[Physiology of autonomic regulation of kidney and bladder functions and its clinical significance].

The results of a search in PubMed and Elibraru.ru databases using the keywords "autonomic regulation", "kidney function", "bladder function", "ECG monitoring", "PET/CT of the brain" are presented in the review. A regulation of bladder functions, control of blood pressure, heart rate and specialized functions of the nephron are discussed, which are in close relationship with the stem and cortical centers of the brain. The review presents an update at their cause-and-effect relationship and the place of each system in the formation of the general autonomic tone. The proposed integrative approach to the study of this problem will reveal previously unknown autonomous properties of the organs that form this physiological axis and determine the role of cortical dysfunction in the development of visceral pathology, which is fundamentally important for understanding the mechanisms of formation and recurrence of many urological diseases.

[Pilot study of the manifestations of synchrony of the anatomical-metabolic and functional state of the brain, kidneys and bladder].

im. The results of clinical observations and scientific studies of recent years indicate that abstinence from urination before the introduction of radiopharmaceuticals for PET / CT procedures is accompanied by a significantly lower flow of it into the bladder than after preliminary urination. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Comparative analysis of PET/CT metabolism of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose at the level of the cingulate gyrus of the brain, different regions of the kidney parenchyma and in the bladder wall in individuals without nephrourological history, depending on the phase of the functional state of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of PET/CT of the whole body of 30 patients of the radiological center of the Tyumen Regional Oncological Dispensary, including 16 men and 14 women (median age 52.5 (38; 63) years), were analyzed, distributed randomly in three equal study groups: after urination, in the intermictory period and immediately after the appearance of the first urge to urinate. RESULTS: Signs of synchrony were revealed in the anatomical and metabolic activity of the cortical vegetative centers, certain regions of the renal parenchyma and the wall of the bladder in the process of urination, the movement of urine along the urinary tract, the stage of its accumulation in the bladder and preparation for urination. CONCLUSION: The data obtained allow us to assume that the analyzed regions are equivalent areas of the general regulatory system that provides physiological processes in the organs of the urinary system. However, this fact requires further research and clarification.

[Retrospective analysis of the results of whole-body PET/CT as a possible tool for clinical examination of the population in order to identify subclinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease (pilot study)].

INTRODUCTION: Every year in Russia, more than 200 thousand whole body PET/CT are performed for various diseases in patients without clinical and laboratory manifestations of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, only the "area of interest" of the attending physician is analyzed, while the rest of the organs or rather their metabolic activity is neglected during the standard procedure of this contemporary and high-tech research method. AIM: To perform a retrospective study of whole-body PET/CT as a tool for prophylactic clinical examination of the population in order to identify subclinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of whole-body PET/CT with 11C-choline were retrospectively analyzed for the detection of CKD in 100 patients of the Tyumen region who underwent a study for various indications outside the genitourinary system without history, clinical and laboratory manifestations of CKD. RESULTS: According to the results, 22% of patients had different manifestations of 11C-choline hypometabolism, indicating a decrease in the viability of the parenchyma. In 14% of patients, there was a local decrease in the uptake of 11C-choline without CT-signs of kidneys damage, and in 8% of cases there was a total decrease in their metabolism, coinciding with X-ray signs of renal scarring. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of early molecular study of nephropathy can be used for wider retrospective PET/CT clinical examination as one of the highly effective methods for detecting CKD, which needs further research.

[Kanefron N in the treatment of non-diabetic glucosuria in patients with recurrent upper urinary tract infection].

AIM: Purpose to analyze the effectiveness of the herbal preparation Canephron N in the relief of nondiabetic glucosuria in patients with recurrent upper urinary tract infection (UTI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study included 100 patients, 53 of them were women (median age of all patients 42 (35; 58) years) with recurrent UTI. Patients were referred to the urology department to exclude the obstructive component and concomitant chronic diseases. Upon further examination, all patients were found to have nondiabetic glucosuria. Fifty patients received standard etiotropic treatment, in 25 patients it was simultaneously supplemented with the herbal drug Canephron N, and 25 patients, after standard treatment, continued monotherapy with this phytopreparation. Clinical and laboratory dynamics was assessed in the course of various treatment regimens. RESULTS: The study found that the recurrent course of chronic UTI may be associated with nondiabetic glucosuria. In patients who received standard therapy in combination with the herbal preparation Kanephron N, a decrease in the intensity of nondiabetic glucosuria with more effective eradication of the bacterial pathogen was noted. At the same time, monotherapy of manifestations of IVMP, which are refractory to etiotropic therapy, with Kanefron N also proved to be quite effective. CONCLUSION: the combination of standard therapy for refractory manifestations of UTI with the herbal preparation Kanephron N is accompanied by the leveling of nondiabetic glucosuria (1.3+/-0.4 and 0.6+/-0.4 mmol/L, p<0.05), coinciding with a decrease in leukocyturia (25.5+/-4.5 and 9.5+/-1.5 in field of vision, p<0.05).

[Computed tomography and positron emission tomography with 18F-FDG can help in the differential diagnosis of kidney hypoplasia and scarring].

AIM: PET/CT evaluation of the energy metabolism of 18F-FDG in the normal kidney parenchyma, as well as in patients with a newly diagnosed renal hypoplasia or scarring was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 30 patients who volunteered to undergo a whole-body PET/CT, in 2 (6.7%) cases an asymptomatic decrease in the kidney size was found. RESULTS: In the framework of this work, an attempt was made to determine a standard approach to visual and mathematical PET/CT assessment of the energy metabolism of 18F-FDG in the normal renal parenchyma and patients with a newly diagnosed renal hypoplasia or scarring. CONCLUSION: The obtained visual and digital data can be used to decide on the feasibility and mapping of a renal biopsy.

[Detrusor ischemia. linical effects].

Three basic theories of the development of an overactive bladder that have experimental and clinical evidences have been described, including neurogenic, myogenic, and urothelial. Based on the results of the literature analysis, the authors suggested the existence of detrusor ischemic disease as a result of compressive impairment of its blood flow due to incomplete or short-term relaxation under overactivity or hydraulic compression of the vessels by excessive urine volume in case of hypoactive bladder.