RESUMO
The glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) plays a crucial role in the regulation of both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission by removing glycine from the synaptic cleft. Given its close association with glutamate/glycine co-activated NMDA receptors (NMDARs), GlyT1 has emerged as a central target for the treatment of schizophrenia, which is often linked to hypofunctional NMDARs. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of GlyT1 bound with substrate glycine and drugs ALX-5407, SSR504734, and PF-03463275. These structures, captured at three fundamental states of the transport cycle-outward-facing, occluded, and inward-facing-enable us to illustrate a comprehensive blueprint of the conformational change associated with glycine reuptake. Additionally, we identified three specific pockets accommodating drugs, providing clear insights into the structural basis of their inhibitory mechanism and selectivity. Collectively, these structures offer significant insights into the transport mechanism and recognition of substrate and anti-schizophrenia drugs, thus providing a platform to design small molecules to treat schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Glicina , Humanos , Transporte Biológico , Glicina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Glicina/química , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Glicina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Glicina/ultraestrutura , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica , Imidazóis/química , Sarcosina/análogos & derivados , Piperidinas/químicaRESUMO
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a highly heritable mental disorder with thousands of associated genetic variants located mostly in the noncoding space of the genome. Translating these associations into insights regarding the underlying pathomechanisms has been challenging because the causal variants, their mechanisms of action, and their target genes remain largely unknown. We implemented a massively parallel variant annotation pipeline (MVAP) to perform SCZ variant-to-function mapping at scale in disease-relevant neural cell types. This approach identified 620 functional variants (1.7%) that operate in a highly developmental context and neuronal-activity-dependent manner. Multimodal integration of epigenomic and CRISPRi screening data enabled us to link these functional variants to target genes, biological processes, and ultimately alterations of neuronal physiology. These results provide a multistage prioritization strategy to map functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-to-gene-to-endophenotype relations and offer biological insights into the context-dependent molecular processes modulated by SCZ-associated genetic variation.
Assuntos
Esquizofrenia , Humanos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Neurônios/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Animais , Camundongos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga EscalaRESUMO
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) senses a spectrum of endogenous amine-containing metabolites (EAMs) to mediate diverse psychological functions and is useful for schizophrenia treatment without the side effects of catalepsy. Here, we systematically profiled the signaling properties of TAAR1 activation and present nine structures of TAAR1-Gs/Gq in complex with EAMs, clinical drugs, and synthetic compounds. These structures not only revealed the primary amine recognition pocket (PARP) harboring the conserved acidic D3.32 for conserved amine recognition and "twin" toggle switch for receptor activation but also elucidated that targeting specific residues in the second binding pocket (SBP) allowed modulation of signaling preference. In addition to traditional drug-induced Gs signaling, Gq activation by EAM or synthetic compounds is beneficial to schizophrenia treatment. Our results provided a structural and signaling framework for molecular recognition by TAAR1, which afforded structural templates and signal clues for TAAR1-targeted candidate compounds design.
Assuntos
Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Aminas/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismoRESUMO
The construction of the human nervous system is a distinctly complex although highly regulated process. Human tissue inaccessibility has impeded a molecular understanding of the developmental specializations from which our unique cognitive capacities arise. A confluence of recent technological advances in genomics and stem cell-based tissue modeling is laying the foundation for a new understanding of human neural development and dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we review recent progress on uncovering the cellular and molecular principles of human brain organogenesis in vivo as well as using organoids and assembloids in vitro to model features of human evolution and disease.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/metabolismo , Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Epilepsia/metabolismo , Neurogênese/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Animais , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Epilepsia/genética , Humanos , Mutação , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Organoides/embriologia , Organoides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esquizofrenia/genéticaRESUMO
An ability to build structured mental maps of the world underpins our capacity to imagine relationships between objects that extend beyond experience. In rodents, such representations are supported by sequential place cell reactivations during rest, known as replay. Schizophrenia is proposed to reflect a compromise in structured mental representations, with animal models reporting abnormalities in hippocampal replay and associated ripple activity during rest. Here, utilizing magnetoencephalography (MEG), we tasked patients with schizophrenia and control participants to infer unobserved relationships between objects by reorganizing visual experiences containing these objects. During a post-task rest session, controls exhibited fast spontaneous neural reactivation of presented objects that replayed inferred relationships. Replay was coincident with increased ripple power in hippocampus. Patients showed both reduced replay and augmented ripple power relative to controls, convergent with findings in animal models. These abnormalities are linked to impairments in behavioral acquisition and subsequent neural representation of task structure.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem , Neurônios/patologia , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Ritmo alfa/fisiologia , Comportamento , Mapeamento Encefálico , Feminino , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Magnetoencefalografia , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Análise e Desempenho de TarefasRESUMO
Mary-Claire King's approach to genetics has had a major impact on breast and ovarian cancer and, more recently, mental illnesses including schizophrenia. Science writer Kendall Morgan talked with Mary-Claire, recipient of a 2021 Canada Gairdner International Award, about her life, her lengthy quest to discover the genetic basis of susceptibility to breast cancer, the struggles for women in science, and much more. An edited version of this conversation is presented below.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Distinções e Prêmios , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Feminino , Genética , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/genética , Transtornos Mentais/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/patologiaRESUMO
Genomic studies have identified hundreds of candidate genes near loci associated with risk for schizophrenia. To define candidates and their functions, we mutated zebrafish orthologs of 132 human schizophrenia-associated genes. We created a phenotype atlas consisting of whole-brain activity maps, brain structural differences, and profiles of behavioral abnormalities. Phenotypes were diverse but specific, including altered forebrain development and decreased prepulse inhibition. Exploration of these datasets identified promising candidates in more than 10 gene-rich regions, including the magnesium transporter cnnm2 and the translational repressor gigyf2, and revealed shared anatomical sites of activity differences, including the pallium, hypothalamus, and tectum. Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovered an essential role for the understudied transcription factor znf536 in the development of forebrain neurons implicated in social behavior and stress. This phenotypic landscape of schizophrenia-associated genes prioritizes more than 30 candidates for further study and provides hypotheses to bridge the divide between genetic association and biological mechanism.
Assuntos
Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Animais , Encéfalo , Córtex Cerebral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Peixe-Zebra/genéticaRESUMO
Can we one day prevent mental disorders? Mukherjee et al. (2019) use a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia-risk with established abnormalities in adult hippocampal-prefrontal circuit function and cognitive behaviors to identify circuit-specific treatments during adolescence that prevent the onset of the adult deficits.
Assuntos
Disfunção Cognitiva , Esquizofrenia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipocampo , Humanos , Camundongos , Córtex Pré-FrontalRESUMO
Tissue-specific regulatory regions harbor substantial genetic risk for disease. Because brain development is a critical epoch for neuropsychiatric disease susceptibility, we characterized the genetic control of the transcriptome in 201 mid-gestational human brains, identifying 7,962 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and 4,635 spliceQTL (sQTL), including several thousand prenatal-specific regulatory regions. We show that significant genetic liability for neuropsychiatric disease lies within prenatal eQTL and sQTL. Integration of eQTL and sQTL with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) via transcriptome-wide association identified dozens of novel candidate risk genes, highlighting shared and stage-specific mechanisms in schizophrenia (SCZ). Gene network analysis revealed that SCZ and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affect distinct developmental gene co-expression modules. Yet, in each disorder, common and rare genetic variation converges within modules, which in ASD implicates superficial cortical neurons. More broadly, these data, available as a web browser and our analyses, demonstrate the genetic mechanisms by which developmental events have a widespread influence on adult anatomical and behavioral phenotypes.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/metabolismo , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/patologia , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Feminino , Feto/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Masculino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Splicing de RNA/genética , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/patologiaRESUMO
Although sensitizing processes occur earlier, schizophrenia is diagnosed in young adulthood, which suggests that it might involve a pathological transition during late brain development in predisposed individuals. Parvalbumin (PV) interneuron alterations have been noticed, but their role in the disease is unclear. Here we demonstrate that adult LgDel+/- mice, a genetic model of schizophrenia, exhibit PV neuron hypo-recruitment and associated chronic PV neuron plasticity together with network and cognitive deficits. All these deficits can be permanently rescued by chemogenetic activation of PV neurons or D2R antagonist treatments, specifically in the ventral hippocampus (vH) or medial-prefrontal cortex during a late-adolescence-sensitive time window. PV neuron alterations were initially restricted to the hippocampal CA1/subiculum, where they became responsive to treatment in late adolescence. Therefore, progression to disease in schizophrenia-model mice can be prevented by treatments supporting vH-mPFC PV network function during a sensitive time window late in adolescence, suggesting therapeutic strategies to prevent the outbreak of schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Disfunção Cognitiva/terapia , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Dopamina D2/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Interneurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Adolescente , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipocampo/patologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Parvalbuminas/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologiaRESUMO
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are two distinct diagnoses that share symptomology. Understanding the genetic factors contributing to the shared and disorder-specific symptoms will be crucial for improving diagnosis and treatment. In genetic data consisting of 53,555 cases (20,129 bipolar disorder [BD], 33,426 schizophrenia [SCZ]) and 54,065 controls, we identified 114 genome-wide significant loci implicating synaptic and neuronal pathways shared between disorders. Comparing SCZ to BD (23,585 SCZ, 15,270 BD) identified four genomic regions including one with disorder-independent causal variants and potassium ion response genes as contributing to differences in biology between the disorders. Polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses identified several significant correlations within case-only phenotypes including SCZ PRS with psychotic features and age of onset in BD. For the first time, we discover specific loci that distinguish between BD and SCZ and identify polygenic components underlying multiple symptom dimensions. These results point to the utility of genetics to inform symptomology and potential treatment.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Esquizofrenia/genética , Transtorno Bipolar/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Loci Gênicos , Humanos , Herança Multifatorial/genética , Razão de Chances , Fenótipo , Risco , Esquizofrenia/patologia , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
Drugs frequently require interactions with multiple targets-via a process known as polypharmacology-to achieve their therapeutic actions. Currently, drugs targeting several serotonin receptors, including the 5-HT2C receptor, are useful for treating obesity, drug abuse, and schizophrenia. The competing challenges of developing selective 5-HT2C receptor ligands or creating drugs with a defined polypharmacological profile, especially aimed at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), remain extremely difficult. Here, we solved two structures of the 5-HT2C receptor in complex with the highly promiscuous agonist ergotamine and the 5-HT2A-C receptor-selective inverse agonist ritanserin at resolutions of 3.0 Å and 2.7 Å, respectively. We analyzed their respective binding poses to provide mechanistic insights into their receptor recognition and opposing pharmacological actions. This study investigates the structural basis of polypharmacology at canonical GPCRs and illustrates how understanding characteristic patterns of ligand-receptor interaction and activation may ultimately facilitate drug design at multiple GPCRs.
Assuntos
Ergotamina/química , Receptor 5-HT2C de Serotonina/química , Ritanserina/química , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT2 de Serotonina/química , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT2 de Serotonina/química , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Receptor 5-HT2C de Serotonina/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/metabolismoRESUMO
Predictive processing is a computational framework that aims to explain how the brain processes sensory information by making predictions about the environment and minimizing prediction errors. It can also be used to explain some of the key symptoms of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. In recent years, substantial advances have been made in our understanding of the neuronal circuitry that underlies predictive processing in cortex. In this review, we summarize these findings and how they might relate to psychosis and to observed cell type-specific effects of antipsychotic drugs. We argue that quantifying the effects of antipsychotic drugs on specific neuronal circuit elements is a promising approach to understanding not only the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs but also psychosis. Finally, we outline some of the key experiments that should be done. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the current circuit-based approaches to psychosis and to encourage further research in this direction.
Assuntos
Transtornos Psicóticos , Humanos , Transtornos Psicóticos/fisiopatologia , Animais , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Rede Nervosa/fisiopatologia , Rede Nervosa/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Modelos NeurológicosRESUMO
The genetics of African populations reveals an otherwise "missing layer" of human variation that arose between 100,000 and 5 million years ago. Both the vast number of these ancient variants and the selective pressures they survived yield insights into genes responsible for complex traits in all populations.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , População Negra/genética , África , Animais , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Variação Genética , Genética Médica , Hominidae/genética , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologia , Esquizofrenia/genéticaRESUMO
Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons in brain that transmit and compute information, thereby connecting neurons into millions of overlapping and interdigitated neural circuits. Here, we posit that the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses are governed by a molecular logic that is controlled by diverse trans-synaptic signaling molecules. Neurexins, expressed in thousands of alternatively spliced isoforms, are central components of this dynamic code. Presynaptic neurexins regulate synapse properties via differential binding to multifarious postsynaptic ligands, such as neuroligins, cerebellin/GluD complexes, and latrophilins, thereby shaping the input/output relations of their resident neural circuits. Mutations in genes encoding neurexins and their ligands are associated with diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, autism, and Tourette syndrome. Thus, neurexins nucleate an overall trans-synaptic signaling network that controls synapse properties, which thereby determines the precise responses of synapses to spike patterns in a neuron and circuit and which is vulnerable to impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Assuntos
Moléculas de Adesão Celular Neuronais/metabolismo , Vias Neurais , Sinapses , Processamento Alternativo , Animais , Transtorno Autístico/metabolismo , Transtorno Autístico/patologia , Moléculas de Adesão Celular Neuronais/química , Moléculas de Adesão Celular Neuronais/genética , Humanos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Transdução de Sinais , Síndrome de Tourette/metabolismo , Síndrome de Tourette/patologiaRESUMO
Human brains vary across people and over time; such variation is not yet understood in cellular terms. Here we describe a relationship between people's cortical neurons and cortical astrocytes. We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to analyse the prefrontal cortex of 191 human donors aged 22-97 years, including healthy individuals and people with schizophrenia. Latent-factor analysis of these data revealed that, in people whose cortical neurons more strongly expressed genes encoding synaptic components, cortical astrocytes more strongly expressed distinct genes with synaptic functions and genes for synthesizing cholesterol, an astrocyte-supplied component of synaptic membranes. We call this relationship the synaptic neuron and astrocyte program (SNAP). In schizophrenia and ageing-two conditions that involve declines in cognitive flexibility and plasticity1,2-cells divested from SNAP: astrocytes, glutamatergic (excitatory) neurons and GABAergic (inhibitory) neurons all showed reduced SNAP expression to corresponding degrees. The distinct astrocytic and neuronal components of SNAP both involved genes in which genetic risk factors for schizophrenia were strongly concentrated. SNAP, which varies quantitatively even among healthy people of similar age, may underlie many aspects of normal human interindividual differences and may be an important point of convergence for multiple kinds of pathophysiology.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Astrócitos , Neurônios , Córtex Pré-Frontal , Esquizofrenia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/patologia , Astrócitos/citologia , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Astrócitos/patologia , Colesterol/metabolismo , Cognição , Neurônios GABAérgicos/metabolismo , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Glutamina/metabolismo , Saúde , Individualidade , Inibição Neural , Plasticidade Neuronal , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/citologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Análise da Expressão Gênica de Célula Única , Sinapses/genética , Sinapses/metabolismo , Sinapses/patologia , Membranas Sinápticas/química , Membranas Sinápticas/metabolismoRESUMO
Both common and rare genetic variants influence complex traits and common diseases. Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of common-variant associations, and more recently, large-scale exome sequencing studies have identified rare-variant associations in hundreds of genes1-3. However, rare-variant genetic architecture is not well characterized, and the relationship between common-variant and rare-variant architecture is unclear4. Here we quantify the heritability explained by the gene-wise burden of rare coding variants across 22 common traits and diseases in 394,783 UK Biobank exomes5. Rare coding variants (allele frequency < 1 × 10-3) explain 1.3% (s.e. = 0.03%) of phenotypic variance on average-much less than common variants-and most burden heritability is explained by ultrarare loss-of-function variants (allele frequency < 1 × 10-5). Common and rare variants implicate the same cell types, with similar enrichments, and they have pleiotropic effects on the same pairs of traits, with similar genetic correlations. They partially colocalize at individual genes and loci, but not to the same extent: burden heritability is strongly concentrated in significant genes, while common-variant heritability is more polygenic, and burden heritability is also more strongly concentrated in constrained genes. Finally, we find that burden heritability for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder6,7 is approximately 2%. Our results indicate that rare coding variants will implicate a tractable number of large-effect genes, that common and rare associations are mechanistically convergent, and that rare coding variants will contribute only modestly to missing heritability and population risk stratification.
Assuntos
Exoma , Frequência do Gene , Variação Genética , Herança Multifatorial , Humanos , Exoma/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Herança Multifatorial/genética , Fatores de Risco , Reino Unido , Loci Gênicos/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Transtorno Bipolar/genéticaRESUMO
Changes in patterns of activity within the medial prefrontal cortex enable rodents, non-human primates and humans to update their behaviour to adapt to changes in the environment-for example, during cognitive tasks1-5. Parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex are important for learning new strategies during a rule-shift task6-8, but the circuit interactions that switch prefrontal network dynamics from maintaining to updating task-related patterns of activity remain unknown. Here we describe a mechanism that links parvalbumin-expressing neurons, a new callosal inhibitory connection, and changes in task representations. Whereas nonspecifically inhibiting all callosal projections does not prevent mice from learning rule shifts or disrupt the evolution of activity patterns, selectively inhibiting only callosal projections of parvalbumin-expressing neurons impairs rule-shift learning, desynchronizes the gamma-frequency activity that is necessary for learning8 and suppresses the reorganization of prefrontal activity patterns that normally accompanies rule-shift learning. This dissociation reveals how callosal parvalbumin-expressing projections switch the operating mode of prefrontal circuits from maintenance to updating by transmitting gamma synchrony and gating the ability of other callosal inputs to maintain previously established neural representations. Thus, callosal projections originating from parvalbumin-expressing neurons represent a key circuit locus for understanding and correcting the deficits in behavioural flexibility and gamma synchrony that have been implicated in schizophrenia and related conditions9,10.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem , Inibição Neural , Vias Neurais , Neurônios , Parvalbuminas , Córtex Pré-Frontal , Animais , Camundongos , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Parvalbuminas/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/citologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiologia , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Corpo Caloso/citologia , Corpo Caloso/fisiologia , Inibição Neural/fisiologiaRESUMO
Current approaches to the treatment of schizophrenia have mainly focused on the protein-coding part of the genome; in this context, the roles of microRNAs have received less attention. In the present study, we analyze the microRNAome in the blood and postmortem brains of schizophrenia patients, showing that the expression of miR-99b-5p is downregulated in both the prefrontal cortex and blood of patients. Lowering the amount of miR-99b-5p in mice leads to both schizophrenia-like phenotypes and inflammatory processes that are linked to synaptic pruning in microglia. The microglial miR-99b-5p-supressed inflammatory response requires Z-DNA binding protein 1 (Zbp1), which we identify as a novel miR-99b-5p target. Antisense oligonucleotides against Zbp1 ameliorate the pathological effects of miR-99b-5p inhibition. Our findings indicate that a novel miR-99b-5p-Zbp1 pathway in microglia might contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Assuntos
MicroRNAs , Esquizofrenia , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Microglia/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/genéticaRESUMO
Genes disrupted in schizophrenia may be revealed by de novo mutations in affected persons from otherwise healthy families. Furthermore, during normal brain development, genes are expressed in patterns specific to developmental stage and neuroanatomical structure. We identified de novo mutations in persons with schizophrenia and then mapped the responsible genes onto transcriptome profiles of normal human brain tissues from age 13 weeks gestation to adulthood. In the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during fetal development, genes harboring damaging de novo mutations in schizophrenia formed a network significantly enriched for transcriptional coexpression and protein interaction. The 50 genes in the network function in neuronal migration, synaptic transmission, signaling, transcriptional regulation, and transport. These results suggest that disruptions of fetal prefrontal cortical neurogenesis are critical to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. These results also support the feasibility of integrating genomic and transcriptome analyses to map critical neurodevelopmental processes in time and space in the brain.