Auditory verbal hallucinations and childhood trauma subtypes across the psychosis continuum: a cluster analysis.

Introduction: A strong link between voice-hearing experience and childhood trauma has been established. The aim of this study was to identify whether there were unique clusters of childhood trauma subtypes in a sample across the clinical spectrum of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) and to examine clinical and phenomenological features across these clusters.Methods: Combining two independent international datasets (the Netherlands and Australia), childhood trauma subtypes were examined using hierarchical cluster analysis. Clinical and phenomenological characteristics were compared across emerging clusters using MANOVA and chi-squared analyses.Results: The total sample (n = 413) included 166 clinical individuals with a psychotic disorder and AVH, 122 non-clinical individuals with AVH and 125 non-clinical individuals without AVH. Three clusters emerged: (1) low trauma (n = 299); (2) emotion-focused trauma (n = 71); (3) multi-trauma (n = 43). The three clusters differed significantly on their AVH ratings of amount of negative content, with trend-level effects for loudness, degree of negative content and degree of experienced distress. Furthermore, perceptions of voices being malevolent, benevolent and resistance towards voices differed significantly.Conclusion: The data revealed different types of childhood trauma had different relationships between clinical and phenomenological features of voice-hearing experiences. Thus, implicating different mechanistic pathways and a need for tailored treatment approaches.

Application of the group contribution volume translated Peng-Robinson equation of state to new commercial refrigerant mixtures.

This work evaluates the performance of the group contribution volume translated Peng-Robinson model when predicting the vapor-liquid equilibrium and single phase densities of 28 commercial refrigerant mixtures with low global warming potential and zero ozone depletion potential. Cubic equations of state, and particularly the Peng-Robinson equation of state, are widely used in the refrigeration industry due to their easy applicability for new substances, and their low computational time, although generally lower prediction accuracies must be expected compared to multiparameter equations of state. The group contribution volume translated Peng-Robinson equation of state combines the Peng-Robinson equation of state with a new attraction term, improved mixing rules using a group contribution approach, and volume translation. The results are compared with the estimates obtained using the non translated Peng-Robinson equation of state, and a multiparameter equation of state.