of helper T cells, innate lymphoid cells and γδ T cells resulted in the production of elevated amounts of IL-17 in the colonic mucosa. Mechanistically, Itch bound to the transcription factor ROR-γt and targeted ROR-γt for ubiquitination. Inhibition or genetic inactivation of ROR-γt attenuated IL-17 expression and reduced spontaneous colonic inflammation in Itch(-/-) mice. Thus, we have identified a previously unknown role for Itch in regulating IL-17-mediated colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis.
Assuntos
Colite/imunologia , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Células Th17/fisiologia , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Sulfato de Dextrana , Humanos , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
Cell-type plasticity within a tumor has recently been suggested to cause a bidirectional conversion between tumor-initiating stem cells and nonstem cells triggered by an inflammatory stroma. NF-κB represents a key transcription factor within the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. However, NF-κB's function in tumor-initiating cells has not been examined yet. Using a genetic model of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-restricted constitutive Wnt-activation, which comprises the most common event in the initiation of colon cancer, we demonstrate that NF-κB modulates Wnt signaling and show that IEC-specific ablation of RelA/p65 retards crypt stem cell expansion. In contrast, elevated NF-κB signaling enhances Wnt activation and induces dedifferentiation of nonstem cells that acquire tumor-initiating capacity. Thus, our data support the concept of bidirectional conversion and highlight the importance of inflammatory signaling for dedifferentiation and generation of tumor-initiating cells in vivo.