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1.
J Virol ; : e0097124, 2024 Jun 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38916399

ABSTRACT

Astroviruses are highly divergent and infect a wide variety of animal hosts. In 2009, a genetically divergent human astrovirus (HAstV) strain VA1 was first identified in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. This strain has also been associated with fatal central nervous system disease. In this work, we report the isolation of three high-affinity neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (Nt-MAbs) targeting the capsid spike domain of HAstV-VA1. These antibodies (7C8, 2A2, 3D8) were used to select individual HAstV-VA1 mutants resistant to their neutralizing activity and a HAstV-VA1 triple mutant that escapes neutralization from all three Nt-MAbs. Sequencing of the virus genome capsid region revealed escape mutations that map to the surface of the capsid spike domain, define three potentially independent neutralization epitopes, and help delineate four antigenic sites in human astroviruses. Notably, two of the escape mutations were found to be present in the spike sequence of the HAstV-VA1-PS strain isolated from an immunodeficient patient with encephalitis, suggesting that those mutations arose as a result of the immune pressure generated by the patient's immunotherapy. In agreement with this observation, human serum samples exhibiting strong neutralization activity against wild-type HAstV-VA1 had a 2.6-fold reduction in neutralization titer when evaluated against the triple-escape HAstV-VA1 mutant, suggesting that both mouse and human antibody responses target shared neutralization epitopes. The isolated Nt-MAbs reported in this work will help to characterize the functional domains of the virus during cell entry and have the potential for developing a specific antibody therapy for the neurological disease associated with HAstV-VA1. IMPORTANCE: Human astroviruses (HAstVs) have been historically associated with acute gastroenteritis. However, the genetically divergent HAstV-VA1 strain has been associated with central nervous system disease. In this work high-affinity neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed to HAstV-VA1 were isolated and characterized. The proposed binding sites for these antibodies and for neutralizing antibodies against classical HAstVs suggest that there are at least four neutralization sites on the capsid spike of astroviruses. Our data show that natural infection with human astrovirus VA1 elicits a robust humoral immune response that targets the same antigenic sites recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibodies and strongly suggests the emergence of a variant HAstV-VA1 virus in an immunodeficient patient with prolonged astrovirus infection. The isolated Nt-MAb reported in this work will help to define the functional sites of the virus involved in cell entry and hold promise for developing a specific antibody therapy for the neurological disease associated with HAstV-VA1.

2.
J Med Virol ; 95(8): e29038, 2023 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37615363

ABSTRACT

We aimed to estimate self-reported vaccine coverage and SARS-CoV-2 anti-N and anti-S seroprevalence in Mexico overall and for five vaccine types. We used a nationally representative survey with 7236 dried blood spot samples for adults 18 years and older collected from August to November 2021. Anti-N and anti-S seroprevalence were estimated adjusting for the sensitivity and specificity of the immunoassay test. A multivariate Poisson regression model was used to estimate seroprevalence by vaccine type and by age group adjusting for confounders and test performance. Vaccination coverage was 74%, being higher in women compared to men, high socioeconomic status (SES) compared to low and middle SES, graduates compared to people with high school, and formal workers compared to other employment statuses. Anti-N seroprevalence was 59.2%, compared to 84.1% anti-S seroprevalence. Anti-S seroprevalence was higher for vaccinated than unvaccinated participants. All vaccines were associated with more than 70% anti-S seroprevalence, with the lowest being observed for CoronaVac and Ad5-nCoV. Fully vaccinated participants over 60 years presented a lower seroprevalence (77.6%) compared to younger adults (91.1%), with larger differences for ChAdOx1 and CoronaVac vaccines. Between August and November 2021, three out of four Mexican adults had been vaccinated. Vaccination was associated with a higher positivity to anti-S antibodies. While antibodies do not reflect immunity, our results suggest that booster doses should be offered to people over 60 years of age and to adults who received Ad5-nCoV or CoronaVac as primary vaccination schemes.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , Adult , Male , Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Mexico/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Seroepidemiologic Studies , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control
3.
Salud Publica Mex ; 65(3, may-jun): 265-274, 2023 Apr 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38060879

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate vaccine uptake and assess sociodemographic conditions associated with vaccination barriers and refusal and to explore the effect of a monetary incentive to overcome them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data from adults from the 2021 National Continuous Health and Nutrition Survey conducted during August-October 2021. We evaluated if an hypothetical monetary incentive between 50-650 MXN (~2.5-31 USD) would overcome barriers or refusal. RESULTS: 73.9% were vaccinated with at least one dose, 7.5% refused, 4.8% reported barriers and 13.8% were ineligible at the time of the survey. Refusal and barriers were more frequent in men, older age, lower education and socioeconomic status, unemployed and informal workers. In people with barriers and refusal, the hypothetical incentive increased the acceptance in 57.6% (95%CI 50.7,64.4%) and 17.4% (95%CI 13.2,21.7%) in people with barriers and refusal, respectively. CONCLUSION: Understanding the reasons for barriers and refusal is crucial for future Covid-19 vaccination campaigns or epidemics. A monetary incentive might increase vaccination uptake, although, cost-effectiveness analyses are needed.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Male , Adult , Humans , Motivation , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Vaccination , Surveys and Questionnaires
4.
Salud Publica Mex ; 65(4, jul-ago): 394-401, 2023 Jul 15.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38060887

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Presentar la metodología de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2023 (Ensanut 2023) y describir los procedimientos de inferencia para conjuntar la información colectada por la Ensanut Continua 2020-2024. Material y métodos. La Ensanut 2023 es la cuarta encuesta de la serie Ensanut Continua. Se describe el alcance de la Ensanut 2023 junto con sus procedimientos de muestreo, estimación, medición y organización logística. Además, se discute el procedimiento básico de estimación para analizar la integración de las encuestas Ensanut Continua 2020-2024. RESULTADOS: La Ensanut 2023 obtendrá a nivel nacional al menos 11 720 entrevistas completas de hogar y 13 378 cuestionarios completos de adulto. La unión de las Ensanut Continua 2020-2023 permitirá, en general, estimar a nivel estatal prevalencias p≥5% en adultos, con confiabilidad tolerable según las recomendaciones del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. CONCLUSIONES: El análisis de la unión de la Ensanut Continua 2020-2023 permitirá iniciar la generación de estimaciones nacionales y estatales sobre el estado de salud y nutrición de la población mexicana.

5.
Salud Publica Mex ; 65: s135-s145, 2023 Jun 13.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38060941

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra SARS-CoV-2, vacunación, barreras y rechazo a la vacunación Covid-19 en población mexicana. Material y métodos. Se utilizó información de los integrantes del hogar de uno y más años, incluidos en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición Continua 2022 (Ensanut Continua 2022) realizada de agosto-noviembre. Se estimó la prevalencia de anticuerpos antiproteínas N y S de SARS-CoV-2 en muestras de sangre capilar, dosis reportadas de vacunación a Covid-19 y las razones de barreras y rechazo a la vacunación. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-N fue de 94.4% y de anti-S 98.1%. La prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-S fue mayor en personas vacunadas con una, dos o tres o más dosis que en no vacunadas. Dentro de la población elegible a vacunación, 20.2% no estaba vacunada, 16.2% tenía una dosis, 30% dos dosis y 33.6% tres dosis o más. El 11.2% de la población elegible rechazó la vacunación, 5.5% reportó una barrera y 3.2% reportó que la vacuna no había llegado a su localidad. Conclusión. La prevalencia de anticuerpos por infección natural y por vacunación Covid-19 es alta en México. Las variaciones de rechazo y barreras a la vacunación entre grupos de edad y regiones deben tomarse en cuenta para intensificar esfuerzos específicos para la vacunación.

6.
Salud Publica Mex ; 66(1, ene-feb): 85-94, 2023 Dec 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38065107

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of seven Covid-19 vaccines in preventing disease progression (DP) using data from national private sector workers during the Omicron wave in Mexico from January 2 to March 5, 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study employed an administrative retrospective cohort design, analyzing DP (hospitalization or death due to respiratory disease) among workers who filed a respiratory short-term disability claim and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Risk ratios (RRadj) were estimated using Poisson regression models adjusted for various factors. RESULTS: Vaccinated individuals had a lower risk of hospitalization and death compared with unvaccinated individuals. The overall RRadj for hospitalization and death were 0.36 (95%CI 0.32, 0.41) and 0.24 (0.17, 0.33), respectively. When evaluating vaccines individually, the RRadj for hospitalization were as follows Pfizer BioNTech 0.27 (95%CI 0.22, 0.33), Moderna 0.29 (95%CI 0.15, 0.57), Sinovac 0.32 (95%CI 0.25, 0.41), AstraZeneca 0.39 (95%CI 0.34, 0.46), Sputnik 0.39 (95%CI 0.28, 0.53), CanSino 0.41 (95%CI 0.24, 0.7), and Janssen 0.53 (95%CI 0.39, 0.72). The RRadj for death were as follows: Pfizer BioNTech 0.12 (95%CI 0.07, 0.19), Sputnik 0.15 (95%CI 0.06, 0.38), Sinovac 0.29 (95%CI 0.16, 0.53), AstraZeneca 0.30 (95%CI 0.20, 0.44), CanSino 0.38 (95%CI 0.1, 1.4), and Janssen 0.50 (95%CI 0.26, 0.97). CONCLUSION: Covid-19 vaccines significantly reduced the risk of severe disease during the Omicron wave in Mexico.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines , Mexico/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies
7.
Ann Hepatol ; 27 Suppl 1: 100583, 2022 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34808394

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death if untreated. In Mexico, HBV vaccination for all children and adolescents was implemented in 1999. In 2000 the estimated HBV was 0.21% in the population aged 20 years and older. We estimated the national prevalence for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, including sexual behavior information for those aged 20 to 49 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From the 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey, blood samples were collected from a subsample of 2,280 adults to determine HBsAg. We estimated the national prevalence for HBsAg and evaluated its association with sociodemographic characteristics, adding sexual behavior information for those aged 20 to 49 years. We performed a multiple logistic regression to estimate the association of HBsAg and relevant variables. RESULTS: The 2018 estimated prevalence of HBsAg in the Mexican adult population was 0.51% (95%CI 0.19, 2.33), which represents 411,000 cases. This prevalence was higher than previously estimated and it was higher in women than in men (0.54% versus 0.46%, respectively). We did not find an association between HBsAg and sociodemographic characteristics or sexual behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination and screening strategies towards the elimination of viral hepatitis should be reinforced to further reduce the prevalence over the next years.


Subject(s)
Hepatitis B , Liver Neoplasms , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens , Hepatitis B virus , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Young Adult
8.
Salud Publica Mex ; 64(5, sept-oct): 478-487, 2022 Aug 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36130361

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate spatially and temporally simultaneous presence of clusters of dengue and Zika clinical cases and their relationship with expected dengue transmission risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A classification of dengue risk transmission was carried out for whole country, and spatial autocorrelation analyses to identify clusters of confirmed clinical cases of dengue and Zika from 2015 to 2018 was conducted using Moran's Index statistics. RESULTS: Clusters of both diseases were identified in dengue-high risk munici-palities at the beginning of the outbreak, but, at the end of the outbreak, Zika clusters occurred in dengue low-risk mu-nicipalities. CONCLUSION: This study identified Zika clusters in low-risk dengue areas suggesting participation of several factors that favor virus introduction and dissemination, such as differences in entomological and control interventions, and the possibility of cross-immunity in the population.


Subject(s)
Dengue , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Dengue/epidemiology , Dengue/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks , Humans , Incidence , Mexico/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology
9.
Salud Publica Mex ; 64(5, sept-oct): 522-529, 2022 Aug 26.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36130337

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Presentar el diseño de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2022 y cuantificar el avance de la Ensanut Continua 2020-2024. Material y métodos. La Ensanut 2022 es la tercera encuesta de la serie de en-cuestas denominada Ensanut Continua 2020-2024. En este documento se describe el alcance de la Ensanut 2022 y sus procedimientos de muestreo, medición y organización logís-tica. Además, se presenta el avance esperado de la Ensanut Continua 2020-2024 al concluir la Ensanut 2022. Resulta-dos. La Ensanut 2022 obtendrá, a nivel nacional, al menos 10 160 entrevistas completas de hogar y 9 441 resultados de seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONES: La Ensanut 2022 estimará la prevalencia de seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2 a nivel nacional y regional y avanzará en la acumulación de información para alcanzar los objetivos de la Ensanut Con-tinua 2020-2024.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiology , Humans , Retrospective Studies
12.
Salud Publica Mex ; 63(6, Nov-Dic): 807-812, 2021 Oct 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35099901

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of family and housing characteristics with the number of seropositive cases to SARS-CoV-2 in households. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 874 households from Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2020 Covid-19 using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: The number of seropositive family members was higher among families composed of children/adolescents, adults and older adults, households with more than two members per bedroom, and among households with closed windows. No association was found for bathroom availability and piped water. CONCLUSIONS: Family composition and housing characteristics can impose significant structural barriers to safe home confinement.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Adolescent , Aged , Child , Family , Family Characteristics , Housing , Humans
13.
Salud Publica Mex ; 63(6, Nov-Dic): 773-781, 2021 Sep 07.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35099911

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Investigar el cumplimiento de las recomendacio-nes de aislamiento ante síntomas de Covid-19 o contacto con un caso. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19. Se describió la prevalencia de aislamiento y su asociación con factores del nivel individual, hogar y contexto utilizando modelos de regresión log-binomial. Resultados. El 48.1% de la población >10 años reportó quedarse en casa ante síntomas o contacto con un caso. La prevalencia de aislamiento fue menor entre población ocupada vs. no-ocupada (RP 0.81; IC95% 0.73-0.89), mayor entre personas con alto nivel socioeconómico vs. bajo (RP 1.22; IC95% 1.08-1.38) y menor entre personas viviendo en estados sin un mensaje específico sobre aislamiento vs. estados con mensaje específico (RP 0.76; IC95% 0.63-0.91). Conclusiones. El cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de aislamiento durante la pandemia de Covid-19 estuvo asociado con factores socioeconómicos individuales y con la calidad de los mensajes de salud pública de los estados.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , Prevalence , SARS-CoV-2
14.
Salud Publica Mex ; 63(5): 598-606, 2021 Sep 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35099875

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the willingness to vaccinate against Covid-19 (acceptance) in the Mexican population and to iden-tify socioeconomic factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and refusal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We estimated the acceptance, refusal and hesitancy proportions using data from the Covid-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted from August to November 2020. Factors associated with re-fusal and hesitancy were explored using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Covid-19 vaccination acceptance was 62.3%, refusal 28.2% and hesitancy 9.5%. Refusal and hesitancy were associated with being female, having older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status and working in the informal sector. CONCLUSION: National campaigns to incentivize vaccine acceptance need to consider specific subgroups were the likelihood of hesitancy and refusal is high. In Mexico, refusal and hesitancy were higher in vulnerable groups, and people at a higher risk of Covid-19 complica-tions and death.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Aged , Female , Humans , Mexico , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , SARS-CoV-2 , Vaccination
15.
Salud Publica Mex ; 63(6, Nov-Dic): 690-691, 2021 Nov 05.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35099890

ABSTRACT

México cuenta con más de tres décadas de gran experiencia en la aplicación de Encuestas Nacionales de Salud. La primera Encuesta de Salud fue realizada por la Secretaría de Salud (SS) en el año de 1986; tan sólo dos años después se llevó a cabo la primera Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición, enfocada al área materno-infantil. Posteriormente, la Secretaría de Salud encargó al Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP) que realizara en 1999 una segunda Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición materno-infantil y, en el año 2000, una Encuesta Nacional de Salud. En 2006, bajo el esfuerzo del INSP y de la SS, se unen ambas encuestas, lo que da origen a la primera Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut), la cual incluye, en un mismo operativo, la evaluación de la nutrición y de la salud en toda la población a nivel nacional y estatal.

16.
Salud Publica Mex ; 63(3 May-Jun): 444-451, 2021 May 03.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34098602

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Describir el diseño y los resultados de campo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2020 so-bre Covid-19. Material y métodos. La Ensanut Covid-19 es una encuesta probabilística de hogares. En este artículo se describen los siguientes elementos del diseño: alcance, muestreo, medición, inferencia y logística. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 10 216 entrevistas de hogar completas y 9 464 resultados sobre seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2. La tasa de respuesta de hogar fue 80% y la de prueba de seropositividad de 44%. Conclusiones. El diseño probabilístico de la Ensa-nut Covid-19 permite hacer inferencias estadísticas válidas sobre parámetros de interés para la salud pública a nivel nacional y regional; en particular, permitirá hacer inferencias de utilidad práctica sobre la prevalencia de seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2 en México. Además, la Ensanut Covid-19 podrá ser comparada con Ensanut previas para identificar potenciales cambios en los estados de salud y nutrición de la población mexicana.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Health Status Indicators , Nutrition Surveys/methods , Age Distribution , COVID-19/transmission , Censuses , Humans , Mexico/epidemiology , Nutrition Surveys/statistics & numerical data , Prevalence , Rural Health/statistics & numerical data , Sample Size , Urban Health/statistics & numerical data
17.
Salud Publica Mex ; 63(6, Nov-Dic): 813-818, 2021 Nov 05.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35099889

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Describir el diseño de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2021 (Ensanut 2021). Material y métodos. La Ensanut 2021 es una encuesta probabilística de hogares que forma parte de la serie de Ensanut Continua 2020-2024. En esta ocasión se describen el alcance, el muestreo, la medición y la organización logística. Resultados. Se planea obtener al menos 12 060 entrevistas de hogar completas a nivel nacional y 9 837 muestras para determinar seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2 a nivel nacional. Conclusiones. La Ensanut 2021 permitirá realizar inferencias regionales sobre la prevalencia de seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2 y también acumular información para realizar inferencias estatales en el año 2024.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Humans , Nutritional Status , SARS-CoV-2
18.
Salud Publica Mex ; 62(3): 331-340, 2020.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32304371

ABSTRACT

Health literacy is the process of obtaining knowledge, motivation and individual competencies to understand and access information, express opinions and make decisions with respect to health promotion and maintenance. This applies in different contexts, environments, and throughout life. This conceptual perspective is very necessary in the face of the SARS-CoV-2 virus emergency. This virus produces the Covid-19 disease, which has become a pandemic of devastating effects not only healthwise, but also, importantly, from an economic, political and social point of view. This essay seeks to establish the scientific evidence-based elements that guide public policies for prevention and control. Some of these elements are: a) epidemiologic intelligence. This includes not only the strategy of public surveillance, but also sentinel and event-based surveillance, as it is impossible to actually identify all positive cases; b) Mitigating measures against the spread of the epidemic, such as social distancing and hygiene, washing hands, quarantine, restricting movement and using masks, among others; c) Measures to suppress transmission when the number of cases is very high, such as strict measures to stay at home; d) strengthening health services 'capacity for medical attention and improving health services' ability to prevent transmission, including the use of diagnostic tests; e) the development of prophylactic vaccines against Covid-19, as well as the development of therapeutic agents. All of these actions must be rapidly implemented, from a multidisciplinary and multisectorial public health perspective, and they absolutely must also be taken with the community's participation as shared responsibility. Therefore, public health literacy is needed.


La alfabetización en salud es el proceso centrado en la obtención del conocimiento, la motivación y las competencias individuales para entender y acceder a información, expresar opiniones y tomar decisiones relacionadas con la promoción y el mantenimiento de la salud, lo que es aplicable en diferentes contextos, entornos y a lo largo de toda la vida. Esta perspectiva conceptual es muy necesaria ante la emergencia del virus SARS-CoV-2 que produce la enfermedad Covid-19, la cual ha producido una pandemia con efectos devastadores, no sólo desde el punto de vista de la salud, sino también, de manera muy importante, desde el económico, político y social. En este ensayo se tratan de establecer los elementos basados en la evidencia científica que orientan las políticas públicas de prevención y control, entre los que destacan: a) la inteligencia epidemiológica, la cual incluye no sólo la estrategia de vigilancia poblacional sino, ante la imposibilidad real de identificación de todos los casos positivos, la puesta en práctica de estrategias de vigilancia centinela y la vigilancia basada en eventos; b) las medidas de mitigación de la propagación de la epidemia, tales como distanciamiento social e higiene, lavado de manos, cuarentena, restricción de movimiento y utilización de cubrebocas, entre otras; c) medidas de supresión de la transmisión cuando el número de casos es muy elevado, como el endurecimiento de medidas drásticas de encierro en casa; d) fortalecimiento de la capacidad de atención médica en los sistemas de salud e incremento de la capacidad de prevención de la transmisión en los servicios de salud, incluyendo la utilidad de las pruebas diagnósticas; y e) el desarrollo de vacunas profilácticas contra Covid-19, así como la generación de agentes terapéuticos. Todas estas acciones no sólo deben implementarse rápidamente desde la perspectiva multidisciplinaria y multisectorial de la salud pública para contener, prevenir y controlar la epidemia, sino que necesitan obligatoriamente del concurso de la comunidad como responsabilidad compartida. Debido a todo esto, es necesaria la alfabetización en salud pública.


Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Health Literacy , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Public Health , Betacoronavirus/genetics , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Testing , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Hand Hygiene , Humans , Masks , Personal Space , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/transmission , Population Surveillance , SARS-CoV-2 , Sentinel Surveillance , Social Isolation , Symptom Assessment
19.
Salud Publica Mex ; 62(5): 598-606, 2020.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32516868

ABSTRACT

Covid-19 represents one of the largest challenges in the recent history of public health. It is fundamental that we strengthen scientific cooperation under a common goal: to protect the health of the population. In this article, we present ideas that need urgent and collaborative efforts. We discuss the estimation of the magnitude of the epidemic through a nationwide seroprevalence panel, as well as new strategies to monitor the epidemic in real time. We also analyze the negative externalities associated to the pandemic. Finally, we present a general framework to develop ideas to come out of the lockdown, highlighting the importance of implementing sustainable and equitable structural interventions. We call for solidarity and cooperation, focusing our efforts and creativity in the resolution of the problems that currently affect Mexico and the world.


El Covid-19 representa uno de los retos más grandes en la historia reciente de la salud pública. Es fundamental que se fortalezcan los lazos de cooperación científica bajo un obje-tivo común: proteger la salud de la población. En este artículo se presentan ideas que necesitan un desarrollo urgente y colaborativo. Se discute la estimación de la magnitud de la epidemia mediante un panel nacional de seroprevalencia y nuevas estrategias para mejorar el monitoreo en tiempo real de la epidemia. También se analizan las externalidades nega-tivas asociadas con la respuesta a la pandemia. Finalmente, se presenta un marco general para el desarrollo de ideas para salir del confinamiento, resaltando la importancia de implementar acciones estructurales, sostenibles y equitativas. Se hace un llamado a la solidaridad y la cooperación, donde nuestros esfuerzos y creatividad se dediquen a la resolución de los problemas que enfrentan México y el mundo.


Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Epidemiological Monitoring , Intersectoral Collaboration , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Public Health , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Asymptomatic Diseases , Betacoronavirus/immunology , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Testing , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Computer Systems , Contact Tracing , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Developing Countries , Global Health , Health Policy , Humans , Income , Mexico/epidemiology , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Population Surveillance , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Quarantine , SARS-CoV-2 , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Telemedicine , World Health Organization
20.
Salud Publica Mex ; 63(1, ene-feb): 34-41, 2020 Dec 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33984213

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Determine the frequency of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes colonizing swine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: E. coli strains isolated of fecal samples from 280 swine, produced for local consumption, in a semi-technical farm of Morelos state, (central Mexico) were tested to identify the diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes by multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Of the 521-diarrheagenic E. coli isolates examined, 50 (9.6%) were positive for at least one virulence gene in 42 different animals. Thus, 15% (42/280) of the swine in this farm were colonized with pathogenic E. coli. Among the E. coli isolates, the pathotype EPEC (6.5%) was the most frequently, followed by EHEC (2.3%), ETEC and EIEC (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, four different E. coli pathotypes were found among swine colonized by E. coli in this farm. Thus, these swine are reservoirs for these virulent bacteria and there is potential risk of causing diarrhea in swine and in the population consuming the meat.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea , Escherichia coli Infections , Escherichia coli , Animals , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Diarrhea/veterinary , Escherichia coli/classification , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary , Farms , Mexico/epidemiology , Swine , Virulence Factors
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