ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Information on the performance of oxygenation indices (OIs) and risk scores in patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is limited. We determine the performance of the OIs and risk scores in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 to predict the requirement of IMV and death at 28 days after admission. METHODS: A retrospective study of diagnostic tests in patients admitted to the emergency department, hospitalization, and intensive care unit diagnosed with COVID-19. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-curve) were built with the OIs and risk scores to predict IMV and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1402 subjects entered the final analysis, of whom 19.5% (274/1402) received IMV and 23.0% (323/1402) died at 28 days. The ROC-curve of the delta PaO2/FiO2 ratio for the requirement of IMV and mortality at 28-day was 0.589 (95% CI: 0.546-0.632) and 0.567 (95% CI: 0.526-0.608), respectively. PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 shows a ROC curve of 0.669 (95% CI: 0.628-0.711) to predict IMV. PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 and 4 C mortality score in mortality at 28 days showed an ROC-curve of 0.624 (95% CI: 0.582-0.667) and 0.706 (95% CI: 0.669-0.742), respectively. CONCLUSION: PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300, 4 C mortality score ≥ 8, SOFA score ≥ 4 y SaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 were weak predictors of the IMV requirement from admission, and 4 C mortality score ≥ 8 was weak predictors of the mortality from admission in patients with pulmonary involvement by COVID-19.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Respiratory Distress Syndrome , Humans , COVID-19/therapy , Respiration, Artificial , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Aspiration detected in the fiberoptic endoscopy evaluation of swallowing (FEES) has been inconsistently associated with pneumonia, with no evidence of the risk of pneumonia from other alterations in swallowing safety detected in FEES. We conducted a dynamic, ambidirectional cohort study involving 148 subjects at risk of dysphagia in a tertiary university hospital. Our aim was to determine the risk of pneumonia attributed to alterations in swallowing safety detected during FEES. We used multivariate negative binomial regression models to adjust for potential confounders. The incidence density rate (IR) of pneumonia in patients with tracheal aspiration of any consistency was 26.6/100 people-years (RR 7.25; 95% CI: 3.50-14.98; P < 0.001). The IR was 19.7/100 people-years (RR 7.85; 95% CI: 3.34-18.47; P < 0.001) in those with laryngeal penetration of any consistency and 18.1/100 people-years (RR 6.24; 95% CI: 2.58-15.09; P < 0.001) in those with pharyngeal residue of any consistency. When adjusted for aspiration, the association of residue and penetration with pneumonia disappeared, suggesting that their risk of pneumonia is dependent on the presence of aspiration and that only aspiration is independently associated with pneumonia. This increased risk of pneumonia was significant in uni- and multivariate negative binomial regression models. We found an independently increased risk of pneumonia among patients with dysphagia and aspiration detected during FEES. Alterations in the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing, without aspiration, did not increase the risk of pneumonia.
ABSTRACT
Background: Development of new tools in artificial intelligence has an outstanding performance in the recognition of multidimensional patterns, which is why they have proven to be useful in the diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Methods: This was an observational analytical single-centre study in patients with spirometry performed in outpatient medical care. The segment that goes from the peak expiratory flow to the forced vital capacity was modelled with quadratic polynomials, the coefficients obtained were used to train and test neural networks in the task of classifying patients with COPD. Results: A total of 695 patient records were included in the analysis. The COPD group was significantly older than the No COPD group. The pre-bronchodilator (Pre BD) and post-bronchodilator (Post BD) spirometric curves were modelled with a quadratic polynomial, and the coefficients obtained were used to feed three neural networks (Pre BD, Post BD and all coefficients). The best neural network was the one that used the post-bronchodilator coefficients, which has an input layer of 3 neurons and three hidden layers with sigmoid activation function and two neurons in the output layer with softmax activation function. This system had an accuracy of 92.9% accuracy, a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 94.3% when assessed using expert judgment as the reference test. It also showed better performance than the current gold standard, especially in specificity and negative predictive value. Conclusion: Artificial Neural Networks fed with coefficients obtained from quadratic and cubic polynomials have interesting potential of emulating the clinical diagnostic process and can become an important aid in primary care to help diagnose COPD in an early stage.
Subject(s)
Lung , Machine Learning , Neural Networks, Computer , Predictive Value of Tests , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Spirometry , Humans , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Male , Aged , Female , Middle Aged , Vital Capacity , Lung/physiopathology , Reproducibility of Results , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted , Bronchodilator Agents , Peak Expiratory Flow RateABSTRACT
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the top causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although for many years its accurate diagnosis has been a focus of intense research, it is still challenging. Due to its simplicity, portability, and low cost, spirometry has been established as the main tool to detect this condition, but its flawed performance makes it an imperfect COPD diagnosis gold standard. This review aims to provide an up-to-date literature overview of recent studies regarding COPD diagnosis; we seek to identify their limitations and establish perspectives for spirometric diagnosis of COPD in the XXI century by combining deep clinical knowledge of the disease with advanced computer analysis techniques.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Spirometry , Humans , Forced Expiratory Volume , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Medullary ischemia secondary to surgical procedures of the infrarenal aorta is an infrequent and mostly devastating complication of this procedure, and its nonspecific clinical presentation makes it difficult to promptly diagnose. Prevention measures for this complication are not yet clear; therefore, the need for anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy is discussed. CASE PRESENTATION: This paper reports a case of a 69-year-old Hispanic man presenting with sudden pain and signs of ischemia on his left lower extremity 8 weeks after endovascular repair with endoprosthesis of an infrarenal aorta and left iliac aneurysm. The patient was admitted to the emergency room, where an extensive arterial thrombosis compromising the right iliac and femoral arteries was diagnosed. Dual anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapies were initiated, and therapeutic ranges were achieved. Nonetheless, the patient presented medullary ischemia by microembolization diagnosed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, with unsatisfactory evolution of an intracranial hemorrhagic event without documented excessive anticoagulation. The patient developed permanent pure motor deficit of his lower extremities, absence of sphincter control, and mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: This is a complex and extremely rare case. It is important to continue with clinical investigations that give more clarity about the onset of anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, and management of dual schemes to decrease the risk of complications in this type of surgical procedure.
Subject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery , Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Endovascular Procedures/adverse effects , Spinal Cord Ischemia/etiology , Aged , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/complications , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/diagnostic imaging , Computed Tomography Angiography , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Spinal Cord Ischemia/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de cérvix es el segundo en frecuencia y el tercero en mortalidad; la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) está asociada al riesgo de cáncer; sin embargo, no se conoce el riesgo acumulado a 1, 2, 3, 5 y 10 años. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de las pacientes VPH positivo con evaluación inicial citológica negativa para desarrollar lesión intraepitelial de alto grado a lo largo del tiempo. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en inglés y español de los últimos 20 años, usando las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, ProQuest y Embase. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en los que se determinaba el estado VPH y se realizaba seguimiento con citología cervicovaginal a 1, 2, 3, 5 y 10 años en mujeres de 20-64 años. Resultados: Se incluyeron siete ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, con un total de 98.521 mujeres, de ellas 8820 VPH positivo y 89.701 VPH negativo al ingreso, seguidas hasta por 10 años con citología cervicovaginal, encontrando que la infección por VPH es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado a 2, 5 y 10 años, con un riesgo relativo de 110.94 (79.41-154.97), 83.65 (55.22-126.73) y 29.71 (5.72-154.33), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La infección por VPH es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado a 2, 5 y 10 años.
Abstract Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second in frequency and the third in mortality, infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with the risk of increased cancer; however, the cumulative risk of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 years is not known. Objective: To determine the risk of HPV-positive patients with negative initial cytological evaluation for developing high-grade intraepithelial lesion over time. Method: A systematic review of articles in English and Spanish in the last 20 years was carried out, using the PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, ProQuest and Embase databases. Randomized clinical trials were included in which HPV was performed and subsequent follow-up with cervicovaginal cytology at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 years in women aged 20-64 years. Results: Seven randomized clinical trials were included, a total of 98,521 women, 8820 with positive HPV and 89701 negative on admission and followed up for up to 10 years with cervicovaginal cytology. Finding that HPV infection is a risk factor for developing high-grade intraepithelial lesion at 2, 5 and 10 years with a relative risk of 110.94 (79.41-154.97), 83.65 (55.22- 126.73) and 29.71 (5.72-154.33), respectively. Conclusions: HPV infection is an important risk factor for the development of high-grade intraepithelial lesion at 2, 5 and 10 years.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , /diagnosis , /epidemiology , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Mass Screening , Risk Factors , Risk Assessment , Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests , Papanicolaou Test , Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix/diagnosis , Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Antecedentes: en los últimos años ha sido de interés el reconocimiento de manifestaciones clínicas con que cursan los pacientes que desarrollarán malaria severa (MS), y la población militar es susceptible de adquirir la infección con el desarrollo de complicaciones asociado al retraso en el reconocimiento de sus manifestaciones clínicas. Material y métodos: se realizó un análisis de una cohorte retrospectiva de sujetos con malaria atendidos en un hospital de referencia militar y el desarrollo de complicaciones según criterios de OMS durante observación hospitalaria en mayores de 18 años; se estudiaron variables demográficas, clínicas, al examen físico, resultados paraclínicos y de manejo, los datos fueron analizados en el programa estadístico SPSS. Resultados: se analizaron 533 registros, se encontraron diferencias al ingreso en disnea 42.2% MS vs 16.88% malaria no complicada (MNC) (p<0.001), vómito 65.6% MS vs 7% MNC (p=0.002), antecedente de malaria 30% MS vs 44% MNC (p=0,006), frecuencia respiratoria 20.62 (de: 5.2) resp/min MS vs 19.62 (5.2) lat/min MNC, glasgow <15.8% MS vs 0.4% MNC, Hb 11.06 (3,25) g/dL MS vs 13.62 (2.16) MNC (p<0,001), Hto 33.48 (8.15)% MS vs 39.70 (6.68)% MNC(p<0.001), leucocitos 7390 (5601) cel/mL MS vs 6319 (4862) cel/mL MNC (p=0.027), Bilirrubina total 6 (7.55) mg/dL MS vs 2.6 (2.55) mg/dL MNC, creatinina 1.98 (3.61) mg/dL MSvs 1.03 (0.22) mg/dL (p=0.029), glicemia 95.09 (21.96) mg/dL vs 103 (22.06) mg/dL (p=0,001), P. falciparum 45.6% MS vs 28.3% MNC (p=0.047). Conclusiones: el comportamiento de la malaria en población militar es similar a la población general, sin embargo, los antecedentes de malaria, características clínicas y de laboratorio pueden ser útiles para predicción de complicaciones, se requieren más estudios para corroborar estos hallazgos. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 202-208).
Background: in recent years the recognition of clinical manifestations that occur with patients who develop severe malaria has raised interest, and the military population is susceptible of acquiring the infection with the development of complications associated with delayed recognition of its clinical manifestations. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients with malaria treated at a reference military hospital and development of complications according to WHO criteria during hospital observation in patients over 18 years was conducted; demographic, clinical, physical examination, paraclinical and clinical management results variables were studied. Data were analyzed in SPSS statistical progam. Results: 533 records were analyzed; differences found at hospital admission were dyspnea42.2% in severe malaria vs.16.88% in uncomplicated malaria (p <0.001), vomiting 65.6% insevere malaria vs. 7% in uncomplicated malaria (p = 0.002), history of malaria 30% in severe malaria vs. 44% in uncomplicated malaria (p = 0.006), respiratory rate 20.62 breaths/min (5.2) in severe malaria vs. 19.62 (5.2) breaths/min in uncomplicated malaria. Glasgow <15.8% in severe malaria vs. 0.4% in uncomplicated malaria, Hgb 11.06 g/dL (3.25) in severe malaria vs. 13.62g/dL (2.16) in uncomplicated malaria (p<0,001), hematocrit 33.48 (8.15) in severe malaria vs.39.70% (6.68)% in uncomplicated malaria (p <0.001), leukocytes 7390 (5601) cells/mL in severe malaria vs. 6319 (4862) cells/mL in uncomplicated malaria (p = 0.027), total bilirubin 6 (7.55)mg/dL in severe malaria vs. 2.6 (2.55) mg/dL in uncomplicated malaria, creatinine 1.98 (3.61)mg/dL in severe malaria vs. 1.03 (0.22) mg/dL in uncomplicated malaria (p = 0.029), glucose 95.09 (21.96) mg/dL vs. 103 (22.06) mg/dL (p = 0.001), P. falciparum 45.6% in severe malaria vs. 28.3% in uncomplicated malaria (p = 0.047). Conclusions: The behavior of malaria in military population is similar to that in the general population; however, the history of malaria, clinical and laboratory features may be useful for prediction of complications; further studies are needed to confirm these findings. (Acta Med Colomb2015; 40: 202-208).