DNA Sequence-Based Identification of Fusarium: A Work in Progress.

Accurate species-level identification of an etiological agent is crucial for disease diagnosis and management because knowing the agent's identity connects it with what is known about its host range, geographic distribution, and toxin production potential. This is particularly true in publishing peer-reviewed disease reports, where imprecise and/or incorrect identifications weaken the public knowledge base. This can be a daunting task for phytopathologists and other applied biologists that need to identify Fusarium in particular, because published and ongoing multilocus molecular systematic studies have highlighted several confounding issues. Paramount among these are: (i) this agriculturally and clinically important genus is currently estimated to comprise more than 400 phylogenetically distinct species (i.e., phylospecies), with more than 80% of these discovered within the past 25 years; (ii) approximately one-third of the phylospecies have not been formally described; (iii) morphology alone is inadequate to distinguish most of these species from one another; and (iv) the current rapid discovery of novel fusaria from pathogen surveys and accompanying impact on the taxonomic landscape is expected to continue well into the foreseeable future. To address the critical need for accurate pathogen identification, our research groups are focused on populating two web-accessible databases (FUSARIUM-ID v.3.0 and the nonredundant National Center for Biotechnology Information nucleotide collection that includes GenBank) with portions of three phylogenetically informative genes (i.e., TEF1, RPB1, and RPB2) that resolve at or near the species level in every Fusarium species. The objectives of this Special Report, and its companion in this issue (Torres-Cruz et al. 2022), are to provide a progress report on our efforts to populate these databases and to outline a set of best practices for DNA sequence-based identification of fusaria.

Phylogenomic Analysis of a 55.1-kb 19-Gene Dataset Resolves a Monophyletic Fusarium that Includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex.

Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user's needs and established successful practice. In 2013, the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani species complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged in 2015 by one research group who proposed dividing the genus Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC described as members of the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification in 2018 based on claims that the 2013 concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic. Here, we test this claim and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a genus Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students, and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species described as genus Neocosmospora were recombined in genus Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural, and practical taxonomic option available.

Inter-rater reliability of the Oral Assessment Guide for oral cancer patients between nurses and dental hygienists: the difficulties in objectively assessing oral health.

PURPOSE: Perioperative oral care is effective for the prevention and reduction of complications following surgery. However, oral cancer patients' oral health is often poor. During hospitalization, oral cancer patients frequently receive oral care from ward nurses as well as professional oral care from dental hygienists. Maintenance of good oral hygiene in these patients ideally requires cooperation between nurses and dental hygienists. Consequently, communication tools used to share information about the status of patients' oral health are needed. One such tool is the Oral Assessment Guide (OAG). However, the inter-rater reliability of the OAG has not been consistently reported; therefore, we examined this between nurses and dental hygienists. METHODS: Participants comprised 76 patients hospitalized for oral cancer treatment. After surgery, a nurse and a dental hygienist performed oral assessments using the OAG. Comparative statistical analyses were conducted to examine differences and consistencies in the scores of nurses and dental hygienists. RESULTS: Although almost all patients' oral health status was poor, none were given the worst score in the mucous membrane or gingiva categories. Further, the tongue, saliva, mucous membrane, gingiva, and teeth/denture categories had low κ coefficients, indicating poor nurse-dental hygienist inter-rater reliability. In contrast, the κ coefficients and agreement rates for voice and swallowing were high. Dental hygienists' scores were significantly higher for the tongue, gingiva, and teeth/denture categories than were nurses' scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed low nurse-dental hygienist inter-rater reliability for the OAG and highlighted the difficulties in objectively assessing patients' symptoms and oral health conditions. Therefore, rather than only relying on an objective assessment of symptoms by a clinician, assessments should also include patients' subjective reporting of symptoms. OAG will likely be used until a new assessment tool is developed. Objective assessment training and/or user manual development may be required to improve the reliability of OAG. The present training of one lesson a year is insufficient, and efforts should be made to improve this to get more reliable outcomes.

To what extent does the EQ-5D-3L correlate with the FACT-H&N of patients with oral cancer during the perioperative period?

BACKGROUND: The EuroQol 5-dimension scale (EQ-5D) is one of the most frequently used preference-based quality of life (QOL) measures for health technology assessment. The 3-level version of the EQ-5D comprises a descriptive system (the EQ-5D-3L) and a visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). It remains unclear whether this five-item scale correlates with the QOL of patients with oral cancer during the perioperative period. We sought to clarify this point in the present study. METHODS: Participants were 84 patients with oral malignancies who underwent radical treatment and completed the EQ-5D-3L and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck (FACT-H&N) at regular intervals over 3 months after treatment. We analyzed the correlations between the EQ-5D-3L, EQ-VAS, and FACT-H&N, and conducted multiple regression analyses to examine how the FACT-H&N subscales relate to the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-VAS. We also investigated whether the EQ-5D-3L shows ceiling effects. RESULTS: The EQ-5D-3L and EQ-VAS were strongly correlated with the FACT-H&N (rs = 0.621 and 0.638, respectively; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the EQ-5D-3L was significantly related with all FACT-H&N subscales except for social/family well-being. Particularly, the physical well-being subscale had the strongest relationship with the EQ-5D-3L. The FACT H&N and EQ-5D-3L showed similar changes over time. The EQ-5D-3L did not have a ceiling effect statistically. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that actual physical performance might be most important for cost-utility analysis, whereas the assessment of familial feelings or friendship seems less important. However, the EQ-5D-3L appears to generally correlate with the FACT-H&N of patients with oral cancer during the perioperative period. Therefore, it is reasonable to assess the cost performance of oral cancer treatment using the EQ-5D-3L in Japan.

Longitudinal changes in the quality of life of oral cancer patients during the perioperative period.

BACKGROUND: There are few quality of life (QOL) studies that have focused on the experiences of oral cancer patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate how the QOL for patients with oral cancer changed perioperatively. METHODS: Eighty-three participants undergoing radical therapy completed assessments of QOL at pre-treatment, treatment completion, and 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-treatment. The Japanese version of the FACT-H&N, comprising the subscales of "physical well-being (PWB)," "social/family well-being (SWB)," "emotional well-being (EWB)," "functional well-being (FWB)," and "additional head- and neck-specific concerns(HN)" was used to assess QOL. There were two study groups: those who required reconstructive surgery (r+, 31 patients) and those who did not (r-, 52 patients). RESULTS: The FACT-H&N, PWB, FWB, and HN, were lowest at treatment completion due to declines; then, it showed significant improvement over time (p < 0.05). SWB was the highest at the completion of treatment, and thereafter decreased significantly until 3 months after treatment (p < 0.05). EWB was the lowest before treatment but improved over time (p < 0.01). HN was significantly lower at 6 months after treatment than before treatment (p < 0.05). The QOL of the r+ group was significantly lower than that of the r- group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The treatment-associated declines in subscale area may be compensated for by gains in other subscale areas. Psychological support is better introduced prior to cancer treatment. As it is often difficult to recover from declines in HN functioning subscale, strategies that promote compensation in other areas must be explored. Clinicians should become thoroughly familiar with how patients' QOL changes over time and provide holistic treatments that honor patients' autonomy.

Two novel Fusarium species that cause canker disease of prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) in northern China form a novel clade with Fusarium torreyae.

Canker disease of prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) has caused a decline in the production of this economically important spice in northern China in the past 25 y. To identify the etiological agent, 38 fungal isolates were recovered from symptomatic tissues from trees in five provinces in China. These isolates were identified by conducting BLASTN queries of NCBI GenBank and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS rDNA), a portion of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene, and genes encoding RNA polymerase II largest (RPB1) and second largest (RPB2) subunits. Results of these analyses suggested that 30/38 isolates belonged to two novel fusaria most closely related to the Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia Arn.) pathogen, Fusarium torreyae in Florida and Georgia. These three canker-inducing tree pathogens form a novel clade within Fusarium here designated the F. torreyae species complex (FTOSC). BLASTN queries of GenBank also revealed that 5/38 isolates recovered from cankers represented an undescribed phylogenetic species within the F. solani species complex (FSSC) designated FSSC 6. Stem inoculations of three fusaria on Z. bungeanum resulted in consistent canker symptoms from which these three fusaria were recovered. The two novel fusaria, however, induced significantly larger lesions than FSSC 6. Herein, the two novel prickly ash pathogens are formally described as F. zanthoxyli and F. continuum.

Fusarium agapanthi sp. nov., a novel bikaverin and fusarubin-producing leaf and stem spot pathogen of Agapanthus praecox (African lily) from Australia and Italy.

This study was conducted to characterize a novel Fusarium species that caused leaf and stem spot on Agapanthus praecox (Agapanthus, African lily) in northern Italy and leaf rot and spot on the same host in Melbourne, Australia. Formally described as Fusarium agapanthi, this pathogen was analyzed using phenotypic, phytopathogenic, secondary metabolite, molecular phylogenetic and genomic data. Five strains were characterized, including one isolated in 1999 from symptomatic A. praecox in Saluzzo, Italy, and four in 2010 from diseased leaf tissue from the same host exhibiting leaf rot and spot symptoms in the Melbourne Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Australia. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood molecular phylogenetic analyses of portions of six individual genes and the combined dataset all strongly supported F. agapanthi either as the earliest diverging genealogically exclusive lineage in the American Clade of the F. fujikuroi species complex, or alternatively a novel monotypic lineage sister to the American Clade. Koch's postulates were completed on dwarf blue- and large white-flowering varieties of A. praecox, where two isolates of F. agapanthi produced slowly spreading necrotic lesions when inoculated onto leaves and flower stems. Fusarium agapanthi is distinguished from other fusaria by the production of densely branched aerial conidiophores with polyphialides throughout the aerial mycelium on synthetic nutrient-poor agar. BLASTn searches of the F. agapanthi NRRL 31653 and NRRL 54464 (= VPRI 41787) genome sequences were conducted to predict sexual reproductive mode and mycotoxin potential. Results indicated that they possessed MAT1-2 and MAT1-1 idiomorphs, respectively, indicating that this species might be heterothallic. Furthermore, based on the presence of homologs of the bikaverin and fusarubin biosynthetic gene clusters in the F. agapanthi genomes, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted and confirmed production of these secondary metabolites in rice and corn kernel cultures of the fungus.

Discordant phylogenies suggest repeated host shifts in the Fusarium-Euwallacea ambrosia beetle mutualism.

The mutualism between xyleborine beetles in the genus Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and members of the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) represents one of 11 known evolutionary origins of fungiculture by ambrosia beetles. Female Euwallacea beetles transport fusarial symbionts in paired mandibular mycangia from their natal gallery to woody hosts where they are cultivated in galleries as a source of food. Native to Asia, several exotic Euwallacea species were introduced into the United States and Israel within the past two decades and they now threaten urban landscapes, forests and avocado production. To assess species limits and to date the evolutionary diversification of the mutualists, we reconstructed the evolutionary histories of key representatives of the Fusarium and Euwallacea clades using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Twelve species-level lineages, termed AF 1-12, were identified within the monophyletic AFC and seven among the Fusarium-farming Euwallacea. Bayesian diversification-time estimates placed the origin of the Euwallacea-Fusarium mutualism near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary ∼19-24 Mya. Most Euwallacea spp. appear to be associated with one species of Fusarium, but two species farmed two closely related fusaria. Euwallacea sp. #2 in Miami-Dade County, Florida cultivated Fusarium spp. AF-6 and AF-8 on avocado, and Euwallacea sp. #4 farmed Fusarium ambrosium AF-1 and Fusarium sp. AF-11 on Chinese tea in Sri Lanka. Cophylogenetic analyses indicated that the Euwallacea and Fusarium phylogenies were largely incongruent, apparently due to the beetles switching fusarial symbionts (i.e., host shifts) at least five times during the evolution of this mutualism. Three cospeciation events between Euwallacea and their AFC symbionts were detected, but randomization tests failed to reject the null hypothesis that the putative parallel cladogenesis is a stochastic pattern. Lastly, two collections of Euwallacea sp. #2 from Miami-Dade County, Florida shared an identical cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) allele with Euwallacea validus, suggesting introgressive hybridization between these species and/or pseudogenous nature of this marker. Results of the present study highlight the importance of understanding the potential for and frequency of host-switching between Euwallacea and members of the AFC, and that these shifts may bring together more aggressive and virulent combinations of these invasive mutualists.

Metabolic profiles of soybean roots during early stages of Fusarium tucumaniae infection.

Soybean germplasm exhibits various levels of resistance to Fusarium tucumaniae, the main causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean in Argentina. In this study, two soybean genotypes, one susceptible (NA 4613) and one partially resistant (DM 4670) to SDS infection, were inoculated with F. tucumaniae. Disease symptoms were scored at 7, 10, 14, and 25 days post-inoculation (dpi). The greatest difference in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values among genotypes was observed at 25 dpi. In order to detect early metabolic markers that could potentially discriminate between susceptible and resistant genotypes, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of root samples were performed. These analyses show higher levels of several amino acids and the polyamine cadaverine in the inoculated than in the uninoculated susceptible cultivar at 7 dpi. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the metabolic profile of roots harvested at the earliest time points from the inoculated susceptible genotype was clearly differentiated from the rest of the samples. Furthermore, variables associated with the first principal component were mainly amino acids. Taken together, the results indicate that the pathogen induced the susceptible plant to accumulate amino acids in roots at early time points after infection, suggesting that GC-MS-based metabolomics could be used for the rapid characterization of cultivar response to SDS.

Fusarium dactylidis sp. nov., a novel nivalenol toxin-producing species sister to F. pseudograminearum isolated from orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) in Oregon and New Zealand.

The B trichothecene toxin-producing clade (B clade) of Fusarium includes the etiological agents of Fusarium head blight, crown rot of wheat and barley and stem and ear rot of maize. B clade isolates also have been recovered from several wild and cultivated grasses, including Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass or cock's foot), one of the world's most important forage grasses. Two isolates from the latter host are formally described here as F. dactylidis. Phenotypically F. dactylidis most closely resembles F. ussurianum from the Russian Far East. Both species produce symmetrical sporodochial conidia that are similar in size and curved toward both ends. However, conidia of F. ussurianum typically end in a narrow apical beak while the apical cell of F. dactylidis is acute. Fusarium dactylidis produced nivalenol mycotoxin in planta as well as low but detectable amounts of the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone in vitro. Results of a pathogenicity test revealed that F. dactylidis induced mild head blight on wheat.

Metastatic Maxillary Gingival Angiosarcoma with Aggressive Growth: A Case Report.

Angiosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of endothelial origin. It is an aggressive neoplasm with early metastasis and poor prognosis and accounts for approximately 2% of all soft tissue sarcomas. Primary tumors arising in the oral cavity account for only 1% of all angiosarcomas. Here, we report a rare case of metastatic angiosarcoma of the gingiva originating from a primary mediastinal lesion. The patient was an 83-year-old man who presented with a maxillary interincisor tumor; it was a painless mass with rounded superficial necrosis measuring 23 mm× 17 mm on the labial side and 20 mm× 17 mm on the palatal side. The histopathological diagnosis was of an epithelioid angiosarcoma. Imaging revealed lesions in the mediastinum, lungs, liver, and skin. The primary lesion was considered a mediastinal lesion. As the tumor had spread throughout the body, palliative therapy was administered. However, the patient's general condition deteriorated rapidly, and he died 3 weeks after the first visit. Identifying oral metastatic malignancies may result in detection of malignant tumors at other sites; thus, oral and maxillofacial surgeons must maintain a heightened awareness of angiosarcoma.

Phylogenetic analyses of RPB1 and RPB2 support a middle Cretaceous origin for a clade comprising all agriculturally and medically important fusaria.

Fusarium (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) is one of the most economically important and systematically challenging groups of mycotoxigenic phytopathogens and emergent human pathogens. We conducted maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian (B) analyses on partial DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2) nucleotide sequences of 93 fusaria to infer the first comprehensive and well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis of evolutionary relationships within the genus and 20 of its near relatives. Our analyses revealed that Cylindrocarpon formed a basal monophyletic sister to a 'terminal Fusarium clade' (TFC) comprising 20 strongly supported species complexes and nine monotypic lineages, which we provisionally recognize as Fusarium (hypothesis F1). The basal-most divergences within the TFC were only significantly supported by Bayesian posterior probabilities (B-PP 0.99-1). An internode of the remaining TFC, however, was strongly supported by MP and ML bootstrapping and B-PP (hypothesis F2). Analysis of seven Fusarium genome sequences and Southern analysis of fusaria elucidated the distribution of genes required for synthesis of 26 families of secondary metabolites within the phylogenetic framework. Diversification time estimates date the origin of the TFC to the middle Cretaceous 91.3 million years ago. We also dated the origin of several agriculturally important secondary metabolites as well as the lineage responsible for Fusarium head blight of cereals. Dating of several plant-associated species complexes suggests their evolution may have been driven by angiosperm diversification during the Miocene. Our results support two competing hypotheses for the circumscription of Fusarium and provide a framework for future comparative phylogenetic and genomic analyses of this agronomically and medically important genus.

An inordinate fondness for Fusarium: phylogenetic diversity of fusaria cultivated by ambrosia beetles in the genus Euwallacea on avocado and other plant hosts.

Ambrosia beetle fungiculture represents one of the most ecologically and evolutionarily successful symbioses, as evidenced by the 11 independent origins and 3500 species of ambrosia beetles. Here we document the evolution of a clade within Fusarium associated with ambrosia beetles in the genus Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) symbionts are unusual in that some are plant pathogens that cause significant damage in naïve natural and cultivated ecosystems, and currently threaten avocado production in the United States, Israel and Australia. Most AFC fusaria produce unusual clavate macroconidia that serve as a putative food source for their insect mutualists. AFC symbionts were abundant in the heads of four Euwallacea spp., which suggests that they are transported within and from the natal gallery in mandibular mycangia. In a four-locus phylogenetic analysis, the AFC was resolved in a strongly supported monophyletic group within the previously described Clade 3 of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC). Divergence-time estimates place the origin of the AFC in the early Miocene ∼21.2 Mya, which coincides with the hypothesized adaptive radiation of the Xyleborini. Two strongly supported clades within the AFC (Clades A and B) were identified that include nine species lineages associated with ambrosia beetles, eight with Euwallacea spp. and one reportedly with Xyleborus ferrugineus, and two lineages with no known beetle association. More derived lineages within the AFC showed fixation of the clavate (club-shaped) macroconidial trait, while basal lineages showed a mix of clavate and more typical fusiform macroconidia. AFC lineages consisted mostly of genetically identical individuals associated with specific insect hosts in defined geographic locations, with at least three interspecific hybridization events inferred based on discordant placement in individual gene genealogies and detection of recombinant loci. Overall, these data are consistent with a strong evolutionary trend toward obligate symbiosis coupled with secondary contact and interspecific hybridization.

One fungus, one name: defining the genus Fusarium in a scientifically robust way that preserves longstanding use.

In this letter, we advocate recognizing the genus Fusarium as the sole name for a group that includes virtually all Fusarium species of importance in plant pathology, mycotoxicology, medicine, and basic research. This phylogenetically guided circumscription will free scientists from any obligation to use other genus names, including teleomorphs, for species nested within this clade, and preserve the application of the name Fusarium in the way it has been used for almost a century. Due to recent changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this is an urgent matter that requires community attention. The alternative is to break the longstanding concept of Fusarium into nine or more genera, and remove important taxa such as those in the F. solani species complex from the genus, a move we believe is unnecessary. Here we present taxonomic and nomenclatural proposals that will preserve established research connections and facilitate communication within and between research communities, and at the same time support strong scientific principles and good taxonomic practice.

NIASGBdb: NIAS Genebank databases for genetic resources and plant disease information.

The National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) is implementing the NIAS Genebank Project for conservation and promotion of agrobiological genetic resources to contribute to the development and utilization of agriculture and agricultural products. The project's databases (NIASGBdb; http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/databases_en.php) consist of a genetic resource database and a plant diseases database, linked by a web retrieval database. The genetic resources database has plant and microorganism search systems to provide information on research materials, including passport and evaluation data for genetic resources with the desired properties. To facilitate genetic diversity research, several NIAS Core Collections have been developed. The NIAS Rice (Oryza sativa) Core Collection of Japanese Landraces contains information on simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphisms. SSR marker information for azuki bean (Vigna angularis) and black gram (V. mungo) and DNA sequence data from some selected Japanese strains of the genus Fusarium are also available. A database of plant diseases in Japan has been developed based on the listing of common names of plant diseases compiled by the Phytopathological Society of Japan. Relevant plant and microorganism genetic resources are associated with the plant disease names by the web retrieval database and can be obtained from the NIAS Genebank for research or educational purposes.

Fusarium torreyae sp. nov., a pathogen causing canker disease of Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia), a critically endangered conifer restricted to northern Florida and southwestern Georgia.

During a survey for pathogens of Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia) in 2009, a novel Fusarium species was isolated from cankers affecting this critically endangered conifer whose current range is restricted to northern Florida and southwestern Georgia. Published multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that this pathogen represented a genealogically exclusive, phylogenetically distinct species representing one of the earliest divergences within the Gibberella clade of Fusarium. Furthermore, completion of Koch's postulates established that this novel species was the causal agent of Florida torreya canker disease. Here we formally describe this pathogen as a new species, Fusarium torreyae. Pure cultures of this species produced long and slender multiseptate sporodochial conidia that showed morphological convergence with two distantly related fusaria, reflecting the homoplasious nature of Fusarium conidial morphology.

[Successful treatment of a saphenous vein graft aneurysm detected 15 years after coronary bypass grafting (CABG)].

A 72-year-old female with a history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) 16 years before was admitted because of chest discomfort. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed a mass lesion, with a diameter of 40 mm and an enhanced area in its inner part. Coronary arteriography showed saphenous vein graft dilatation, and the diagnosis of saphenous vein graft aneurysm was made. Because of the risks of aneurysmal rupture, embolization, and myocardial infarction, surgery was performed. Revascularization of the coronary artery distal to the aneurysm and aneurysmectomy were performed with the beating heart under cardiopulmonary bypass to prevent myocardial infarction. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful.

[Transmitral left ventricular thrombectomy using an endoscope in a patient with left ventricular non-compaction].

We report a case of isolated left ventricular non-compaction(LVNC) associated with poor left ventricular function, multiple cerebral infarctions, and a mobile and pedunculated thrombus in the left ventricular apex. LVNC is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy resulting from an arrest in normal endomyocardial embryogenesis. The thrombus and some other small thrombi in the left ventricle were successfully removed through the mitral valve using an endoscope without making a left ventricular incision to preserve cardiac function. Mitral annuloplasty, the maze procedure, and left atrial thrombectomy were also performed. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. By using an endoscope, details of the left ventricular cavity could be observed, and left ventricular function could be preserved by avoiding ventriculotomy.

[Perioperative management of two patients with renal malignant tumor involving the vena cava].

Two patients underwent resection of renal malignant tumors involving vena cava. Such tumors occasionally extend to the inferior vena cava with tumor thrombus and invasion to the lymph nodes and adjacent organs. Perioperative management of patients with these tumors is difficult because of the risk of pulmonary embolism and massive bleeding, and requires appropriate cooperation among the surgical team. In case 1, a 56-year-old man, renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus had extended into the intrahepatic vena cava. It was resected after isolating the liver from vena cava and incising the cross-clamped inferior vena cava without extracorporeal circulation or blood transfusion. A prosthetic graft replaced the inferior vena cava. In case 2, a 64-year-old woman, renal pelvis cancer adhered to the inferior vena cava and the mesentery with enlarged lymph nodes. It was separated from the inferior vena cava and removed with the ascending colon. The patient received a blood transfusion of approximately 2,000ml. Cardiomyopathy associated with a left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient of 100mmHg required perioperative management. After surgery, both patients underwent controlled ventilation in the intensive care unit. After recovery, they were discharged without complications. We discuss perioperative management, with regard to the level of the tumor extension and perioperative complications.

Fusarium azukicola sp. nov., an exotic azuki bean root-rot pathogen in Hokkaido, Japan.

We report on the phenotypic, molecular phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of a novel azuki bean (Vigna angularis) root-rot (BRR) pathogen from Hokkaido, Japan, which formally is described herein as Fusarium azukicola. This species can be distinguished phenotypically from the other Phaseolus/Vigna BRR and soybean sudden-death syndrome (SDS) pathogens by the production of wider and longer four-septate conidia cultured on SNA. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of four anonymous intergenic loci, a portion of the translation elongation factor (EF-1α) gene and the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region (IGS rDNA) strongly support the genealogical exclusivity of F. azukicola with respect to the other soybean SDS and BRR pathogens within Clade 2 of the F. solani species complex (FSSC). Evolutionary relationships of F. azukicola to other members of the SDS-BRR clade, however, are unresolved by phylogenetic analyses of the individual and combined datasets, with the exception of the IGS rDNA partition, which strongly supports it as a sister of the soybean SDS pathogen F. brasiliense. A multilocus genotyping assay is updated to include primer probes that successfully distinguish F. azukicola from the other soybean SDS and BRR pathogens. Results of a pathogenicity experiment reveal that the F. azukicola isolates are able to induce root-rot symptoms on azuki bean, mung bean (Vigna radiata), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max), as well as typical SDS foliar symptoms on soybean. Our hypothesis is that F. azukicola evolved in South America and was introduced to Hokkaido, Japan, on azuki bean but its possible route of introduction remains unknown.