MicroRNAs, TGF-ß signaling, and the inflammatory microenvironment in cancer.

Inflammatory cells and mediators form a major part of the tumor microenvironment and play important roles in the regulation of cancer initiation, tumor cell proliferation, and metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in several physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment in cancer. Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is an inflammation-related cytokine that functions in both tumor suppression and promotion; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Recent evidence indicates an association between miRNAs and TGF-ß signaling, providing new insight into the nature of the inflammatory microenvironment in cancer. The present review is an overview of the interaction between miRNAs and inflammatory cytokines, with emphasis on the cross talk between TGF-ß signaling and miRNAs and their influence on cancer cell behavior. The emerging roles of miRNAs in cancer-related inflammation and the potential to target miRNA signaling pathways for cancer therapy are also discussed.