ABSTRACT
Herein, the authors present a retrospective case report of a patient with ocular penetration due to cocaine-induced midline destructive lesion. To their knowledge, this is the first documented case of ocular penetration secondary to cocaine insufflation.
Subject(s)
Cocaine-Related Disorders/complications , Eye Diseases/etiology , Nose Diseases/etiology , Cocaine-Related Disorders/pathology , Eye Diseases/pathology , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Nose Diseases/pathology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and cancer. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with high-grade AIN (AIN-2,3) in HIV-positive MSM, including the receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS: A cohort study involving 247 HIV-seropositive MSM receiving HAART or initiating HAART was followed up every 6 months for 3 years with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and high-resolution anoscopy to identify predictors of AIN-2,3 by Cox regression analysis and period prevalence logistic regression. RESULTS: AIN-2,3 was observed during the study in 132 (53%) of 247 participants. The progression rate to AIN-2,3 from a lesser abnormality at baseline was 12.8 cases per 1000 person-months (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8-16.5 cases per 1000 person-months). The risk of AIN-2,3 increased with age (odds ratio [OR], 3.09 [95% CI, 1.12-8.52] for men 40-49 years of age and 4.78 [95% CI, 1.29-17.73] for men >50 years of age, compared with men <40 years of age) and for men whose CD4+ cell counts were <50 cells/mm(3) before starting HAART (OR, 14.40 [95% CI, 1.45-143.58]). Men who had been receiving their current HAART regimen for >4 years had a marginally significant lower risk of AIN-2,3 after adjustment for HPV (OR, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.07-1.06]) compared with those treated for <4 years. Anal HPV type 16 (HPV16) or type 18 (HPV18) infections (OR, 14.18; [95% CI, 3.51-57.32]) and HPV16 and HPV18 co-infection (OR, 31.03 [ 95% CI, 5.68-169.60]) were strongly associated with progression to AIN-2,3. CONCLUSION: HPV16 and HPV18 infections and a low nadir CD4+ cell count increase the risk of AIN-2,3. Receiving the same HAART regimen for >4 years may contribute some benefit against AIN-2,3.
Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Anus Neoplasms/complications , Carcinoma in Situ/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology , Adult , Anus Neoplasms/epidemiology , Carcinoma in Situ/epidemiology , Disease Progression , HIV Infections/complications , Human papillomavirus 16/isolation & purification , Human papillomavirus 18/isolation & purification , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To report 2 cases of regression of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid after a small incisional biopsy. METHODS: Clinical, imaging, and histopathological findings are presented, with a literature review on regressing ocular tumors. RESULTS: Our first patient was a 79-year-old man who presented with a 10-month history of progressive left upper eyelid ptosis caused by an eyelid tumor with orbital involvement and confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging. Our second patient was a 70-year-old woman who presented with ptosis with a left upper eyelid mass. Both patients underwent a small incisional biopsy of their lesion. The histopathological diagnoses in both cases were consistent with sebaceous carcinoma. Both patients refused exenteration. Follow-up clinical examination and imaging disclosed total regression of the ptosis and of the neoplasm with no sign of recurrence in both patients over a 4-year period for Case 1 and a 7-year period for Case 2. CONCLUSION: Regression following incisional biopsy of basal cell, squamous cell, and Merkel cell carcinoma, including of the eyelid, is well documented. To the best of our knowledge, our 2 cases of sebaceous carcinoma are the first to be reported with total involution clinically and on imaging of the tumor following partial incisional biopsy.
ABSTRACT
The case of an 89-year-old man who was referred for a painless decrease of vision in his right eye (RE) is reported. Fundus examination of the RE showed an elevated amelanotic lesion located in the posterior pole with an adjacent focal round pigmented lesion. There was also a more peripheral amelanotic lesion extending from 6 to 9 o'clock clockwise inferotemporally. Uveitis workup and imaging studies of brain and orbits were normal. A retinochoroidal biopsy was done and showed the presence of choroidal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. The patient was treated with external beam radiotherapy. This report presents a review of the literature of all reported cases of choroidal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma.
Subject(s)
Choroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Melanoma/diagnosis , Adult , Choroid Neoplasms/complications , Choroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Choroid Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Melanoma/complications , Melanoma/diagnostic imaging , Melanoma/pathology , Microscopy, Acoustic , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Ophthalmoscopy , Retinal Detachment/etiology , Vision Disorders/etiologyABSTRACT
CASE REPORT: In India and Southeast Asia, rhinosporidiosis is a common infectious disease, but it has rarely been reported in western countries. Infrequently, isolated ocular rhinosporidial infections have been reported, but to our knowledge, there are no reported cases in Canada. Two cases of rhinosporidiosis have been recently diagnosed and managed at our university-based hospital. COMMENTS: Rhinosporidiosis presents with certain characteristic clinical features; however, the diagnosis is confirmed histopathologically. The presence of typical sporangia and spores in a fibrovascular stroma infiltrated by acute and chronic inflammatory cells including granulomas is diagnostic. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and recurrence is possible but rare.
Subject(s)
Conjunctival Diseases/pathology , Eye Infections, Parasitic/pathology , Eyelid Diseases/pathology , Rhinosporidiosis/pathology , Rhinosporidium/isolation & purification , Animals , Conjunctival Diseases/parasitology , Conjunctival Diseases/surgery , Eye Infections, Parasitic/parasitology , Eye Infections, Parasitic/surgery , Eyelid Diseases/parasitology , Eyelid Diseases/surgery , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Rhinosporidiosis/parasitology , Rhinosporidiosis/surgerySubject(s)
Trabeculectomy , Anterior Chamber/diagnostic imaging , Biopsy , Humans , Intraocular Pressure , Tonometry, OcularABSTRACT
CASE REPORT: We describe the clinical presentation of a choroidal amelanotic melanoma in a 46-year-old woman with oculocutaneous albinism. Clinical aspects, investigations, and management are presented, and findings from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are described. Microscopic findings and histopathological features, demonstrating a spindle B-cell melanoma of the choroid, are also reviewed. COMMENTS: Magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in diagnosing amelanotic melanoma in patients with oculocutaneous albinism.
Subject(s)
Albinism, Oculocutaneous/complications , Choroid Neoplasms/complications , Melanoma, Amelanotic/complications , Choroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Choroid Neoplasms/surgery , Eye Enucleation , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Melanoma, Amelanotic/diagnosis , Melanoma, Amelanotic/surgery , Middle AgedSubject(s)
Carcinoma, Renal Cell/secondary , Choroid Neoplasms/secondary , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Melanoma/diagnosis , Aged , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis , Choroid/diagnostic imaging , Choroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Time Factors , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We report on a patient with Terson syndrome in the left eye complicated by a neovascularized epiretinal membrane likely secondary to cocaine use. METHODS: Case report and literature review using the Medline database (1966-2007). RESULTS: A woman known for cocaine use was seen in the ophthalmology clinic for Terson syndrome in the left eye after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ten months later, a neovascularized epiretinal membrane was noted in the left eye and confirmed with retinal angiography and optical coherence tomography. After vitrectomy, the neovascular membrane was sent for histopathological examination, revealing neovascular capillaries. CONCLUSION: Neovascularized epiretinal membranes have never been reported in Terson syndrome and in our patient this likely occurred due to an ischemic retinal environment created by cocaine use and decreased retinal perfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess levels of episomal and integrated human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) loads in HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) in anal infection and to study the association between episomal and integrated HPV-16 loads and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). STUDY DESIGN: A cohort study of 247 HIV-positive MSM followed each 6 months for 3 years. Overall, 135 (54.7%) men provided 665 HPV-16-positive anal samples. METHODS: Episomal and integrated HPV-16 loads were measured with quantitative real-time PCR assays. HPV-16 integration was confirmed in samples with a HPV-16 E6/E2 of 1.5 or more with PCR sequencing to demonstrate the presence of viral-cellular junctions. RESULTS: The HPV-16 DNA forms in anal samples were characterized as episomal only in 627 samples (94.3%), mixed in 22 samples (3.3%) and integrated only in nine samples (1.4%). HPV-16 episomal load [odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.1], number of HPV types (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.8) and current smoking (OR = 4.8, 95% CI 1.3-18.6) were associated with high-grade AIN (AIN-2,3) after adjusting for age and CD4 cell counts. Integrated HPV-16 load was not associated with AIN-2,3 (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.4-1.1). Considering men with AIN-1 at baseline, four (16.7%) of the 24 men who progressed to AIN-2,3 had at least one sample with integrated HPV-16 DNA compared with three (23.1%) of 13 men who did not progress (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.2-3.8; P = 0.64). Integration was detected in similar proportions in samples from men without AIN, with AIN-1 or AIN-2,3. CONCLUSION: High episomal HPV-16 load but not HPV-16 integration load measured by real-time PCR was associated with AIN-2,3.
Subject(s)
Anus Neoplasms/immunology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology , HIV Seropositivity/immunology , Human papillomavirus 16/immunology , Papillomavirus Infections/immunology , Plasmids/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anus Neoplasms/genetics , Anus Neoplasms/virology , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology , Cohort Studies , DNA, Viral/genetics , HIV Seropositivity/genetics , HIV Seropositivity/virology , Homosexuality, Male , Human papillomavirus 16/genetics , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Papillomavirus Infections/genetics , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Plasmids/genetics , Viral Load , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) are at higher risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This study was conducted to better understand the natural history of type-specific HPV infection in the anus. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted among HIV-seropositive MSM in Montreal to investigate acquisition and loss of anal HPV infection. Participants were followed up every 6 months for 3 years for risk behaviors, HIV-related parameters, and HPV testing. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 97.9% of the 247 participants at baseline (median, 5 HPV types). The most common types were HPV-16 (38.2%) and HPV-6 (35.3%). Prevalent HPV-16 infections had the lowest clearance rate (12.2 cleared episodes per 1000 person-months [95% confidence interval {CI}, 8.5-17.7]) and a mean retention time of 36 months (95% CI, 32.7-38.8). The highest incidence rates were found for HPV-16 (10.8 new cases per 1000 person-months [95% CI, 8.0-14.7]), HPV-52 (10.8 new cases per 1000 person-months [95% CI, 8.2-14.1]), and HPV-53 (9.8 new cases per 1000 person-months [95% CI, 7.4-13.0]), with cumulative incidences at 36 months of approximately 30%. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple HPV types were common in the anal canals of HIV-seropositive MSM. Incidence and clearance rates were not similar among HPV types. Ongoing surveillance of this cohort will help our understanding of the determinants of HPV persistence and progression to lesions.
Subject(s)
Anus Diseases/epidemiology , Anus Diseases/virology , HIV Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Anus Diseases/pathology , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Papillomavirus Infections/pathology , Prevalence , Quebec/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the functional outcome of tissue-engineered corneal endothelium reconstructed on a devitalized carrier and transplanted in the living feline model. METHODS: Eighteen healthy adult cats underwent full-thickness corneal transplantation. In 11 animals, the donor cornea was reconstructed from cultured allogeneic feline corneal endothelial cells seeded on the denuded Descemet's membrane of a devitalized human cornea. The reconstructed corneal endothelium was cultured for 2 weeks before transplantation. Five control animals received autologous (n = 1), allogeneic (n = 3), or human xenogeneic (n = 1) native cornea. Two other control animals were grafted with the devitalized carrier only (no cells). Animals were observed daily by slit lamp until euthanatization on day 7. Postmortem analysis included optical coherence tomography (OCT), alizarin red staining, histology, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: Nine of the 11 reconstructed corneal endothelial grafts and all five native (autologous, allogeneic, xenogeneic) control grafts were clear and thin 7 days after grafting. In contrast, the two control grafts consisting of the carrier only (without endothelium) remained thick and opaque. Alizarin red staining, histology, SEM, and TEM showed that the transplanted reconstructed endothelium maintained a normal morphology and ultrastructure and expressed the function-related proteins Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha1, Na(+)/HCO(3), and ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the short-term (7-day) anatomic and functional success of corneal transplantation with a tissue-engineered corneal endothelium reconstructed on a devitalized carrier.
Subject(s)
Corneal Transplantation , Endothelium, Corneal/transplantation , Tissue Engineering , Tissue Scaffolds , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Cats , Cell Count , Cells, Cultured , Corneal Stroma/cytology , Descemet Membrane/cytology , Endothelium, Corneal/metabolism , Endothelium, Corneal/ultrastructure , Humans , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Middle Aged , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Sodium-Bicarbonate Symporters/metabolism , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Transplantation, Autologous , Transplantation, Heterologous , Transplantation, Homologous , Zonula Occludens-1 ProteinABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) in HIV-seropositive men. The detection of HPV genotypes in anal biopsies and swabs was compared. METHODS: HPV DNA was detected in anal swabs and biopsies obtained concurrently from 154 HIV-seropositive men [31 without AIN, 60 low-grade AIN (AIN-1), 62 high-grade AIN (AIN-2,3), and 1 indeterminate AIN] under or eligible to highly active antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 24.2% of normal biopsies compared with 93.5% with AIN-2,3 (P < 0.001) and 88.3% with AIN-1 (P < 0.001). The proportion of biopsies containing multiple genotypes was greater in AIN-1 (n = 21, 35.0%; P = 0.002) and AIN-2,3 (n = 38, 58%; P < 0.001) than in normal biopsies (n = 2, 6.5%). The most frequent genotypes in order of frequency were in AIN-2,3 biopsies HPV-16, 18, 58, and 45 and were in AIN-1 biopsies HPV-6, 11, 16, and 39. Controlling for age, CD4 count, and smoking, the presence of high-risk HPV DNA in biopsies [odds ratio (OR) = 50.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 13.0 to 199.5] but not in swabs (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 0.6 to 7.0) was associated with AIN-2,3. CONCLUSIONS: AIN-2,3 was associated with high-risk HPV infection detected in biopsies but not in swabs in men under or starting highly active antiretroviral therapy, possibly due to the presence of HPV foci outside of the neoplastic lesion.
Subject(s)
Alphapapillomavirus/genetics , Anus Diseases/virology , Carcinoma in Situ/complications , Carcinoma in Situ/virology , DNA, Viral , HIV Seropositivity/virology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification , Anus Diseases/complications , Biopsy , Genotype , HIV Seropositivity/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Papillomavirus Infections/complications , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the liver was investigated to determine whether this method could be used to differentiate between the stages of fibrosis and inflammation for hepatitis C viral infection. DWI data were recorded for 18 hepatitis C patients and 10 control subjects using a modified pulse sequence allowing a 52 ms echo time delay. Acquisitions were performed with breath holding using five different b gradient factor values ranging between 50 and 250 s/mm(2) and in the three axes. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured from a 5.7 cm(2) area in the central region of the liver. The inflammation and fibrosis grades were evaluated histologically on a biopsy sample. The mean ADC values were 2.30 +/- 1.28 x 10(-3) and 1.79 +/- 0.25 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s for hepatitis C patients and control subjects, respectively. Using our technique, no correlation could be found between the ADC values and the inflammation or fibrosis scores, indicating that tissue changes produced by hepatitis C do not appear to be quantifiable by DWI.
Subject(s)
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Adult , Female , Hepatitis C/complications , Hepatitis C/pathology , Humans , Liver , Liver Cirrhosis/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/pathology , Male , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) DNA has been suggested to be a cofactor to human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between HHV-6 DNA detected in cervical brushings and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), while controlling for genital infection with 27 genotypes of HPV. Of the 320 women recruited from an oncologic gynecology clinic, 50 had invasive cervical cancer, 65 had HSIL, 80 had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 125 were normal. Four of the seven HHV-6-positive women had HSIL. HHV-6 was associated with HSIL after adjusting for age and socioeconomic status (odds ratio [OR] of 10.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-107.1). This association was no longer significant after controlling for HPV (OR = 6.4, 95% CI = 0.3-128.5). HHV-6 was detected in cervical samples from women with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix, but not significantly more frequently than in normal women.
Subject(s)
DNA, Viral/analysis , Herpesvirus 6, Human/isolation & purification , Roseolovirus Infections/virology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Genotype , Herpesvirus 6, Human/genetics , Humans , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Precancerous Conditions , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology , Vaginal SmearsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Cells that were cotransfected with herpes simplex virus-16 and the herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 DNA induce tumors in nude mice. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the role of herpes simplex virus type 2 as a cofactor to human papillomavirus in cervical cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Cervical cells that were obtained with an endocervical Cytobrush brush (Medscand) from 439 women (50 women with cancer lesions, 65 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 80 women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 244 healthy subjects) and DNA that was extracted from 150 cervical cancer biopsy specimens were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction for herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 and Bgl IIC transforming DNA sequences. RESULTS: All 439 cervical samples and 150 cervical cancer biopsy specimens tested negative for herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 and Bgl IIC DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Overall, none of 200 samples (0%) from women with invasive cervical cancer contained herpes simplex virus type 2 Xho -2 or Bgl IIC DNA (95% CI, 0.0-1.8). CONCLUSION: Although herpes simplex virus type 2 Bgl IIN transforms epithelial cells in vitro, it was not detected in cervical cancer specimens.