The impact of preoperative ultrasound and intraoperative findings on surgical outcomes in patients at high risk of placenta accreta spectrum.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether preoperative ultrasound imaging and intraoperative features predict surgical outcomes in patients at high risk for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Cairo University Maternity, Egypt. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: Pregnant patients with one or more prior caesarean deliveries presenting with a low-lying/placenta praevia with or without PAS confirmed by histopathology. METHODS: Logistic regression and multivariable analyses. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Need for primary caesarean hysterectomy, numbers of red blood cell (RBC) units transfused and patients requiring transfusion of >5 units. RESULTS: Ninety consecutive records were reviewed, including 58 (64.4%) PAS cases. Sixty (66.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 56-76) required hysterectomy. Odds of hysterectomy were significantly (p = 0.005) increased with complete praevia. Significantly higher odds of hysterectomy were associated with subplacental hypervascularity (7.23, 95% CI 2.72-19.2, p < 0.001), lacunar scores 2+ and 3+ (12.6, 95% CI 4.15-38.5, p < 0.001), lacunar feeder vessels (5.69, 95% CI 1.77-18.3, p = 0.004) or bridging vessels (2.00, 95% CI 1.29-3.10, p = 0.002) on ultrasound, and increased lower segment vascularization at laparotomy (5.42, 95% CI 2.09-14.1, p = 0.001). Transfusion >5 RBC units was associated with number of lacunae (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% CI 1.14-1.93, p = 0.004) and presence of feeder vessels (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.11, p = 0.001). The multivariable analysis indicated that parity, placental location and PAS were significantly (p = 0.007; p = 0.01; p < 0.001, respectively) associated with hysterectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative ultrasound imaging can assist in triaging and counselling patients regarding the odds of PAS, intraoperative blood losses and need for hysterectomy, and intraoperative features can assist the surgeon in evaluating the need for multidisciplinary support.

Effectiveness of ambulatory non-invasive fetal electrocardiography: impact of maternal and fetal characteristics.

INTRODUCTION: Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (NIFECG) has potential benefits over the computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) that may permit its development in remote fetal heart-rate monitoring. Our study aims to compare signal quality and heart-rate detection from a novel self-applicable NIFECG monitor against the cCTG, and evaluate the impact of maternal and fetal characteristics on both devices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective observational study took place in a university hospital in London. Women with a singleton pregnancy from 28 + 0 weeks' gestation presenting for cCTG were eligible. Concurrent monitoring with both NIFECG and cCTG were performed for up to 60 minutes. Post-processing of NIFECG produced signal loss, computed in both 0.25 (E240)- and 3.75 (E16)-second epochs, and fetal heart-rate and maternal heart-rate values. cCTG signal loss was calculated in 3.75-second epochs. Accuracy and precision analysis of 0.25-second epochal fetal heart-rate and maternal heart-rate were compared between the two devices. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of maternal and fetal characteristics on signal loss. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT04941534. RESULTS: 285 women underwent concurrent monitoring. For fetal heart-rate, mean bias, precision and 95% limits of agreement were 0.1 beats per minute (bpm), 4.5 bpm and -8.7 bpm to 8.8 bpm, respectively. For maternal heart-rate, these results were -0.4 bpm, 3.3 bpm and -7.0 to 6.2 bpm, respectively. Median NIFECG E240 and E16 signal loss was 32.0% (interquartile range [IQR] 6.5%-68.5%) and 17.3% (IQR 1.8%-49.0%), respectively. E16 cCTG signal loss was 1.0% (IQR 0.0%-3.0%). For NIFECG, gestational age was negatively associated with signal loss (beta = -2.91, 95% CI -3.69 to -2.12, P < 0.001). Increased body mass index, fetal movements and lower gestational age were all associated with cCTG signal loss (beta = 0.30, 95% CI 0.17-0.43, P < 0.001; beta = 0.03, 95% CI 0.01-0.05, P = 0.014; and beta = -0.28, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.05, P = 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although NIFECG is complicated by higher signal loss, it does not appear to be influenced by increased body mass index or fetal movement. NIFECG signal loss varies according to method of computation, and standards of signal acceptability need to be defined according to the ability of the device to produce clinically reliable physiological indices. The high accuracy of heart-rate indices is promising for NIFECG usage in the remote setting.

Reducing health inequality in Black, Asian and other minority ethnic pregnant women: impact of first trimester combined screening for placental dysfunction on perinatal mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) first trimester screening algorithm for pre-eclampsia on health disparities in perinatal death among minority ethnic groups. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study from July 2016 to December 2020. SETTING: A large London teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All women who underwent first trimester pre-eclampsia risk assessment using either the NICE screening checklist or the FMF multimodal approach. Women considered at high-risk in the FMF cohort were offered 150 mg aspirin before 16 weeks' gestation, serial growth scans and elective birth at 40 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stillbirth, neonatal death and perinatal death rates stratified by screening method and maternal ethnicity. RESULTS: In the NICE cohort, the perinatal death rate was significantly higher in non-white than white women (7.95 versus 2.63/1000 births, OR 3.035, 95% CI 1.551-5.941). Following the introduction of FMF screening, the perinatal death rate in non-white women fell from 7.95 to 3.22/1000 births (OR 0.403, 95% CI 0.206-0.789), such that it was no longer significantly different from the perinatal mortality rate in white women (3.22 versus 2.55/1000 births, OR 1.261, 95% CI 0.641-2.483). CONCLUSIONS: First trimester combined screening for placental dysfunction is associated with a significant reduction in perinatal death in minority ethnic women. Health disparities in perinatal death among ethnic minority women demand urgent attention from both clinicians and health policy makers. The data of this study suggest that this ethnic health inequality may be avoidable. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Multimodal early pregnancy placental dysfunction screening can lead to a significant reduction in perinatal deaths in non-white women.

Perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies complicated by late twin-twin transfusion syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Untreated twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is associated with a high risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Laser surgery is recommended before 26 weeks of gestation. However, the optimal management in case of late TTTS (occurring after 26 weeks of gestation) is yet to be established. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the outcomes of monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies complicated by late TTTS according to different management options (expectant, laser therapy, amnioreduction, or delivery). The primary outcome was mortality, including single and double intrauterine, neonatal, and perinatal death. Secondary outcomes were composite morbidity, neuromorbidity, respiratory distress syndrome, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, intact survival (ie, free from neurological complications), and preterm birth before <32 weeks of gestation. Outcomes were reviewed according to the management and reported for the overall population of twins and disease status (ie, donor and recipient separately). Random-effect meta-analyses of proportions were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Nine studies including 796 twin pregnancies affected by TTTS were included. No randomized controlled trials were available for inclusion. TTTS occurred at ≥26 weeks of gestation in 8.7% (95% CI 6.9%-10.9%; 67/769) of cases reporting TTTS at all gestations. Intrauterine death occurred in 17.7% (95% CI 4.9%-36.2%) of pregnancies managed expectantly, 5.3% (95% CI 0.9%-12.9%) of pregnancies treated with laser, and 0% (95% CI 0%-9%) after amnioreduction. Neonatal death occurred in 42.5% (95% CI 17.5%-69.7%) of pregnancies managed expectantly, in 2.8% (95% CI 0.3%-7.7%) of cases treated with laser, and in 20.2% (95% CI 6%-40%) after amnioreduction. Only one study (10 cases) reported data on immediate delivery after diagnosis with no perinatal deaths. Perinatal death incidence was 55.7% (95% CI 31.4%-78.6%) in twin pregnancies managed expectantly, 5.6% (95% CI 0.5%-15.3%) in those treated with laser, and 20.2% (95% CI 6%-40%) in those after amnioreduction. Intact survival was reported in 44.4%, 96.4%, and 78% of fetuses managed expectantly, with laser or amnioreduction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence regarding perinatal mortality and morbidity in twin pregnancies complicated by late TTTS according to the different managements was of very low quality. Therefore further high-quality research in this field is needed to elucidate the optimal management of these pregnancies.

Is Cardiomegaly an Indication of "Heart-Sparing Effect" in Small Fetuses?

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to test the hypothesis that cardiac size is maintained in small fetuses presenting with cardiomegaly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified singleton fetuses with estimated fetal weight <10th centile and with cardiomegaly without another more likely cardiac or extra-cardiac cause. We used Z-scores for cardiac and thoracic circumferences normalized for gestational age (GA), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), and femur length (FL), obtained from 188 normally grown fetuses. RESULTS: When comparing chest size, small fetuses had significantly lower thoracic circumferences median Z-scores (IQR) for GA = -4.82 (-6.15 to -3.51), BPD = -2.42 (-4.04 to -1.48), HC = -2.72 (-4.53 to -1.90), and FL = -1.60 (-2.87 to -0.71); p < 0.001 for all. When comparing heart size, small fetuses showed lower cardiac circumferences median Z-scores (IQR) for GA = -1.59 (-2.79 to -0.16); p < 0.001, similar cardiac circumferences Z-scores for BPD = 0.29 (-0.65 to 1.28); p = 0.284 and HC = 0.11 (-1.13 to 0.96); p = 0.953, and higher cardiac circumferences Z-scores for FL = 0.94 (-0.05 to 2.13); p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that in small fetuses with cardiomegaly, the heart maintains normal dimensions when normalized to cranial diameters and higher dimensions when normalized to long bones. This provides insight into cardiac adaptation to adverse intrauterine environment.

Ductus venosus Doppler waveform pattern in fetuses with early growth restriction.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to assess if maximum velocities of the ductus venosus flow velocity waveform are associated with adverse outcomes in early-onset fetal growth restriction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study from two tertiary referral units, including singleton fetuses with estimated birthweight or fetal abdominal circumference ≤10th centile and absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery delivered between 26+0 and 34+0  weeks of gestation. Pulsatility index for veins, and maximum velocities of S-, D-, v- and a-waves, were measured in the ductus venosus within 24 hours of birth. Logistic regression was used to describe the relation between severe neonatal morbidity or neonatal death and clinical independent predictors. RESULTS: The study population included 132 early-onset fetal growth restriction fetuses. Newborns with neonatal morbidity or neonatal death had significantly lower values of v/D maximum velocity ratio multiples of the median (0.86 vs 095; P = 0.006) within 24 hours of birth. The v/D ratio remained a significant predictor of neonatal death or severe neonatal morbidity after adjusting for gestational age and birthweight (adjusted odds ratio 0.065, 95% confidence interval 0.004-0.957). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of ductus venosus v/D maximum velocity ratio might help to identify fetal growth restriction fetuses at increased risk for neonatal death or severe neonatal morbidity. Confirmation in prospective studies is necessary.

Sex differences in fetal heart rate and variability assessed by antenatal computerized cardiotocography.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the current study is to explore the effect of fetal sex on the fetal heart rate and variability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. We analyzed fetal heart rate (FHR) traces of pregnant women that were recorded antenatally using a commercially available computerized cardiotocograph (cCTG; Oxford system). Fetal sex was ascertained after birth. Baseline FHR and short-term heart rate variation (STV) were compared between male and female fetuses. Expected mean values for baseline FHR and STV were computed and multiples of the mean (MOMean) of males and females were compared. RESULTS: Information on 9259 cases is reported in this study. Baseline FHR of female fetuses was significantly higher (P < 0.001) and STV lower (P < 0.001) than that of male fetuses. This difference remained even after the effects of gestational age and diurnal variation were eliminated by computation of MOMean, but the absolute differences in the baseline FHR (0.9 beats/min [bpm]) and STV (0.246 ms) between male and female fetuses were small. A significant negative correlation was found between baseline FHR and STV (r = -0.518, P < 0.001). Similarly, a significant negative correlation was found between the MoMean of baseline FHR and MoMean STV (r = -0.481, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using the Oxford cCTG, male fetuses show a significantly lower baseline FHR and greater variability as compared with female fetuses. However, the absolute differences are small and may not be of major clinical significance.

A simplified guide to randomized controlled trials.

A randomized controlled trial is a prospective, comparative, quantitative study/experiment performed under controlled conditions with random allocation of interventions to comparison groups. The randomized controlled trial is the most rigorous and robust research method of determining whether a cause-effect relation exists between an intervention and an outcome. High-quality evidence can be generated by performing an randomized controlled trial when evaluating the effectiveness and safety of an intervention. Furthermore, randomized controlled trials yield themselves well to systematic review and meta-analysis providing a solid base for synthesizing evidence generated by such studies. Evidence-based clinical practice improves patient outcomes and safety, and is generally cost-effective. Therefore, randomized controlled trials are becoming increasingly popular in all areas of clinical medicine including perinatology. However, designing and conducting an randomized controlled trial, analyzing data, interpreting findings and disseminating results can be challenging as there are several practicalities to be considered. In this review, we provide simple descriptive guidance on planning, conducting, analyzing and reporting randomized controlled trials.

Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and outcome of placenta previa accreta after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Women with a history of previous cesarean delivery, presenting with a placenta previa, have become the largest group with the highest risk for placenta previa accreta. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound imaging in the prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta and the impact of the depth of villous invasion on management in women presenting with placenta previa or low-lying placenta and with 1 or more prior cesarean deliveries. STUDY DESIGN AND DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, clinicalTrials.gov, and MEDLINE for studies published between 1982 and November 2016. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Criteria for the study were cohort studies that provided data on previous mode of delivery, placenta previa, or low-lying placenta on prenatal ultrasound imaging and pregnancy outcome. The initial search identified 171 records, of which 5 retrospective and 9 prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion in the quantitative analysis. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The studies were scored on methodological quality using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. RESULTS: The 14 cohort studies included 3889 pregnancies presenting with placenta previa or low-lying placenta and 1 or more prior cesarean deliveries screened for placenta accreta. There were 328 cases of placenta previa accreta (8.4%), of which 298 (90.9%) were diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound. The incidence of placenta previa accreta was 4.1% in women with 1 prior cesarean and 13.3% in women with ≥2 previous cesarean deliveries. The pooled performance of ultrasound for the antenatal detection of placenta previa accreta was higher in prospective than retrospective studies, with a diagnostic odds ratios of 228.5 (95% confidence interval, 67.2-776.9) and 80.8 (95% confidence interval, 13.0-501.4), respectively. Only 2 studies provided detailed data on the relationship between the depth of villous invasion and the number of previous cesarean deliveries, independently of the depth of the villous invasion. A cesarean hysterectomy was performed in 208 of 232 cases (89.7%) for which detailed data on management were available. Positive correlations were found in the largest prospective studies between the cumulative rates of the more invasive forms of accreta placentation and the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound imaging but not with diagnostic odds ratio values. We found no data on the ultrasound screening of placenta accreta at the routine midtrimester ultrasound examination from the nonexpert ultrasound units. CONCLUSION: Planning individual management for delivery is possible only with accurate evaluation of prenatal risk of accreta placentation in women presenting with a low-lying placenta/previa and a history of prior cesarean delivery. Ultrasound is highly sensitive and specific in the prenatal diagnosis of accreta placentation when performed by skilled operators. Developing a prenatal screening protocol is now essential to further improve the outcome of this increasingly more common major obstetric complication.

Is cerebroplacental ratio a marker of impaired fetal growth velocity and adverse pregnancy outcome?

BACKGROUND: The cerebroplacental ratio has been proposed as a marker of failure to reach growth potential near term. Low cerebroplacental ratio, regardless of the fetal size, is independently associated with the need for operative delivery for presumed fetal compromise and with neonatal unit admission at term. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to evaluate whether the cerebroplacental ratio at term is a marker of reduced fetal growth rate. The secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between a low cerebroplacental ratio at term, reduced fetal growth velocity, and adverse pregnancy outcome. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies in a tertiary referral center. The abdominal circumference was measured at 20-24 weeks' gestation and both abdominal circumference and fetal Dopplers recorded at or beyond 35 weeks, within 2 weeks of delivery. Abdominal circumference and birthweight values were converted into Z scores and centiles, respectively, and fetal Doppler parameters into multiples of median, adjusting for gestational age. Abdominal circumference growth velocity was quantified using the difference in the abdominal circumference Z score, comparing the scan at or beyond 35 weeks with the scan at 20-24 weeks. Both univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between low cerebroplacental ratio and the low abdominal circumference growth velocity (in the lowest decile) and to identify and adjust for potential confounders. As a sensitivity analysis, we refitted the model excluding the data on pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age neonates. RESULTS: The study included 7944 pregnancies. Low cerebroplacental ratio multiples of median was significantly associated with both low abdominal circumference growth velocity (adjusted odds ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.71-2.57, P <0.001) and small for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio, 3.60; 95% confidence interval, 3.04-4.25, P < .001). After the exclusion of pregnancies resulting in small-for-gestational-age neonates, a low cerebroplacental ratio multiples of the median remained significantly associated with both low abdominal circumference growth velocity (adjusted odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.30, P < .001) and birthweight centile (adjusted odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.998-0.995, P < .001). The need for operative delivery for fetal compromise was significantly associated with a low cerebroplacental ratio (adjusted odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.78, P = .006), even after adjusting for both the umbilical artery pulsatility index multiples of the median and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index multiples of median. The results were similar, even after the exclusion of pregnancies resulting in small-for-gestational-age neonates (adjusted odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.84, P = .018). Low cerebroplacental ratio multiples of the median remained significantly associated with the risk of operative delivery for presumed fetal compromise (P < .001), even after adjusting for the known antenatal and intrapartum risk factors. These associations persisted, even after the exclusion of small-for-gestational-age births. In appropriate-for-gestational-age-sized fetuses, abdominal circumference growth velocity was significantly lower in those with a low cerebroplacental ratio multiples of the median than in those with normal cerebroplacental ratio multiples of the median (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The cerebroplacental ratio is a marker of impaired fetal growth velocity and adverse pregnancy outcome, even in fetuses whose size is considered appropriate using conventional biometry.

Mid-pregnancy fetal growth, uteroplacental Doppler indices and maternal demographic characteristics: role in prediction of stillbirth.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the relative value of mid trimester fetal growth, uterine artery Doppler indices and maternal demographics in prediction of stillbirth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study; 23 894 singleton pregnancies routinely scanned between 19 and 24 weeks' gestation. Maternal characteristics included age, body mass index, ethnicity and medical history. Fetal biometry indices, birthweight and uterine artery pulsatility index values were converted to percentiles and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. The predictive accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. The main outcome was prediction of preterm and term stillbirths. RESULTS: Non-Caucasian ethnicity, femur length centile and uterine artery pulsatility index were significantly associated with the risk of stillbirth (all p < 0.01). The detection rate of screening by maternal factors alone was 19% for all stillbirths, and 12 and 14% for term and preterm stillbirth at a 10% false positive rate, respectively. Using femur length centile alone, the detection rates were 27 and 23%, respectively. Uterine artery pulsatility index alone was able to predict 24 and 31% of term and preterm stillbirths. Screening by combining maternal factors, femur length centile and uterine artery Doppler detected 27 and 35% of term and preterm stillbirths at a 10% false positive rate. CONCLUSIONS: Second trimester ultrasound assessment offers an opportunity to identify pregnancies at the highest risk of stillbirth occurring as a consequence of placental dysfunction. This information may be useful to improve pregnancy outcome by identifying women who may benefit from increased ultrasound surveillance and/or timely intervention.

Mid-pregnancy fetal biometry, uterine artery Doppler indices and maternal demographic characteristics: role in prediction of small-for-gestational-age birth.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mid-trimester fetal biometry, uterine artery Doppler indices and maternal demographics in prediction of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a single referral center. The study included 23 894 singleton pregnancies scanned between 19 and 24 weeks of gestation. Maternal demographics included age, body mass index and ethnicity. Fetal biometry, birthweight and uterine artery pulsatility index values were converted into centiles. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed and the predictive accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The main outcome measure was prediction of delivery of preterm and term SGA neonates defined as a birthweight in the lowest centile groups (<10th, <5th and <3rd centiles). RESULTS: Maternal ethnicity, fetal biometry and uterine artery Doppler indices were significantly associated with the risk of SGA <5th centile (p < 0.01). Maternal factors or fetal biometry alone showed poor to moderate performance in prediction of term and preterm SGA <5th centile at a 10% false-positive rate. Uterine artery pulsatility index alone was able to predict 25, 60 and 77% of SGA <5th centile delivering at >37, <37 and <32 weeks of gestation respectively at a 10% false-positive rate; maternal factors, fetal biometry and uterine artery Doppler combined detected 40, 66 and 89% of term, preterm and very preterm SGA <5th centile at a 10% false-positive rate. CONCLUSIONS: Second-trimester screening can identify the majority of pregnancies at high risk of SGA birth and showed a higher performance for earlier gestational ages at birth and lower birthweight centiles.

Sensitivity of first-trimester ultrasound in the detection of congenital anomalies in twin pregnancies: population study and systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The first aim of this study was to ascertain the diagnostic performance of first-trimester ultrasound in detecting congenital anomalies in twins. The secondary aim was to explore the strength of association between different pregnancy characteristics and early detection of structural anomalies in a large unselected population of twin pregnancies. A systematic review of the published literature was also carried out. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from consecutive twin pregnancies booked for antenatal care between 1996 and 2014. Predictive accuracy of those covariates independently associated with the occurrence of fetal anomalies was assessed with logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics curves. RESULTS: In all, 1064 twin pregnancies (820 dichorionic and 264 monochorionic) were included in the analysis. Forty-two pregnancies had one or more fetuses with structural abnormalities. Detection of structural abnormalities using ultrasound was possible in the first trimester in 27.3% (95% confidence interval 15.0-42.8) of twin pregnancies. Monochorionicity (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-4.7) and discordance in crown-rump length and nuchal translucency were associated with an increased risk of fetal anomalies. However, their predictive accuracy was only moderate (areas under the curve 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.6-0.8 and 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.6-0.8, for crown-rump length and nuchal translucency discrepancy, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: First-trimester detection of structural abnormalities in twin pregnancies is possible in 27.3% (95% confidence interval 15.0-42.8) of cases. The likelihood for first-trimester detection of structural anomalies in twins was maximum for cranial vault, midline brain and abdominal wall defects. Monochorionicity and increasing discrepancy in crown-rump length and nuchal translucency were associated with fetal structural abnormalities, although their predictive performance was only moderately good.

Number of episodes of reduced fetal movement at term: association with adverse perinatal outcome.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were evaluation of the association of reduced fetal movements (RFM) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth at term and to explore if fetal and maternal outcomes are different with single vs repeated episodes of RFM and normal fetal assessment test results. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of all singleton pregnancies referred for RFMs at a tertiary fetal medicine unit from January 2008 through September 2014. Ultrasound and Doppler indices were obtained from a computerized ultrasound database and pregnancy outcome was collected from hospital records. RESULTS: Of the 21,944 women with a singleton pregnancy booked for maternity care during the study period, 1234 women (5.62%) reported RFMs >36+0 weeks. Of these, 1029 women (83.4%) reported a single episode of RFM and 205 (16.6%) had ≥2 presentations for RFM. Women with repeated RFMs had a significantly higher mean uterine artery pulsatility index in the second trimester. The prevalence of SGA baby at birth in women presenting with a single episode as compared to repeated episodes of RFM was 9.8% and 44.2%, respectively (odds ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 5.1-10.4; P < .05). CONCLUSION: Repeated episodes of RFMs at term are more likely to occur in women with high second-trimester uterine artery Doppler resistance indices and are strongly associated with the birth of SGA infants. Women presenting with repeated episodes of RFM should be treated as being at high risk of placental dysfunction irrespective of the results of prenatal ultrasound and Doppler assessment.

Is fetal cerebroplacental ratio an independent predictor of intrapartum fetal compromise and neonatal unit admission?

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the association between fetal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and intrapartum fetal compromise and admission to the neonatal unit (NNU) in term pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study in a single tertiary referral center over a 14-year period from 2000 through 2013. The umbilical artery pulsatility index, middle cerebral artery pulsatility index, and CPR were recorded within 2 weeks of delivery. The birthweight (BW) values were converted into centiles and Doppler parameters converted into multiples of median (MoM), adjusting for gestational age using reference ranges. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify, and adjust for, potential confounders. RESULTS: The study cohort included 9772 singleton pregnancies. The rates of operative delivery for presumed fetal compromise and neonatal admission were 17.2% and 3.9%, respectively. Doppler CPR MoM was significantly lower in pregnancies requiring operative delivery or admission to NNU for presumed fetal compromise (P < .01). On multivariate logistic regression, both CPR MoM and BW centile were independently associated with the risk of operative delivery for presumed fetal compromise (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.87; P = .003 and adjusted OR, 0.994; 95% CI, 0.992-0.997; P < .001, respectively). The latter associations persisted even after exclusion of small-for-gestational-age cases from the cohort. Multivariate logistic regression also demonstrated that CPR MoM was an independent predictor for NNU admission at term (adjusted OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33-0.92; P = .021), while BW centile was not (adjusted OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99-1.00; P = .794). The rates of operative delivery for presumed fetal compromise were significantly higher for appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses with low CPR MoM (22.3%) compared to small-for-gestational-age fetuses with normal CPR MoM (17.3%). CONCLUSION: Lower fetal CPR, regardless of the fetal size, was independently associated with the need for operative delivery for presumed fetal compromise and with NNU admission at term. The extent to which fetal hemodynamic status could be used to predict perinatal morbidity and optimize the mode of delivery merits further investigation.