A Sensor Placement Approach Using Multi-Objective Hypergraph Particle Swarm Optimization to Improve Effectiveness of Structural Health Monitoring Systems.

In this paper, a novel Multi-Objective Hypergraph Particle Swarm Optimization (MOHGPSO) algorithm for structural health monitoring (SHM) systems is considered. This algorithm autonomously identifies the most relevant sensor placements in a combined fitness function without artificial intervention. The approach utilizes six established Optimal Sensor Placement (OSP) methods to generate a Pareto front, which is systematically analyzed and archived through Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Fuzzy Decision Making (FDM). This comprehensive analysis demonstrates the proposed approach's superior performance in determining sensor placements, showcasing its adaptability to structural changes, enhancement of durability, and effective management of the life cycle of structures. Overall, this paper makes a significant contribution to engineering by leveraging advancements in sensor and information technologies to ensure essential infrastructure safety through SHM systems.

Interference Management with Reflective In-Band Full-Duplex NOMA for Secure 6G Wireless Communication Systems.

The electromagnetic spectrum is used as a medium for modern wireless communication. Most of the spectrum is being utilized by the existing communication system. For technological breakthroughs and fulfilling the demands of better utilization of such natural resources, a novel Reflective In-Band Full-Duplex (R-IBFD) cooperative communication scheme is proposed in this article that involves Full-Duplex (FD) and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technologies. The proposed R-IBFD provides efficient use of spectrum with better system parameters including Secrecy Outage Probability (SOP), throughput, data rate and secrecy capacity to fulfil the requirements of a smart city for 6th Generation (6thG or 6G). The proposed system targets the requirement of new algorithms that contribute towards better change and bring the technological revolution in the requirements of 6G. In this article, the proposed R-IBFD mainly contributes towards co-channel interference and security problem. The In-Band Full-Duplex mode devices face higher co-channel interference in between their own transmission and receiving antenna. R-IBFD minimizes the effect of such interference and assists in the security of a required wireless communication system. For a better understanding of the system contribution, the improvement of secrecy capacity and interference with R-IBFD is discussed with the help of SOP derivation, equations and simulation results. A machine learning genetic algorithm is one of the optimization tools which is being used to maximize the secrecy capacity.

Mathematical Modeling and Validation of Retransmission-Based Mutant MQTT for Improving Quality of Service in Developing Smart Cities.

Unreliable networks often use excess bandwidth for data integration in smart cities. For this purpose, Messaging Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) with a certain quality of service (QoS) is employed. Data integrity and data security are frequently compromised for reducing bandwidth usage while designing integrated applications. Thus, for a reliable and secure integrated Internet of Everything (IoE) service, a range of network parameters are conditioned to achieve the required quality of a deliverable service. In this work, a QoS-0-based MQTT is developed in such a manner that the transparent MQTT protocol uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-based connectivity with various rules for the retransmission of contents if the requests are not entertained for a fixed duration. The work explores the ways to improve the overall content delivery probability. The parameters are examined over a transparent gateway-based TCP network after developing a mathematical model for the proposed retransmission-based mutant QoS-0. The probability model is then verified by an actual physical network where the repeated content delivery is explored at VM-based MQTT, local network-based broker and a remote server. The results show that the repeated transmission of contents from the sender improves the content delivery probability over the unreliable MQTT-based Internet of Things (IoT) for developing smart cities' applications.

Proof-of-PUF Enabled Blockchain: Concurrent Data and Device Security for Internet-of-Energy.

A detailed review on the technological aspects of Blockchain and Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) is presented in this article. It stipulates an emerging concept of Blockchain that integrates hardware security primitives via PUFs to solve bandwidth, integration, scalability, latency, and energy requirements for the Internet-of-Energy (IoE) systems. This hybrid approach, hereinafter termed as PUFChain, provides device and data provenance which records data origins, history of data generation and processing, and clone-proof device identification and authentication, thus possible to track the sources and reasons of any cyber attack. In addition to this, we review the key areas of design, development, and implementation, which will give us the insight on seamless integration with legacy IoE systems, reliability, cyber resilience, and future research challenges.

Evaluation of correlative coding and DP-16QAM n-channel 112Gbit/s coherent transmission: digital non-linear compensation perspective.

We numerically report on the complexity reduction of digital backward propagation (DBP) by utilizing correlative encoded transmission (dual-polarization quadrature duobinary) at a bit-rate of 112Gbit/s over 1640km fiber link. The single channel (N=1) and multi-channel (N=10) transmission performances are compared in this paper. In case of multi-channel system, 10 transmitters are multiplexed with 25GHz channel spacing. The fiber link consists of Large A(eff) Pure-Silica core fiber with 20 spans of 82km each. No in-line optical dispersion compensator is employed in the link. The system performances are evaluated by monitoring the bit-error-ratio and the forward error correction limit corresponds to bit-error-ratio of 3.8×10(-3). The DBP algorithm is implemented after the coherent detection and is based on the logarithmic step-size based split-step Fourier method. The results depict that dual-polarization quadrature duobinary can be used to transmit 112Gbit/s signals with an spectral efficiency of 4-b/s/Hz, but at the same time has a higher tolerance to nonlinear transmission impairments. By utilizing dual-polarization quadrature duobinary modulation, comparative system performance with respect to dual-polarization 16-quadrature amplitude modulation transmission can be achieved with 60% less computations and with a step-size of 205km.

Nonlinear mitigation using carrier phase estimation and digital backward propagation in coherent QAM transmission.

We investigate the performance of carrier phase estimation (CPE) and digital backward propagation (DBP) in compensating fiber nonlinearity for 224 Gbps polarization-multiplexed quadrature-amplitude-modulation coherent systems with level of 4 and 16 (PM-4-QAM and PM-16-QAM) over standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) uncompensated link. The results from numerical simulation show the individual performance of CPE and DBP as well as their mutual influence. With DBP compensation, required CPE tap number for optimal performance can be reduced by 50% for 4-QAM signal and 67% for 16-QAM signal compared to linear compensation. On the other hand, employing CPE compensation after DBP also allows to reduce DBP steps. In the mentioned PM-16-QAM system, 60% reduction in the required number of DBP steps to achieve BER=10(-3) is possible, with a step-size of 200 km, which reveals great potential to reduce the complexity for future real time implementation.

Optimized digital backward propagation for phase modulated signals in mixed-optical fiber transmission link.

The parametric optimization of Digital Backward Propagation (DBP) algorithm for mitigating fiber transmission impairments is proposed and numerically demonstrated for phase modulated signals in mixed-optical fiber transmission link. The optimization of parameters i.e. dispersion (D) and non-linear coefficient (γ) offer improved eye-opening (EO). We investigate the optimization of iterative and non-iterative symmetric split-step Fourier method (S-SSFM) for solving the inverse non-linear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). Optimized DBP algorithm, with step-size equal to fiber module length i.e. one calculation step per fiber span for obtaining higher computational efficiency, is implemented at the receiver as a digital signal processing (DSP) module. The system performance is evaluated by EO-improvement for diverse in-line compensation schemes. Using computationally efficient non-iterative symmetric split-step Fourier method (NIS-SSFM) upto 3.6 dB referenced EO-improvement can be obtained at 6 dBm signal launch power by optimizing and modifying DBP algorithm parameters, based on the characterization of the individual fiber types, in mixed-optical fiber transmission link.

Advanced and flexible multi-carrier receiver architecture for high-count multi-core fiber based space division multiplexed applications.

Space division multiplexing (SDM), incorporating multi-core fibers (MCFs), has been demonstrated for effectively maximizing the data capacity in an impending capacity crunch. To achieve high spectral-density through multi-carrier encoding while simultaneously maintaining transmission reach, benefits from inter-core crosstalk (XT) and non-linear compensation must be utilized. In this report, we propose a proof-of-concept unified receiver architecture that jointly compensates optical Kerr effects, intra- and inter-core XT in MCFs. The architecture is analysed in multi-channel 512 Gbit/s dual-carrier DP-16QAM system over 800 km 19-core MCF to validate the digital compensation of inter-core XT. Through this architecture: (a) we efficiently compensates the inter-core XT improving Q-factor by 4.82 dB and (b) achieve a momentous gain in transmission reach, increasing the maximum achievable distance from 480 km to 1208 km, via analytical analysis. Simulation results confirm that inter-core XT distortions are more relentless for cores fabricated around the central axis of cladding. Predominantly, XT induced Q-penalty can be suppressed to be less than 1 dB up-to -11.56 dB of inter-core XT over 800 km MCF, offering flexibility to fabricate dense core structures with same cladding diameter. Moreover, this report outlines the relationship between core pitch and forward-error correction (FEC).

Reconfigurable SDM Switching Using Novel Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuit.

Space division multiplexing using multicore fibers is becoming a more and more promising technology. In space-division multiplexing fiber network, the reconfigurable switch is one of the most critical components in network nodes. In this paper we for the first time demonstrate reconfigurable space-division multiplexing switching using silicon photonic integrated circuit, which is fabricated on a novel silicon-on-insulator platform with buried Al mirror. The silicon photonic integrated circuit is composed of a 7 × 7 switch and low loss grating coupler array based multicore fiber couplers. Thanks to the Al mirror, grating couplers with ultra-low coupling loss with optical multicore fibers is achieved. The lowest total insertion loss of the silicon integrated circuit is as low as 4.5 dB, with low crosstalk lower than -30 dB. Excellent performances in terms of low insertion loss and low crosstalk are obtained for the whole C-band. 1 Tb/s/core transmission over a 2-km 7-core fiber and space-division multiplexing switching is demonstrated successfully. Bit error rate performance below 10-9 is obtained for all spatial channels with low power penalty. The proposed design can be easily upgraded to reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer capable of switching several multicore fibers.