Psychology of the Lvov-Warsaw School and the shape of postcommunist Polish psychology (unfinished dialog with Brentanian tradition).

This article presents the development of Polish psychology from the perspective of the most important intellectual formation in Poland-the Lvov-Warsaw School of Kazimierz Twardowski. The representatives of the school played an extraordinary role in the history of Polish psychology in the first half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, this influence was halted by the outbreak of the war in 1939 and by communist oppression and propaganda after the war. After 1989, Polish psychology underwent a deep transformation in the spirit of Western psychology but with no continuation of the most significant achievements of Twardowski's School. Although this process has integrated Polish psychologists into the mainstream of psychology in the world, it has not led to the integration of one of the most original European psychological traditions into world psychology.

"My Death Was in a Kiss": Theatrical Propaganda Against Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Early Soviet Union and the United States in the 1920s-1930s.

We analyze key historical anti-sexually transmitted infection (STI) theatrical performances in the Soviet Union and the United States that were staged to disseminate knowledge and awareness of STIs among the population. The phenomenon of theatrical hygiene propaganda emerged in the USSR after the October Uprising of 1917. The so-called sanitary plays, mock trials, revues, and Living Newspapers addressed important public health issues, one of which was STIs. The Soviet experience provided inspiration for the Federal Theater Project in the United States, which produced socially relevant performances during the Great Depression. The Living Newspaper Spirochete, staged in Chicago, Illinois, in 1938 at the beginning of the "war against syphilis," became one of the most often staged Living Newspapers in the United States. We compare discourses of the theatrical propaganda against STIs in the Soviet Union and the United States. We aim to explain the driving forces and motives behind the anti-STI movement in both countries and describe structural and performative differences in the anti-STI theatrical productions. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(9):1318-1325. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306933).

'The King of Diseases': An Essay on the Special Attention Paid to Cancer Patients and How It Came About.

The history of cancer during the twentieth century demonstrates that various factors have contributed to the perception of cancer as the 'Emperor of All Maladies', although this has never been true from an epidemiological perspective. Depending on the geographical area, infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria or cardiovascular disease still head the list of the most common illnesses. Within the group of chronic-degenerative diseases, however, cancer has outdistanced the widespread classic infectious diseases as a result of the epidemiologic transition around 1900, at least in the more developed countries. Under the Nazi dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, the perception of cancer in Germany was particularly promoted for propaganda purposes. In the atomic era, cancer began to attract strong public interest as a worthwhile object of research in radiation therapies using large-scale facilities (electron accelerators, 'electron guns'). A further upsurge of interest in cancer was then registered in the context of the debate about the pathogenic role of environmental factors. The remarkable thing is that this increased perception of cancer has not yet been significantly associated with any overarching success in cancer treatment, but it has been associated with ideologies, hopes and advances in technology.

Military metaphors and pandemic propaganda: unmasking the betrayal of 'Healthcare Heroes'.

Dr Caitríona L Cox's recent article expounds the far-reaching implications of the 'Healthcare Hero' metaphor. She presents a detailed overview of heroism in the context of clinical care, revealing that healthcare workers, when portrayed as heroes, face challenges in reconciling unreasonable expectations of personal sacrifice without reciprocity or ample structural support from institutions and the general public. We use narrative medicine, a field primarily concerned with honouring the intersubjective narratives shared between patients and providers, in our attempt to deepen the discussion about the ways Healthcare Heroes engenders military metaphor, antiscience discourse, and xenophobia in the USA. We argue that the militarised metaphor of Healthcare Heroes not only robs doctors and nurses of the ability to voice concerns for themselves and their patients, but effectively sacrifices them in a utilitarian bargain whereby human life is considered the expendable sacrifice necessary to 'open the U.S. economy'. Militaristic metaphors in medicine can be dangerous to both doctors and patients, thus, teaching and advocating for the critical skills to analyse and alter this language prevents undue harm to providers and patients, as well as our national and global communities.

[The lack of confidence to vaccination as information planting].

The key requirements to vaccine are its safety and efficiency. Nowadays, when issue of vaccination is extremely acute, certain citizens began voluntarily to refuse important procedure, not becoming thoughtful that they endanger both themselves and other people. The purpose of the study is to specify the arguments and methods of circulation of anti-vaccination propaganda and to find out scientific counterarguments. Actually, there is sufficient data concerning lack of confidence to vaccination and vaccine prevention of infectious diseases. The systematic qualitative review of publications on issues of interest was carried out. It is established that lack of confidence to vaccination is maintained artificially and can be characterized as an information virus. The information throw-ins of fake-news about danger of vaccine and harm of vaccination undermine population trust to health care and vaccine prevention. The problem continues to be actual and controversial. So, every individual is independently to determine one's attitude to vaccination and to take charge of one's own health. Also, a number of facts is presented refuting convictions of anti-vaccinators.

'Spin' in published biomedical literature: A methodological systematic review.

In the scientific literature, spin refers to reporting practices that distort the interpretation of results and mislead readers so that results are viewed in a more favourable light. The presence of spin in biomedical research can negatively impact the development of further studies, clinical practice, and health policies. This systematic review aims to explore the nature and prevalence of spin in the biomedical literature. We searched MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and hand searched reference lists for all reports that included the measurement of spin in the biomedical literature for at least 1 outcome. Two independent coders extracted data on the characteristics of reports and their included studies and all spin-related outcomes. Results were grouped inductively into themes by spin-related outcome and are presented as a narrative synthesis. We used meta-analyses to analyse the association of spin with industry sponsorship of research. We included 35 reports, which investigated spin in clinical trials, observational studies, diagnostic accuracy studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The nature of spin varied according to study design. The highest (but also greatest) variability in the prevalence of spin was present in trials. Some of the common practices used to spin results included detracting from statistically nonsignificant results and inappropriately using causal language. Source of funding was hypothesised by a few authors to be a factor associated with spin; however, results were inconclusive, possibly due to the heterogeneity of the included papers. Further research is needed to assess the impact of spin on readers' decision-making. Editors and peer reviewers should be familiar with the prevalence and manifestations of spin in their area of research in order to ensure accurate interpretation and dissemination of research.

'Pro-tobacco propaganda': a case study of tobacco industry-sponsored elementary schools in China.

BACKGROUND: China is the largest producer and consumer of tobacco products worldwide. While direct marketing and advertisement of tobacco products is restricted, indirect marketing still exists under the guise of sponsorship and corporate social responsibility (CSR). This case study is focused on tobacco industry-sponsored elementary schools in Chinese rural areas. METHODS: Field visits were conducted in Yunnan province to interview students, teachers, school principals and parents to understand their perceptions of the tobacco industry and its sponsorship of schools. Interviews with tobacco control activists were conducted in Beijing to discuss national tobacco control efforts targeting tobacco industry sponsorship. Interview data were transcribed and coded, with key themes developed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: While health consequences of smoking are generally known, attitudes towards the tobacco industry and its CSR activities remain positive among the general public. Educators and parents do not perceive any impacts on schoolchildren from exposure to 'pro-tobacco propaganda' created by the industry's CSR activities. Attitudes among tobacco control activists were drastically different, with consensus that CSR activities constitute indirect marketing attempts that should be banned. CONCLUSION: National tobacco control legislation banning all forms of indirect marketing including CSR is needed in order to protect the health of future generations.

Attacks on healthcare in conflict: generating attention in the modern information landscape.

Attacks on healthcare in conflict (AHCC) is receiving increased attention as a pressing global concern from humanitarian organisations, the media, policymakers, academics, and the public. This study examines the extent to which this increased attention leads to mainstream reporting and understanding of AHCC that is representative of reality by investigating the ways that information and knowledge about the issue is produced. Based on a rapid review of documentation on AHCC since 2011, this is one of the first studies to assess the rigour, validity, and representativeness of mainstream data on AHCC. Findings indicate that information and knowledge about AHCC is molded by a particular representation of the issue created by international media and humanitarian organisations seeking to capture public and political attention. This dominant understanding is not representative of the complex reality of AHCC, but is instead driven by organisational objectives and advocacy agendas. These findings hold important implications for the above-mentioned stakeholders by exploring the complexity and impacts of documenting AHCC. Most notably, the research investigates the relationship between information and understanding about the issue and the action that it encourages.

[The organization of medical propaganda among crew of penal executive system of Russian Federation].

The article considers the issue of actuality of medical propaganda among crew of criminal executive system. It is established that actually the health care managers of criminal executive system are lacking interest to this kind of propaganda. The importance of implementation of medical propaganda among stuff of institutions of criminal executive system is substantiated. The study established such main problems of this activity as low level of medical activity of crew of penitentiary system, inadequate resource support of sanitary education, non-optimal structure of organization of medical care of decreed contingent, inferior implementation of sanitary education activities in medical organizations of various departmental belonging. The attention is focused on existence of various categories of certified employees, including characteristics of preventive activities with personnel performing service in rural territory and also with cadets of educational organizations that predisposes different approaches to implementation of measures of medical propaganda. The main means of meeting the complications in sanitary educational work with the given category of individuals.

Propagandizing the Healthy, Bolshevik Life in the Early USSR.

This essay outlines the problems facing Soviet health authorities at the inception of the People's Commissariat of Public Health in 1918 and the innovative methods employed in sanitary enlightenment propaganda in Russia throughout the 1920s. Beset by funding issues and supply problems, the emissaries of health chose the cheapest means of health improvement (propaganda) with the most cost-effective method (prevention), and crowed of great successes even as large portions of the nation still suffered from lack of contact with sanitary authorities. Targeting Soviet citizens at every stage and space of life, the envoys of public health spread the message of prophylaxis.

Sexual Identity, Stigma, and Depression: the Role of the "Anti-gay Propaganda Law" in Mental Health among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Moscow, Russia.

Depression is a major public health problem in the Russian Federation and is particularly of concern for men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM living in Moscow City were recruited via respondent-driven sampling and participated in a cross-sectional survey from October 2010 to April 2013. Multiple logistic regression models compared the relationship between sexual identity, recent stigma, and probable depression, defined as a score of ≥23 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. We investigated the interactive effect of stigma and participation in the study after the passage of multiple "anti-gay propaganda laws" in Russian provinces, municipalities, and in neighboring Ukraine on depression among MSM. Among 1367 MSM, 36.7% (n = 505) qualified as probably depressed. Fifty-five percent identified as homosexual (n = 741) and 42.9% identified as bisexual (n = 578). Bisexual identity had a protective association against probable depression (reference: homosexual identity AOR 0.71; 95%CI 0.52-0.97; p < 0.01). Those who experienced recent stigma (last 12 months) were more likely to report probable depression (reference: no stigma; AOR 1.75; 95%CI 1.20-2.56; p < 0.01). The interaction between stigma and the propaganda laws was significant. Among participants with stigma, probable depression increased 1.67-fold after the passage of the anti-gay laws AOR 1.67; 95%CI 1.04-2.68; p < 0.01). Depressive symptoms are common among MSM in Russia and exacerbated by stigma and laws that deny homosexual identities. Repeal of Russia's federal anti-gay propaganda law is urgent but other social interventions may address depression and stigma in the current context.

[The War on "Red Drugs": Anticommunism and Drug Policy in Republic of Korea, 1945-1960].

This paper investigates the discourses and policies on narcotics in Republic of Korea from 1945 to 1960. Since the Liberation the narcotic problem was regarded as the vestige of Japanese imperialism. which was expected to be cleaned up. The image of narcotic crimes as the legacy of the colonial past was turned into as the result of the Red Army's tactics to attack on the liberalist camp around the Korean war. The government of ROK represented the source of the illegal drugs as the Red army and the spy from North Korea. The anticommunist discourse about narcotics described the spies, who introduced the enormous amount of poppies into ROK and brought about the addicts, as the social evil. Through this discourse on poppies from North Korea, the government of ROK emphasized the immorality of the communists reinforcing the anticommunist regime, which was inevitable for the government of ROK to legitimize the division of Korea and the establishment of the government alone. This paper examines how the discourses and policies on narcotics in ROK was shaped and transformed from 1945 to 1960 focusing the relationship between the them and the political context such as anticommunism, Korean war, the division of Korea, and etc. This approach would be helpful to reveal the effect of the ROK's own political situation to the public health system involving the management for drugs.

[Anticancer propaganda: myth or reality?].

The authors raise a very important problem of anticancer propaganda aimed at the early detection of cancer to be solved nowadays by means of screening and constructive interaction between oncologists and the public. To increase the level of knowledge of the population in this area it is necessary to expand the range of its adequate awareness of tumor diseases. Only joint efforts can limit the destructive effect of cancer on people's minds, so that every person would be responsible for his own health, clearly understanding the advantages of early visit to a doctor. This once again highlights the need of educational work with the public, motivational nature of which allows strengthening the value of screening in the whole complex of measures to fight cancer.

The blurry lines between popular media and party propaganda: China's convergence culture through a linguistic lens.

There is a growing body of scholarly evidence that media convergence blurs the boundary between media production and media consumption and obscures the lines between institutions and individuals. Media convergence in the context of China has garnered attention in communication studies and in cultural studies. However, there is a scarcity of research on convergence culture from a linguistic perspective. Recent research has generated initial evidence that state media appropriates a pop-cultural social address for clickbait and information management in China's digital media space. However, the patterns and perceptual reality of linguistic convergence remain unexplored. This study investigates popular and party uses of xiaojiejie 'little older sister', a familiar expression of fictive kinship reborn as a viral personal reference and social address in China's convergence culture. Analysis of the Target Group Index in the Baidu search engine suggests xiaojiejie is gaining ground over its predecessor among young Chinese. Trends analysis of its usage in WeChat public accounts showed that the term has spread from popular media to state media, which employs the viral address to drive clickbait and disguise propaganda. An online survey of young Chinese WeChat users (N=330) on their perception of xiaojiejie headlines from WeChat public accounts showed that respondents could not tell state media uses from popular uses, providing perceptual evidence of the blurry boundaries between popular and state media uses of the viral address. The findings demonstrate the reality of linguistic convergence driven by participatory performance and its perceptual consequences in China's convergence culture.

[Dictatorship, Health and Propaganda: The National Immunization Program (PNI) and the media campaign for compulsory vaccination]. / Ditadura, Saúde e Propaganda: O Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) e a campanha midiática de vacinação obrigatória.

This article analyzes the films produced and broadcast between 1976 and 1978 by the National Agency and the Public Relations Office (ARP) for the campaign to publicize the mandatory vaccination that was instituted by the National Immunization Plan (PNI), created in 1975 and regulated by Decree No. 78,231 of August 12, 1976. The objective is to understand the narrative constructed through images and speeches aimed at convincing the population to make vaccination a culturally accepted practice. To achieve this, we examine the legislation on the subject during the period under analysis, namely the civil-military dictatorship. The dictatorial regime is approached based on the conceptual aspects that guide the analysis of the appropriation of health campaigns as propaganda and investments in a private and curative health model. We can therefore conclude that the initiative to create the PNI is a hiatus in this process of privatizing health, since it is not an action guided by the dictatorship's responsibility for the health of the population, but an action that involved the management of multiple actors in the health field, and which was embraced by the regime because it was a process directly linked to interests connected to the country's conservative modernization project.

Este artigo analisa os filmes produzidos e veiculados, entre 1976 e 1978, pela Agência Nacional e pela Assessoria de Relações Públicas (ARP) para a campanha de divulgação da vacinação obrigatória que foi instituída pelo Plano Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), criado em 1975, e regulamentado pelo Decreto nº 78.231, de 12 de agosto de 1976. O objetivo é compreender a narrativa construída através de imagens e discursos visando tornar a vacina uma prática culturalmente aceita. Para isso, recorre-se à legislação que versa sobre o tema no período analisado, qual seja na ditadura civil-militar. O regime ditatorial é abordado a partir dos aspectos conceituais que orientam as análises sobre a apropriação das campanhas de saúde como propaganda e dos investimentos em um modelo de saúde privada e curativista. Conclui-se, assim, que a iniciativa de criação do PNI trata-se de um hiato nesse processo de privatização da saúde, já que não é uma ação orientada pela responsabilidade da ditadura para com a saúde da população, mas sim, uma ação que envolveu a gerência de múltiplos atores do campo da saúde, e que foi encampada pelo regime por se tratar de um processo diretamente atrelado a interesses ligados ao projeto de modernização conservadora do país.