Influence of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients undergoing contemporary pLVAD-supported high-risk PCI.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction worsens outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate outcomes of pLVAD-supported high-risk PCI (HRPCI) patients according to LV ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: Patients from the PROTECT III study undergoing pLVAD-supported HRPCI were stratified according to baseline LVEF: severe LV dysfunction (LVEF <30%), mild and moderate LV dysfunction (LVEF ≥30% to <50%), or preserved LV function (LVEF ≥50%). Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE: composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and repeat revascularization), and PCI-related complications were assessed at 90 days and mortality was assessed at 1-year. RESULTS: From March 2017 to March 2020, 940 patients had evaluable baseline LVEF recorded in the study database. Patients with preserved LV function were older, more frequently presented with myocardial infarction, and underwent more left main PCI and atherectomy. Immediate PCI-related coronary complications were infrequent (2.7%, overall), similar between groups (P = 0.98), and not associated with LVEF. Unadjusted 90-day MACCE rates were similar among LVEF groups; however, as a continuous variable, LVEF was associated with both 90-day MACCE (adj.HR per 5% 0.89, 95% CI [0.80, 0.98], P = 0.018) and 1-year mortality (adj.HR per 5% 0.84 [0.78, 0.90], P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent pLVAD-supported HRPCI exhibited low incidence of PCI-related complications, regardless of baseline LVEF. However, LVEF was associated with 90-day MACCE and 1-year mortality.

Benchmarking algorithms for gene regulatory network inference from single-cell transcriptomic data.

We present a systematic evaluation of state-of-the-art algorithms for inferring gene regulatory networks from single-cell transcriptional data. As the ground truth for assessing accuracy, we use synthetic networks with predictable trajectories, literature-curated Boolean models and diverse transcriptional regulatory networks. We develop a strategy to simulate single-cell transcriptional data from synthetic and Boolean networks that avoids pitfalls of previously used methods. Furthermore, we collect networks from multiple experimental single-cell RNA-seq datasets. We develop an evaluation framework called BEELINE. We find that the area under the precision-recall curve and early precision of the algorithms are moderate. The methods are better in recovering interactions in synthetic networks than Boolean models. The algorithms with the best early precision values for Boolean models also perform well on experimental datasets. Techniques that do not require pseudotime-ordered cells are generally more accurate. Based on these results, we present recommendations to end users. BEELINE will aid the development of gene regulatory network inference algorithms.

Vasopressors independently associated with mortality in acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Increasing vasopressor dose is associated with increasing mortality in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMICS). It is unknown whether the use of vasopressors is independently harmful or if their use is secondary to decreasing intrinsic cardiac power output (CPO). Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices enhance CPO. We sought to evaluate the independent impact of increasing vasopressor dose on survival in the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative (NCSI). METHODS: The NCSI is a single arm prospective trial evaluating outcomes associated with the use of MCS using Impella in patients with AMICS. Early initiation of MCS placement before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and rapid de-escalation of vasopressors guided by systematic use of invasive hemodynamic measures led to 70% in-hospital survival for the first 300 patients enrolled from July 2016 to December 2019 in 57 U.S. sites. RESULTS: Hemodynamic measures were obtained immediately after MCS and PCI. Survival curves were constructed based on CPO and use of vasopressors. For patients with CPO ≤0.6 W, survival was 77.3%, 45.0%, and 35.3% when 0, 1, or ≥ 2 vasopressors were used (p = 0.02). Similarly, for patients with CPO >0.6 W survival was 81.7%, 72.6%, and 56.8%, respectively (p = 0.01). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that increasing vasopressor requirements were independently associated with increasing mortality (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Increasing vasopressor requirement is associated with increased mortality in AMICS independent of underlying CPO. Methods to decrease the need for vasopressors may enhance survival in AMICS.

Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with cancer and readmissions within 90 days for acute myocardial infarction and bleeding in the USA.

AIMS: The post-discharge outcomes of patients with cancer who undergo PCI are not well understood. This study evaluates the rates of readmissions within 90 days for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and bleeding among patients with cancer who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients treated with PCI in the years from 2010 to 2014 in the US Nationwide Readmission Database were evaluated for the influence of cancer on 90-day readmissions for AMI and bleeding. A total of 1 933 324 patients were included in the analysis (2.7% active cancer, 6.8% previous history of cancer). The 90-day readmission for AMI after PCI was higher in patients with active cancer (12.1% in lung, 10.8% in colon, 7.5% in breast, 7.0% in prostate, and 9.1% for all cancers) compared to 5.6% among patients with no cancer. The 90-day readmission for bleeding after PCI was higher in patients with active cancer (4.2% in colon, 1.5% in lung, 1.4% in prostate, 0.6% in breast, and 1.6% in all cancer) compared to 0.6% among patients with no cancer. The average time to AMI readmission ranged from 26.7 days for lung cancer to 30.5 days in colon cancer, while the average time to bleeding readmission had a higher range from 38.2 days in colon cancer to 42.7 days in breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Following PCI, patients with cancer have increased risk for readmissions for AMI or bleeding, with the magnitude of risk depending on both cancer type and the presence of metastasis.

Acute myocardial infarction treatments and outcomes in 6.5 million patients with a current or historical diagnosis of cancer in the USA.

AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate temporal trends, treatment, and clinical outcomes of patients who present with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and have a current or historical diagnosis of cancer, according to cancer type and presence of metastases. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from 6 563 255 patients presenting with an AMI between 2004 and 2014 from the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database were analysed. A total of 5 966 955 had no cancer, 186 604 had current cancer, and 409 697 had a historical diagnosis of cancer. Prostate, breast, colon, and lung cancer were the four most common types of cancer. Patients with cancer were older with more comorbidities. Differences in invasive treatment were noted, 43.9% received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients without cancer, whilst only 21.0% of patients with lung cancer received PCI. Lung cancer was associated with the highest in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR) 2.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.62-2.80], major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications (OR 2.38, 95% CI 2.31-2.45), and stroke (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.80-2.02), while colon cancer was associated with highest risk of bleeding (OR 2.82, 95% CI 2.68-2.98). Irrespective of the type of cancer, presence of metastasis was associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and historical cancer did not adversely impact on survival (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.89-0.91). CONCLUSION: A concomitant cancer diagnosis is associated with a conservative medical management strategy for AMI, and worse clinical outcomes, compared to patients without cancer. Survival and clinical outcomes in the context of AMI vary significantly according to the type of cancer and metastasis status. The management of this high-risk group is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary and patient-centred approach to improve their outcomes.

Percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease (AIRD) are at an increased risk of coronary artery disease. The present study sought to examine the prevalence and outcomes of AIRD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from a national perspective. METHODS: All PCI-related hospitalizations recorded in the US National Inpatient Sample (2004-2014) were included, stratified into four groups: no AIRD, RA, SLE and SSc. We examined the prevalence of AIRD subtypes and assessed their association with in-hospital adverse events using multivariable logistic regression [odds ratios (OR) (95% CI)]. RESULTS: Patients with AIRD represented 1.4% (n = 90 469) of PCI hospitalizations. The prevalence of RA increased from 0.8% in 2004 to 1.4% in 2014, but other AIRD subtypes remained stable. In multivariable analysis, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of in-hospital complications [aOR any complication 1.13 (95% CI 1.01, 1.26), all-cause mortality 1.32 (1.03, 1.71), bleeding 1.50 (1.30, 1.74), stroke 1.36 (1.14, 1.62)] were significantly higher in patients with SSc compared with those without AIRD. There was no difference in complications between the SLE and RA groups and those without AIRD, except higher odds of bleeding in SLE patients [aOR 1.19 (95% CI 1.09, 1.29)] and reduced odds of all-cause mortality in RA patients [aOR 0.79 (95% CI 0.70, 0.88)]. CONCLUSION: In a nationwide cohort of US hospitalizations, we demonstrate increased rates of all adverse clinical outcomes following PCI in people with SSc and increased bleeding in SLE. Management of such patients should involve a multiteam approach with rheumatologists.

Analysis of Subjective and Objective Screening Techniques as Predictors of Safety for Radial Artery Intervention.

BACKGROUND: There is no currently accepted standard in safety evaluation for radial artery intervention. We sought to compare the accuracy of various subjective and objective screening techniques in predicting safety for radial artery intervention. METHODS: Fifty-four patients in a prospective cohort study at a single institution underwent subjective Allen's test, objective Barbeau test, and several objective hand ultrasound techniques to assess safety for radial artery intervention. These results were then compared to the gold standard of conventional hand angiography to document complete palmar arch. Statistical analysis including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values, and accuracy were calculated. RESULTS: Compared to hand angiography, the subjective Allen's test and the objective Princeps Pollicis Artery ultrasound demonstrated the comparable levels of sensitivity (100% vs. 96.7%, respectively), specificity (100% vs. 100%, respectively), and accuracy (97.2% vs. 97.1%, respectively). The objective Barbeau test demonstrated similar results (sensitivity of 100%, accuracy of 98.2%) with the exception of a lower specificity (50%). CONCLUSIONS: There is no currently accepted standard in safety evaluation for radial artery intervention. However, preliminary data suggest that certain subjective and objective techniques such as Allen's testing, Princeps Pollicis artery ultrasound, and Barbeau testing are comparable options in predicting palmar arch patency.

Management strategies and clinical outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in leukaemia patients: Nationwide insights from United States hospitalisations.

BACKGROUND: Patients with leukaemia are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. There are limited outcomes data for patients with a history of leukaemia who present with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2004-2014) for patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of AMI, and a concomitant diagnosis of leukaemia, and further stratified according to the subtype of leukaemia. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify the association between leukaemia and major acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE; composite of mortality, stroke and cardiac complications) and bleeding. RESULTS: Out of 6 750 878 AMI admissions, a total of 21 694 patients had a leukaemia diagnosis. The leukaemia group experienced higher rates of MACCE (11.8% vs 7.8%), mortality (10.3% vs 5.8%) and bleeding (5.6% vs 5.3%). Following adjustments, leukaemia was independently associated with increased odds of MACCE (OR 1.26 [1.20, 1.31]) and mortality (OR 1.43 [1.37, 1.50]) without an increased risk of bleeding (OR 0.86 [0.81, 0.92]). Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was associated with approximately threefold risk of MACCE (OR 2.81 [2.51, 3.13]) and a fourfold risk of mortality (OR 3.75 [3.34, 4.22]). Patients with leukaemia were less likely to undergo coronary angiography (CA) (48.5% vs 64.5%) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (28.2% vs 42.9%) compared with those without leukaemia. CONCLUSION: Patients with leukaemia, especially those with AML, are associated with poor clinical outcomes after AMI, and are less likely to receive CA and PCI compared with those without leukaemia. A multi-disciplinary approach between cardiologists and haematology oncologists may improve the outcomes of patients with leukaemia after AMI.

Improved Outcomes Associated with the use of Shock Protocols: Updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative.

BACKGROUND: The National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative is a single-arm, prospective, multicenter study to assess outcomes associated with early mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMICS) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Between July 2016 and February 2019, 35 sites participated and enrolled into the study. All centers agreed to treat patients with AMICS using a standard protocol emphasizing invasive hemodynamic monitoring and rapid initiation of MCS. Inclusion and exclusion criteria mimicked those of the "SHOCK" trial with an additional exclusion criteria of intra-aortic balloon pump counter-pulsation prior to MCS. RESULTS: A total of 171 consecutive patients were enrolled. Patients had an average age of 63 years, 77% were male, and 68% were admitted with AMICS. About 83% of patients were on vasopressors or inotropes, 20% had a witnessed out of hospital cardiac arrest, 29% had in-hospital cardiac arrest, and 10% were under active cardiopulmonary resuscitation during MCS implantation. In accordance with the protocol, 74% of patients had MCS implanted prior to PCI. Right heart catheterization was performed in 92%. About 78% of patients presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction with average door to support times of 85 ± 63 min and door to balloon times of 87 ± 58 min. Survival to discharge was 72%. Creatinine ≥2, lactate >4, cardiac power output (CPO) <0.6 W, and age ≥ 70 years were predictors of mortality. Lactate and CPO measurements at 12-24 hr reliably predicted overall mortality postindex procedure. CONCLUSION: In contemporary practice, use of a shock protocol emphasizing best practices is associated with improved outcomes.

XTalkDB: a database of signaling pathway crosstalk.

Analysis of signaling pathways and their crosstalk is a cornerstone of systems biology. Thousands of papers have been published on these topics. Surprisingly, there is no database that carefully and explicitly documents crosstalk between specific pairs of signaling pathways. We have developed XTalkDB (http://www.xtalkdb.org) to fill this very important gap. XTalkDB contains curated information for 650 pairs of pathways from over 1600 publications. In addition, the database reports the molecular components (e.g. proteins, hormones, microRNAs) that mediate crosstalk between a pair of pathways and the species and tissue in which the crosstalk was observed. The XTalkDB website provides an easy-to-use interface for scientists to browse crosstalk information by querying one or more pathways or molecules of interest.

GraphSpace: stimulating interdisciplinary collaborations in network biology.

SUMMARY: Networks have become ubiquitous in systems biology. Visualization is a crucial component in their analysis. However, collaborations within research teams in network biology are hampered by software systems that are either specific to a computational algorithm, create visualizations that are not biologically meaningful, or have limited features for sharing networks and visualizations. We present GraphSpace, a web-based platform that fosters team science by allowing collaborating research groups to easily store, interact with, layout and share networks. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Anyone can upload and share networks at http://graphspace.org. In addition, the GraphSpace code is available at http://github.com/Murali-group/graphspace if a user wants to run his or her own server. CONTACT: murali@cs.vt.edu. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Utility of the guideliner catheter for percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with prior transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

The safety and utility of GuideLiner catheters in complex percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) has been well established. Patients with prior trans-catheter aortic valve replacement especially with CoreValve, who present for PCI, pose a unique set of challenges. Not only does the operator often encounter difficulty with selective engagement of coronary ostia through the struts of the CoreValve, but also the complex nature of the underlying CAD in this high-risk population. We present a case series to illustrate the use of GuideLiner catheter as an adjunctive tool for PCI in this patient population.

Echocardiographic evaluation of tetralogy of Fallot.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a cyanotic heart disease consisting of nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Early total correction is the treatment of choice and these patients with repaired TOF are increasingly seen in adult practice. This review addresses echocardiographic evaluation of TOF, corrected TOF, its sequelae and various complications. A working knowledge of TOF assessment is essential for all adult cardiologists and sonographers.

Acute coronary syndromes in patients with cancer: Recent advances.

Coronary artery disease is presently one of the leading causes of death among cancer survivors. Due to the number of cancer survivors projected to reach 26 million by 2040 managing coronary disease in this population presents a unique challenge. Cancer patients face an elevated risk of atherosclerotic disease due to shared cardiovascular risk factors and the cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies, predisposing them to acute coronary syndromes. Challenges in treating cancer patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes include atypical presentations, obscured symptoms, and the impact of cancer-related processes on traditional biomarkers. This review explores the complexities of acute coronary syndrome management in cancer patients, addressing challenges involved, recent advances in percutaneous strategies, pharmacology, and considerations for these high-risk individuals. This review discusses a balance between invasive vs. medical strategy, technical advances in multimodal imaging, intravascular physiology, intracoronary imaging, and evolving stent options, highlighting the need for tailored approaches in this complex patient population.

Outcomes With Limus- vs Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the outcomes with limus drug-coated balloons (DCBs) vs paclitaxel DCBs were small and underpowered for clinical endpoints. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare the angiographic and clinical outcomes with limus DCBs vs paclitaxel DCBs for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: An electronic search of Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed through January 2024 for RCTs comparing limus DCBs vs paclitaxel DCBs for PCI. The primary endpoint was clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR). The secondary endpoints were late angiographic findings. Summary estimates were constructed using a random effects model. RESULTS: Six RCTs with 821 patients were included; 446 patients received a limus DCB, and 375 patients received a paclitaxel DCB. There was no difference between limus DCBs and paclitaxel DCBs in the incidence of TLR at a mean of 13.4 months (10.3% vs 7.8%; risk ratio [RR]: 1.32; 95% CI: 0.84-2.08). Subgroup analysis suggested no significant interaction among studies for de novo coronary lesions vs in-stent restenosis (Pinteraction = 0.58). There were no differences in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiac mortality, or target vessel myocardial infarction between groups. However, limus DCBs were associated with a higher risk of binary restenosis (RR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.14-3.12), late lumen loss (mean difference = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.03-0.28), and a smaller minimum lumen diameter (mean difference = -0.12; 95% CI: -0.22 to -0.02) at late follow-up. In addition, late lumen enlargement occurred more frequently (50% vs 27.5%; RR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.45-0.77) with paclitaxel DCBs. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing DCB-only PCI, there were no differences in the risk of clinically driven TLR and other clinical outcomes between limus DCBs and paclitaxel DCBs. However, paclitaxel DCBs were associated with better late angiographic outcomes. These findings support the need for future trials to establish the role of new-generation limus DCBs for PCI.

Angiographic Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Impella-Supported High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the cVAD PROTECT III Study.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have found that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have worse outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There are no data about patients with advanced CKD undergoing Impella-supported high-risk PCI. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate angiographic characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients with CKD who received Impella-supported high-risk PCI as part of the catheter-based ventricular assist device PROTECT III study (A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial of the IMPELLA RECOVER LP 2.5 System Versus Intra Aortic Balloon Pump [IABP] in Patients Undergoing Non Emergent High Risk PCI). METHODS: Patients enrolled in the PROTECT III study were analyzed according to their baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The primary outcome was 90-day major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and repeat revascularization). RESULTS: Of 1237 enrolled patients, 1052 patients with complete eGFR baseline assessment were evaluated: 586 with eGFR ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, 190 with eGFR ≥45 to <60, 105 with eGFR ≥30 to <45, and 171 with eGFR <30 or on dialysis. Patients with lower eGFR (all groups with eGFR <60) were more frequently females and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, anemia, and peripheral artery disease. The baseline Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score was similar between groups (28.2±12.6 for all groups). Patients with lower eGFR were more likely to have severe coronary calcifications and higher usage of atherectomy. There were no differences in individual PCI-related coronary complications between groups, but the rates of overall PCI complications were less frequent among patients with lower eGFR. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events at 90 days and 1-year mortality were significantly higher among patients with eGFR <30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or on dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with advanced CKD undergoing Impella-assisted high-risk PCI tend to have higher baseline comorbidities, severe coronary calcification, and higher atherectomy usage, yet CKD was not associated with a higher rate of immediate PCI-related complications. However, 90-day major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and 1-year mortality were significantly higher among patients with eGFR<30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or on dialysis. Future studies of strategies to improve intermediate and long-term outcomes of these high-risk patients are warranted. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04136392.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients requiring prolonged mechanical circulatory support after high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients who require prolonged mechanical circulatory support (MCS) after Impella-supported high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (HR-PCI). AIMS: The aim of this study is to describe the contemporary clinical characteristics, outcomes, and predictors associated with prolonged MCS support after assisted HR-PCI. METHODS: Patients enrolled in the prospective, multicentre, clinical endpoint-adjudicated PROTECT III study who had undergone HR-PCI using Impella were evaluated. Patient and procedural characteristics and outcomes for those who received prolonged MCS beyond the duration of their index procedure were compared to those in whom MCS was successfully weaned and explanted at the conclusion of the index PCI. RESULTS: Among 1,155 patients who underwent HR-PCI with Impella between 2017 and 2020 and had sufficient data to confirm the duration of Impella support, 16.5% received prolonged MCS (mean duration 25.2±31.1 hours compared with 1.8±5.8 hours for those who only received intraprocedural MCS). Patients receiving prolonged support presented with more urgent indications (e.g., acute coronary syndromes [ACS], lower ejection fraction [EF], elevated baseline heart rate and lower systolic blood pressure). Use of the Impella CP, intraprocedural complications, periprocedural complications and in-hospital mortality were all more common amongst the prolonged MCS group. Prolonged MCS was associated with increased rates of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality at 90-day follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving prolonged MCS after Impella-supported HR-PCI presented with more ACS, reduced EF and less favourable haemodynamics. Additionally, they were more likely to experience intraprocedural and periprocedural complications as well as increased in-hospital and post-discharge mortality.

Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Types with In-Hospital Management and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for adverse outcomes following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but large-scale studies investigating the differential impact of Type 1 DM (T1DM) and Type 2 DM (T2DM) on AMI outcomes are lacking. METHODS: All adult discharges for AMI in the National Inpatient Sample (October 2015 to December 2018) were included and stratified into T1DM, T2DM and non-DM (NDM) groups. Outcomes of interests were all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), major bleeding and acute ischemic stroke, as well as invasive management. Binomial hierarchical multilevel multivariable logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) was used to investigate the association between DM and its subtypes with the AMI outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 2,587,615 patients, there were 29,250 (1.1 %) T1DM and 1,032,925 (39.9 %) T2DM patients. After multivariable adjustment, patients with T1DM had increased odds of MACCE (aOR 1.20, 95 % CI 1.09-1.31), all-cause mortality (aOR 1.20, 95 % CI 1.08-1.33) and major bleeding (aOR 1.28, 95 % CI 1.13-1.44), whilst T2DM patients had increased odds of MACCE (aOR 1.03, 95 % CI 1.01-1.05) and ischemic stroke (aOR 1.09, 95 % CI 1.05-1.13), compared to NDM patients. The adjusted odds of receiving percutaneous coronary intervention were lower in both T1DM and T2DM patients (aOR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.66-0.75 and aOR 0.95, 95 % CI 0.94-0.96, respectively), but T2DM patients showed higher utilization of composite percutaneous and surgical revascularization (aOR 1.03, 95 % CI 1.03-1.04) compared to NDM patients. CONCLUSIONS: DM patients presenting with AMI have worse in-hospital clinical outcomes compared to NDM patients. There are important DM type-related differences with T1DM patients having overall worse outcomes and receiving less overall revascularization.

Prevalence and outcomes of type 2 myocardial infarction in patients with cancer: A retrospective analysis from the National Inpatient Sample dataset.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of type 2 myocardial infarction (T2AMI) in patients with versus without cancer. METHODS: All hospitalizations with a primary discharge diagnosis of T2AMI were stratified according to cancer status (secondary diagnosis of any-cancer vs cancer-free) using data from the US National Inpatient Sample (2016-2019). The primary outcome was in-hospital all-cause mortality while secondary outcomes were in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: Among 61,305 included hospitalizations with primary diagnosis of T2AMI, 3745 (6.1%) were associated with a diagnosis of cancer. Patients with T2AMI and cancer presented more frequently with acute respiratory failure (23.2% vs 18.1%), acute pulmonary embolism (3.7% v 1.3%), major bleeding (6.8% vs 4.1%) and renal failure (51.0% vs 46.8%), compared to patients without. On adjusted analysis, diagnosis of cancer was associated with lower odds of invasive coronary angiography (aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.93, p = 0.009) but greater odds of mortality (aOR 1.95, 95% C.I. 1.26-2.99 p = 0.002). Among the different types of cancer, adjusted risk of all-cause mortality was higher in patients with colorectal (aOR 4.17 95% CI 1.68-10.32, p = 0.002), lung (aOR 3.63, 95% CI 1.83-7.18, p < 0.001) and haematologic (aOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.22-5.05, p = 0.001) cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cancer presenting with T2AMI have lower odds of management with invasive diagnostic coronary angiography and have higher rates of in-hospital all-cause death. Further studies are warranted to improve overall care and outcomes of cancer patients and cardiovascular diseases.