ABSTRACT
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) reflects a range of inherited retinal disorders which involve photoreceptor degeneration and retinal pigmented epithelium dysfunction. Despite the multitude of genetic mutations being associated with the RP phenotype, the clinical and functional manifestations of the disease remain the same: nyctalopia, visual field constriction (tunnel vision), photopsias and pigment proliferation. In this review, we describe the typical clinical phenotype of human RP and review the anatomical and functional remodelling which occurs in RP determined from studies in the rd/rd (rd1) mouse. We also review studies that report a slowing down or show an acceleration of retinal degeneration and finally we provide insights on the impact retinal remodelling may have in vision restoration strategies.
Subject(s)
Genetic Therapy/methods , Retina/physiopathology , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/metabolism , Retinitis Pigmentosa , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Retina/metabolism , Retina/pathology , Retinal Pigment Epithelium/pathology , Retinitis Pigmentosa/genetics , Retinitis Pigmentosa/physiopathology , Retinitis Pigmentosa/therapyABSTRACT
The concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, Mn) and selenium (Se) was analyzed in blood collected from 12 black turtles (Chelonia mydas agasiizzi) captured in Canal del Infiernillo, Punta Chueca, Mexico. The most abundant metals were Zn (63.58 µg g(-1)) and Se (7.66 µg g(-1)), and Cd was the lower (0.99 µg g(-1)). The sequential concentrations of trace metals were Zn > Se > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cd. In conclusion, this information is important as a baseline when using blood as tissue analysis of heavy metals; however, these levels could represent recent exposure in foraging grounds of black turtles in the Sea of Cortez.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring , Metals, Heavy/blood , Selenium/blood , Turtles/blood , Water Pollutants, Chemical/blood , Animals , Mexico , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
Understanding the social and cultural context in which violence against women (VAW) happens is essential to develop the social responses to tackle this problem and to understand how society can diminish the effects and incidence of these crimes. Medical intervention is but one part of the solution.