Solanum tuberosum Leaf Extract Templated Synthesis of Co3O4 Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensor and Antibacterial Applications.

Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is a viable alternative methodology because of cost-effective and availability of environmentally friendly templates for desired application, which has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. In the present study, Co3O4 NPs were synthesized in various volume ratios in the presence of Solanum tuberosum leaf extract as a template. The synthesized Co3O4 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), surface area electron diffraction (SAED), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD analysis found that the average crystalline sizes for the 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1 volume ratios was 25.83, 21.05, and 27.98 nm, respectively. SEM-EDX and TEM analyses suggest that the green-synthesized Co3O4 NPs are spherical in shape without the presence of impurities. The band gap E g values of the 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1 volume ratios of Co3O4 NPs were found to be 1.83, 1.77, and 2.19 eV, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of various bioactive ingredients within the leaf extract of Solanum tuberosum. Co3O4 NPs-modified electrodes showed better sensing capability towards ascorbic acid and citric acid due to enhanced electron transfer kinetics. Among three volume ratios (1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1) of Co3O4 nanoelectrodes, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 were identified as the best performing nanoelectrodes. This is possibly due to the high catalytic behavior and the more homogenized surface structure. Co3O4 (1 : 2) nanodrug showed the enhanced antibacterial activity (16 mm) towards S. aureus which is attributed to the formation of enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Endoscopic treatment of glottic stenosis secondary to caustic injury with silastic keel placement: a case report.

The use of an endoscopic approach for the division of glottic webs or stenosis has been reported in the literature and has been mainly confined to the anterior commisure. We report a rare case of caustic injury to the upper aerodigestive tract that resulted in extensive web formation along the membranous vocal cord which was successfully treated with endoscopic lysis of the adhesions and the use of a silastic sheet keel as a stent.

Percutaneous inner-ear access via an image-guided industrial robot system.

Image-guided robots have been widely used for bone shaping and percutaneous access to interventional sites. However, due to high-accuracy requirements and proximity to sensitive nerves and brain tissues, the adoption of robots in inner-ear surgery has been slower. In this paper the authors present their recent work towards developing two image-guided industrial robot systems for accessing challenging inner-ear targets. Features of the systems include optical tracking of the robot base and tool relative to the patient and Kalman filter-based data fusion of redundant sensory information (from encoders and optical tracking systems) for enhanced patient safety. The approach enables control of differential robot positions rather than absolute positions, permitting simplified calibration procedures and reducing the reliance of the system on robot calibration in order to ensure overall accuracy. Lastly, the authors present the results of two phantom validation experiments simulating the use of image-guided robots in inner-ear surgeries such as cochlear implantation and petrous apex access.

Hepatic abscesses after adhesiolysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hematogenous spread of bacteria from the bowel due to bacterial translocation has been postulated in animal and trauma studies. This case presents a patient with possible hematogenous bacterial spreading after acute laparotomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 57-year old woman was admitted with abdominal pain. A computed tomography showed mechanical small bowel obstruction. A laparotomy was performed showing no contamination, and no bowel resection was performed. The patient was not given any antibiotics during this time. The patient was re-admitted 24h after discharge with fever, elevated white count and abdominal pain. A computed tomography showed newly developed intrahepatic abscesses. These were treated with antibiotics, and the patient was discharged with follow-up ultrasound showing diminished abscesses. DISCUSSION: This case discusses the possible pathophysiology behind the development of intrahepatic abscesses after small bowel obstruction. CONCLUSION: Febrilia and pain in upper right quadrant of the abdomen days after a simple operation for bowel obstruction could be caused by translocation of intestinal bacteria and subsequent formation of hepatic abscesses.

Isolation and characterization of two divergent infectious molecular clones of HIV type 1 longitudinally obtained from a seropositive patient by a progressive amplification procedure.

Isolation of infectious molecular clones has been valuable to our understanding of HIV-1-induced pathogenesis. Two infectious molecular clones of HIV-1 were isolated longitudinally from a seropositive subject at different stages of the disease, using a standard bacteriophage lambda vector and a novel progressive amplification procedure. We found the progressive amplification procedure was simpler and more specific than the conventional plaque hybridization assay. The two infectious HIV-1 clones had distinct cell tropism and cytopathic properties. The HIV-1 clone obtained at the asymptomatic stage of the disease was macrophage tropic and had a non-syncytium-inducing property. In contrast, the HIV-1 clone obtained at the stage of AIDS development was dual tropic for T cells and macrophages and induced syncytia. A detailed analysis of the restriction sites of the two clones showed 9 of 21 sites to be unique. These unique restriction sites were predominantly localized in the envelope region. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence analysis of the entire gp120 region supported the results from the restriction analysis and showed that these two clones are closely related, and the differences are restricted to the variable domains. The difference in amino acid sequences in the V3 region may explain the observed differences in T cell tropism and syncytium-inducing properties. Availability of two distinct infectious molecular clones from the same patient at different stages of the disease may be useful in studies on the mechanism of HIV-1 pathogenesis.

Oxophenarsine, an antisyphilis drug inhibits HIV-1-specific protein synthesis in acutely and persistently infected lymphocytes.

The development of drugs that can inhibit both acute and persistent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major goal in the treatment of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Most of the anti-HIV-1 drugs reported thus far, such as azidothymidine (AZT), inhibit acute HIV-1 infection but have no antiviral effect against persistent infection. We report here that oxophenarsine (3-amino-4 hydroxyphenylarsineoxide hydrochloride), an antisyphilus drug inhibits HIV-1 production in acutely infected peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and persistently infected T cells. In acutely infected PBL and H9 T cells, the drug is effective at concentrations as low as 0.07-0.15 micrograms/ml with no significant cytotoxicity at concentrations of 6.0 micrograms/ml or below. It does not inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase at doses up to 60 micrograms/ml. The drug has no effect on HIV-1-specific DNA and RNA synthesis. However, it inhibits HIV-1 protein synthesis in both acutely and persistently infected cells.

Genetic variability and function of the long terminal repeat from syncytium-inducing and non-syncytium-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

We analyzed sequence variability and function of the long terminal repeat (LTR) from syncytium-inducing (SI) and non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) HIV-1. Twenty LTR DNA clones were obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification and molecular cloning from short-term cultures of SI and NSI viruses from an AIDS patient and two asymptomatic individuals, respectively. All the LTR clones tested contained multiple nucleotide changes (mostly G-to-A transitions), compared to the subtype B consensus sequence, which were clustered within the negative regulatory element, including NF-AT, USF, and TCF-1 alpha binding sites. The core promoter/TAR region sequences were highly conserved. The basal and Tat-mediated transcriptional activities of selected LTR clones tested were 0.1 to 1 and 0.2 to 0.5 times that of the control, respectively, regardless of the SI or NSI origin of the clones. Phylogenetic analysis revealed interi-solate sequence divergence in the LTR that was similar but not identical to previously analyzed vif sequences from the same samples. In particular, the inter-isolate distances from reference sequences differed for the LTR and vif. This raises the possibility that recombination occurred between corresponding LTR and vif loci of the quasi-species present in the isolates described here.

Cytotoxic activity against HIV-infected monocytes by recombinant interleukin 2-activated natural killer cells.

Natural killer (NK) cells have long been known to aid in the control of viral infections by killing virus-infected cells, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among the possible NK-susceptible target cells in an infected individual, the monocyte/macrophages are of special significance since they may serve as both a reservoir of HIV and aid in dissemination of the virus throughout the body. A new technique for the enrichment and cultivation of large numbers of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2)-stimulated NK cells has been developed which provides cells with high cytotoxic activity. These IL-2-activated NK cells, adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells (A-LAK), can kill monocytes infected with HIV for 24 h to 7 days, with optimal target sensitivity between 3 and 7 days. Recognition and killing of the infected monocytes did not appear to be restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and could be cold-target inhibited by tumor cell lines. A-LAK cells may be useful in newer therapeutic approaches to treatment of HIV infection.

Induction of human breast cancer cell apoptosis from G2/M preceded by stimulation into the cell cycle by Z-1,1-dichloro-2,3-diphenylcyclopropane.

We have shown previously that Z-1,1-dichloro-2,3-diphenylcyclopropane (a.k.a. Analog II, A(II)) inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation regardless of estrogen receptor status or estrogen sensitivity, and that its cellular targets include microtubules. In the present study, we investigated the apoptosis-inducing effects of A(II). MCF-7, MCF-7/LY2, and MDA-MB-231 cells all showed nuclear fragmentation in response to 100 microM A(II) when stained with Hoechst 33342 and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic analysis showed that each of the cell lines also developed specific high molecular weight DNA fragments: a low level of 1-2 Mb fragments appeared after 6 hr, while 30-50 kb fragments accumulated subsequently. At 24 hr of drug exposure, the majority of cells became nonadherent, and the 30-50 kb fragments were restricted to detached MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Both adherent and detached MCF-7/LY2 cells exhibited these fragments. A previous study by single-color (propidium) flow cytometry demonstrated that A(II) blocks MDA-MB-231 cells in G2/M of the cell cycle. More refined analyses in the present study showed this same result for MDA-MB-231 cells, but MCF-7 and MCF-7/LY2 cells did not reveal apparent drug-induced cell cycle block. A(II) demonstrated growth inhibitory, cell cycle-perturbing, and hypodiploidy-inducing activity against other human breast carcinoma lines, i.e. BT-20, CAMA-1, and SKBR-3, but no such actions in the non-tumorigenic, "normal" human breast epithelial line MCF-10A. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling and two-color flow cytometric analysis, however, suggested that A(II) caused stimulation into S phase, and that G2/M was the phase of the cell cycle from which cells apoptosed. A(II) caused cell rounding, detachment from the growth matrix, and nuclear shrinkage and fragmentation in parallel with biochemical changes. Cycloheximide inhibited A(II)-induced cell death, indicating that its toxicity requires de novo protein synthesis.

Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells: role of oxidation of phospholipids, glutathione and protein sulfhydryls revealed by bcl-2 transfection.

Incubation of mock-transfected PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) for 2 h with increasing concentrations of glutamate caused progressive loss of viability (e.g., 67% with 15 mM glutamate). In contrast, the viability of bcl-2-transfected cells (PC12/bcl-2) was unaffected by glutamate. Neither PC12 nor PC12/bcl-2 cells showed a significant incidence of apoptosis in response to glutamate. Conventional phospholipid analysis by high-performance TLC and phosphorous determination showed no significant changes in the phospholipid composition of either cell line incubated with 5 mM glutamate. The peroxyl radical initiator 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) caused a pronounced loss of all major phospholipid classes in PC12 cells, but no loss of cell viability. No phospholipid peroxidation was detected in PC12/bcl-2 cells incubated with

Cellular targets of the anti-breast cancer agent Z-1,1-dichloro-2,3-diphenylcyclopropane: type II estrogen binding sites and tubulin.

Z-1,1-dichloro-2,3-diphenylcyclopropane (a.k.a. Analog II, AII) is a known anti-breast cancer agent with apparent antiestrogenic effects and remarkably low toxicity in rodents. We have recently shown that AII and its major metabolite Z-alpha-chlorochalcone (ZCC) inhibit proliferation of both estrogen-responsive and -nonresponsive human breast cancer cells, suggesting its mechanism is not mediated by the type I estrogen receptor (ER). The present studies were performed to begin to define the molecular targets of AII and ZCC. Based on the compounds' structures and actions, we hypothesized that their effects could be due to interaction at type II estrogen binding sites (EBSII) and/or cellular microtubules. The affinities of AII ZCC and the positive control diethylstilbestrol (DES) for the ER (in MCF-7 and MCF-7/LY2 cells) and EBSII (in MCF-7, MCF 7/LY2, and MDA-MB231 cells) were determined with a whole cell assay for displacement of [3H]estradiol. The kinetics of their effects on cellular microtubules and cell cycle distribution of human breast cancer cells were measured by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Their abilities to inhibit assembly of isolated tubulin in vitro were determined. AII, ZCC, and DES had similar affinities for the EBSII in the three cell lines. Neither AII nor ZCC displaced [3H]estradiol from the ER in MCF-7 cells, whereas DES did. The microtubule network of MDA-MB231 cells exposed to 100 microM AII or 10 microM ZCC began to disassemble within 1 hour of treatment and was completely diffuse after 6 hour of exposure to either drug. AII inhibited in vitro assembly of tubulin, with an IC50 of 6.7 +/- 0.9 microM, while ZCC was inactive below 40 microM. Both drugs caused accumulation of the cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The evidence suggests that the antitumor action of AII is mediated, at least in part, through the EBSII and/or perturbation of tubulin-microtubule dynamics. AII thus represents a new lead compound for design and discovery of novel antitumor agents directed against the EBSII and/or microtubules.

Relative efficacy of the argon green, argon blue-green, and krypton red lasers for 10-0 nylon subconjunctival laser suture lysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal wavelength for subconjunctival laser suture lysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 130 black monofilament 10-0 nylon sutures were sewn subconjunctivally into the bare sclera of enucleated rabbit globes. The lowest energy levels facilitating laser suture lysis were determined for the argon green (514.5 NM), argon blue-green (488.0 NM, 514.5 NM), and krypton red (647.1 NM) wavelengths. In addition, absorption spectroscopy was performed on the suture material and conjunctiva using the Perkin Elmer W/VIS Lambda 2 spectrometer. RESULTS: Krypton red produced the fewest buttonhole defects, and it was also the most efficient energy source for suture lysis (P = 0.0001) under nontenectomized conjunctiva. Absorbance spectra studies revealed peak absorbance at 628 NM for the 10-0 nylon suture material. CONCLUSIONS: Based on animal and absorption spectroscopy studies, krypton red may be a safer and more efficient wavelength for subconjunctival laser suture lysis.

Dielectric and electro-optic studies of a bimesogenic liquid crystal composed of bent-core and calamitic units.

A bimesogen, BR1, composed of a bent-core and calamitic unit, linked laterally via a flexible spacer is investigated by dielectric and electro-optic techniques. X-ray results show the presence of clusters in the nematic phase, and the cluster size is of the order of the thickness of a single layer. The splitting of the small-angle scattering Δχ/2 is about 50°, which indicates SmC like clusters with a significant tilt of the molecules in the quasilayers. The sign reversal of the dielectric anisotropy Δε' is observed as a function of frequency; the behavior is rather similar to that exhibited by the conventional dual frequency nematics, composed of a calamitic mesogen, with the exception that it occurs at much lower frequencies in this material. Interestingly, as the bimesogen enters its nematic phase, the average permittivity decreases as the temperature is lowered. This indicates the onset of antiparallel association of some of the dipoles in the system, and this type of association is much more prominent in BR1 in comparison to other bent-core liquid crystalline systems composed of the same bisbenzoate core unit. The analysis of the dielectric spectra using the Maier-Meier model confirms the onset of an antiparallel correlation of dipoles occurring at the isotropic to nematic phase transition temperature. Additionally these results support a model of the cluster where the transverse dipole moments in the neighboring layers are antiparalleled to each other.

Effect of cybotactic clusters on the elastic and flexoelectric properties of bent-core liquid crystals belonging to the same homologous series.

We report results of the splay (K_{11}) and bend (K_{33}) elastic constants and the effective flexoelectric coefficient of three bent-core liquid crystals belonging to a homologous series of 4-cyanoresorcinol bisbenzoates with varying chain lengths. Based on the results of x-ray scattering studies, one of the three compounds with a shorter chain length (C4) has few, if any, clusters present in its nematic phase and behaves quite normally, whereas the others two with longer chain lengths (C6 and C7) show the presence of cybotactic nematic phase with smectic C type clusters. These grow in size with a reduction in temperature. K_{33} is found to be the least for C7, whereas it is weakly dependent on temperature. K_{33} is somewhat higher for C4 and C6 and is almost independent of temperature. K_{11} for C6 and C7 is higher by 20% to 50% than C4 depending on the temperature. K_{11} increases linearly with a reduction in temperature for the three compounds. For C6 K_{11}>K_{33} by a factor up to ∼2 depending on the temperature, for C4 it is greater by a factor up to 1.3, and for C7 it is greater by a factor of ∼2.5. These results suggest that the clusters do not have any effect on K_{11}. The magnitude of the effective flexoelectric coefficient e=(|e_{1}-e_{3}|) is measured by creating a uniform lying helix (ULH) configuration in a planar cell. By doping the bent-core system with a small wt% of a chiral dopant, the ULH is obtained by cooling planar cells to the cholesteric phase under weak electric field. The effective flexoelectric coefficient is greater for the bent-core systems than for calamatics but it is much lower than would otherwise have been expected for such systems. |e_{1}-e_{3}| for C4 > C6 ≈ C7 is greater by 20% to 25% than C6 and C7 at the same reduced temperature. These differences in the effective flexoelectric coefficient can easily arise from a difference in the chain lengths among the members of the series but if the presence of clusters were to have an influence on |e_{1}-e_{3}|, then these would reduce it, contrary to the expectations for the bent-core systems.

Effects of Bluetooth device electromagnetic field on hearing: pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The Bluetooth wireless headset has been promoted as a 'hands-free' device with a low emission of electromagnetic radiation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential changes in hearing function as a consequence of using Bluetooth devices, by assessing changes in pure tone audiography and distortion production otoacoustic emissions. DESIGN: Prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult volunteers were exposed to a Bluetooth headset device (1) on 'standby' setting for 6 hours and (2) at full power for 10 minutes. Post-exposure hearing was evaluated using pure tone audiography and distortion production otoacoustic emission testing. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in hearing, as measured above, following either exposure type. CONCLUSION: Exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by a Bluetooth headset, as described above, did not decrease hearing thresholds or alter distortion product otoacoustic emissions.

Caffeine inhibits DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli: studies in vitro.

Caffeine inhibits the activity of DNA polymerase I (E. coli) and its proteolytic large fragment in in vitro DNA replication system. DNA polymerase from Micrococcus luteus is also equally inhibited by caffeine. The extent of inhibition was more with the activated adenovirus, T4 and calf thymus DNA than with synthetic DNA template-primers. Results obtained from time-course studies indicated that caffeine inhibition reached maximum by 30 min of incubation. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that inhibition was competitive with respect to DNA template.