Recent progress on small molecular temperature-sensitive fluorescent probes.

Temperature is an important biophysical parameter that is closely related with the metabolic activity in living cells. Therefore, the detection of intracellular temperature changes is crucial for exploring temperature-related biological processes. Fluorescence probe is an ideal tool for observing temperature changes in cells, which has many advantages, such as high sensitivity, good selectivity, and noninvasive, and thus aroused the great interest of researchers. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress of organic small molecule temperature-sensitive fluorescence probes in recent years was reviewed. Particularly, we describe the common response mode to the temperature and the practical applications of the probe in living cells and even animal models. Moreover, an outlook regarding temperature detection in clinical applications is discussed. The temperature-sensitive fluorescent probe is a "black box" to many researchers. This review aims to open a window on the prospect of the noninvasive in vivo detection of temperature which is helpful to deeper understand this rich research area.

Induction of immunogenic cell death by novel platinum-based anticancer agents.

Traditional platinum-based anticancer drugs, led by cisplatin, play an important role in chemotherapy. However, the development of platinum compounds is limited due to serious toxicity and side effects. In recent years, studies have showed that immunogenic cell death (ICD) may be one of the potential action mechanisms of classical platinum drugs, such as oxaliplatin. This strategy combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy can effectively utilize the body's immune system to help platinum compounds to fight against tumors, and the dose can be appropriately reduced to limit toxic side effects. The induction of ICD by platinum compounds has become a research hotspot and one of the future development directions of metal drugs. Here, the progress of platinum compounds were collected and comprehensively summarized, their capacity of ICD induction and mechanism of action are exposed, providing reference for the design and synthesis of new anticancer platinum ICD inducers.

Ligustrazine and liguzinediol protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocytes injury by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy.

Preventing or treating heart failure (HF) by blocking cardiomyocyte apoptosis is an effective strategy that improves survival and reduces ventricular remodelling and dysfunction in the chronic stage. Autophagy is a mechanism that degrades intracellular components and compensates for energy deficiency, which is commonly observed in cardiomyocytes of failed hearts. Cardiomyocytes activated by doxorubicin (DOX) exhibit strong autophagy. This study aims to investigate the potential protective effect of ligustrazine and its derivative liguzinediol on regulating DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and explore the use of the embryonic rat heart-derived myoblast cell line H9C2 for identifying novel treatments for HF. The results indicated that it has been demonstrated to reverse myocardial infarction remodelling in failed hearts by promoting autophagy in salvaged cardiomyocytes and anti-apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in granulation tissue. Our study suggests that ligustrazine and liguzinediol can be a promising agents and autophagy is potential pathway in the management of HF.

A dual-response fluorescent probe for N2H4 and viscosity in living cells and zebrafish to evaluate liver injury.

Hydrazide drugs can cause severe drug-induced liver injury owing to the enzymatic release of N2H4 in the liver. Also, changes in cellular viscosity are associated with liver damage. Thus, simultaneous monitoring of changes in N2H4 levels and viscosity can be used to evaluate the side effects of hydrazide drugs. Herein, we firstly reported a near-infrared fluorescent probe (FNN), which contains 1,8-naphthalimide as the fluorophore and a chalcone moiety as the responsive receptor, for sensitively detecting intracellular viscosity and N2H4. FNN showed a fast 'turn-on' fluorescence response to N2H4 with excellent selectivity. Additionally, FNN could selectively track viscosity without interference from polarity, pH, and other active species. Furthermore, imaging experiments suggested that FNN could be successfully applied in living cells and zebrafish larvae and embryos, which is of great importance for effectively assessing the degree of liver injury.

A novel dual-functional fluorescent probe for imaging viscosity and cysteine in living system.

Abnormal changes in intracellular viscosity and cysteine are both associated with several important biological processes such as reversible redox reactions, which play a pivotal role in the process of inflammation. However, it remains unclear how cysteine and viscosity are altered in inflammation. Herein, we firstly report a high-sensitivity and -selectivity near-infrared imaging probe (FCV) for tracking intracellular viscosity and endogenous cysteine. This dual-functional probe displays excellent photostability and large Stokes shifts. FCV exhibits a 54-fold enhancement in fluorescence emission at 560 nm with increasing Cys (λex = 420 nm) and an approximately 63-fold enhancement at 660 nm (λex = 460 nm) with increasing viscosity from 1.0 cP to 952.5 cP. Moreover, FCV reveals the synergistic relationship between viscosity and cysteine in the inflammation model of living cells and zebrafish for the first time. Thus, FCV is a promising vehicle to identify the changes in Cys and viscosity in associated diseases.

LncRNA MAYA promotes iron overload and hepatocyte senescence through inhibition of YAP in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Although recent evidence has shown that hepatocyte senescence plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the mechanism is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the signal transduction pathways involved in the senescence of hepatocyte, in order to provide a potential strategy for blocking the process of NAFLD. The results confirmed that hepatocyte senescence occurred in HFD-fed Golden hamsters and PA-treated LO2 cells as manifested by increased levels of senescence marker SA-ß-gal, p16 and p21, heterochromatin marker H3K9me3, DNA damage marker γ-H2AX and decreased activity of telomerase. Further studies demonstrated that iron overload could promote the senescence of hepatocyte, whereas the overexpression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) could blunt iron overload and alleviate the senescence of hepatocyte. Of importance, depression of lncRNA MAYA (MAYA) reduced iron overload and cellular senescence via promotion of YAP in PA-treated hepatocytes. These effects were further supported by in vivo experiments. In conclusion, these data suggested that inhibition of MAYA could up-regulate YAP, which might repress hepatocyte senescence through modulating iron overload. In addition, these findings provided a promising option for heading off the development of NAFLD by abrogating hepatocyte senescence.

A Gold(I) Complex Containing an Oleanolic Acid Derivative as a Potential Anti-Ovarian-Cancer Agent by Inhibiting TrxR and Activating ROS-Mediated ERS.

Many cancer cells critically rely on antioxidant systems for cell survival and are vulnerable to further oxidative impairment triggered by agents generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the classical design and development of inhibitors that target antioxidant defense enzymes such as thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) can be a promising anticancer strategy. Herein, it is shown that a gold(I) complex containing an oleanolic acid derivative (4 b) induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer A2780 cells by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). It can inhibit TrxR enzyme activity to elevate ROS, mediate ERS and mitochondrial dysfunction, and finally leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of A2780 cells. Notably, this complex inhibits A2780 xenograft tumor growth accompanied by increased ERS level and decreased TrxR activity in tumor tissues.

Oroxylin A induces apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation plays an indispensable role in hepatic fibrosis. Inducing apoptosis of activated HSCs can attenuate or reverse fibrogenesis. In this study, we initially found that oroxylin A (OA) protected CCl4-induced liver injury accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation of HSCs in mice. In vitro, OA treatment markedly reduced fibrogenesis by modulating extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. OA inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest of HSCs at S phase. Further, OA was observed to induce HSC apoptosis, as indicated by caspase activation. Using the eIF2α dephosphorylation inhibitor salubrinal, we found that ERS pathway activation was required for OA to induce HSC apoptosis. ERS-related proteins were significantly upregulated by OA treatment, and salubrinal abrogated the effects of OA on HSCs. Thus, we inferred that OA attenuated HSC activation by promoting ERS. In vivo, inhibition of ERS by salubrinal partly abrogated the hepatoprotective effect of OA in CCl4-treated mice. In conclusion, our findings suggest a role for ERS in the mechanism underlying amelioration of hepatic fibrosis by OA.

Dihydroartemisinin attenuates alcoholic fatty liver through regulation of lipin-1 signaling.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is generated from excessive alcohol consumption, characterized by hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, excessive hepatic lipid accumulation was attributed to the aberrant lipin-1 signaling during the development of alcoholic steatosis in rodent species and human. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been recently identified to relieve hepatocytes necrosis and prevent from hepatic steatosis in alcohol-induced liver diseases; however, the role of DHA in ALD has not been elucidated completely. Therefore, this study was aimed to further identify the potential mechanisms of pharmacological effects of DHA on ALD. Results demonstrated that DHA regulated the expression and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of lipin-1 in mice with chronic ethanol exposure. Results confirmed that the disruption of lipin-1 signaling abolished the suppression of DHA on alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. Interestingly, DHA also significantly improved liver injury, and inflammation mediated by lipin-1 signaling in chronic alcohol-fed mice. in vivo experiments further consolidated the concept that DHA protected against hepatocyte lipoapoptosis dependent on the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of lipin-1 signaling, resulting in attenuated ratio of Lpin1 ß/α. Obvious increases in cell apoptosis were observed in alcohol-treated lipin1ß-overexpressed mice. Although DHA attenuated cell apoptosis, overexpression of lipin-1ß neutralized DHA action. DHA ameliorated activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress through inhibiting activation of JNK and CHOP, which was abrogated by overexpression of lipin-1ß. In summary, DHA significantly improved liver injury, steatosis and hepatocyte lipoapoptosis in chronic alcohol-fed mice via regulation of lipin-1 signaling.

Oroxylin A prevents angiogenesis of LSECs in liver fibrosis via inhibition of YAP/HIF-1α signaling.

Angiogenesis of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) accompanies with hypoxia in liver fibrosis and they are of mutual promotion, which has raised wide concern. Here we established murine model of liver fibrosis and found that oroxylin A (40 mg/kg) could ameliorate angiogenesis in liver fibrosis may related to hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). The underlying mechanism was further investigated by isolating and culturing murine primary LSECs. Hypoxia induced vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) elevated in LSECs were reduced by oroxylin A or acriflavine (ACF, an HIF-1α inhibitor), indicating HIF-1α involved the angiogenesis of LSECs. Additionally, interference with Yes-associated protein (YAP) significant downregulated the protein expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A, while YAP plasmid exhibited an opposite effect. We next found that oroxylin A inhibited hypoxia-induced nuclear translocation of YAP, which may influence the accumulation of HIF-1α and subsequently decrease transcription of downstream target gene including VEGF-A and Ang-2, thereby exerting an anti-angiogenic activity.

Liguzinediol potentiates the metabolic remodeling by activating the AMPK/SIRT3 pathway and represses Caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis to ameliorate cardiotoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Liguzinediol (Lig) has emerged as a promising candidate for mitigating Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity, a significant limitation in the clinical application of this widely used antineoplastic drug known for its efficacy. This study aimed to explore the effects and potential mechanisms underlying Lig's protective role against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were treated with DOX. Cardiac function changes were observed by echocardiography. Cardiac structure changes were observed by HE and Masson staining. Immunofluorescence was applied to visualize the cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), Caspase-3 and gasdermin E N-terminal fragment (GSDME-N). These experiments confirmed that Lig had an ameliorative effect on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that Lig effectively countered myocardial oxidative stress by modulating intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Lig reduced levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while ameliorating histopathological changes and improving electrocardiogram profiles in vivo. Furthermore, the study revealed that Lig activated the AMPK/SIRT3 pathway, thereby enhancing mitochondrial function and attenuating myocardial cell apoptosis. In experiments with H9C2 cells treated with DOX, co-administration of the AMPK inhibitor compound C (CC) led to a significant increase in intracellular ROS levels. Lig intervention reversed these effects, along with the downregulation of GSDME-N, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting a potential role of Lig in mitigating Caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that Lig effectively alleviates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through the activation of the AMPK/SIRT3 pathway, thereby presenting itself as a natural product with therapeutic potential for preventing DOX-associated cardiotoxicity. This novel approach may pave the way for the development of alternative strategies in the clinical management of DOX-induced cardiac complications.

Tumor-Targeting NHC-Au(I) Complex Induces Immunogenic Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising direction of cancer immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A series of novel NHC-Au(I) complexes derived from 4,5-diarylimidazole, containing glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) as an efficient targeting ligand for HCC, were herein designed and synthesized. Among these, complex 4C exhibited excellent effectiveness for tumor targeting and antitumor activity, which induced the occurrence of ICD in HCC cells. Additionally, 4C can effectively inhibit TrxR enzyme activity, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression, lead to redox homeostasis disorder, mediate mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and cause the characteristic discharge of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in HCC cells. More importantly, 4C showed a great ICD-inducing effect in a vaccination mouse model and activated antitumor immunity in a tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mouse model, which is consistent with the in vitro results. In conclusion, we found the potential of Au(I) complex with HCC-targeted capability for effective tumor immunotherapy.

Ultrasensitive Small-Molecule Fluorescent Thermometer Reveals Hot Mitochondria in Surgically Resected Human Tumors.

The Warburg effect suggests that upregulated glycolysis arising from high glucose uptake in cancer cells might be accompanied with suppressed mitochondrial respiration. However, recent studies have shown that the mitochondrial temperature in cancer cells could be relatively higher than that in normal cells, suggesting hyperactive mitochondrial respiration in cancer cells. However, hot mitochondria have not been reported in patients with cancer. Here, near-infrared small-molecule fluorescent probes TRNs are rationally designed with two ethyl amino groups as the temperature-sensitive moiety. Afterward, a mitochondrial targeting group is installed via ether bonds on TRN-8 to build MTN. To the best of our knowledge, MTN is the near-infrared probe with the highest sensitivity for mitochondrial temperature. Moreover, it also displays high photostability, wide linearity, and high specificity. Using MTN, we can monitor the ups and downs of mitochondrial temperature in cancer cells upon the perturbations of mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial temperature in surgically resected human tumors is relatively higher than that in paracancerous tissues. Our results indicate that relatively hot mitochondria may exist in tumors from patients. We envisage that our study provides critical evidence for revisiting the Warburg effect and cancer metabolism.

Pt(II)-NHC Complex Induces ROS-ERS-Related DAMP Balance to Harness Immunogenic Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can engage a specific immune response and establish a long-term immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we design and synthesize a series of Pt(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene (Pt(II)-NHC) complexes derived from 4,5-diarylimidazole, which show strong anticancer activities in vitro. Among them, 2c displays much higher anticancer activities than cisplatin and other Pt(II)-NHC complexes, especially in HCC cancer cells. In addition, we find that 2c is a type II ICD inducer, which can successfully induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and finally lead to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in HCC cells. Importantly, 2c shows a great anti-HCC potential in a vaccination mouse model and leads to the in vivo immune cell activation in the CCl4-induced liver injury model.

Pt(II) and Au(III) complexes containing Schiff-base ligands: A promising source for antitumor treatment.

The effective application of cisplatin in the clinic as an antitumor treatment has stimulated widespread interest in inorganic metal drugs. In particular, complexes containing the transition metals platinum and gold have attracted considerable attention due to their antitumor effects. The Pt(II) and Au(III) Schiff-base complexes are potential antitumor agents because of their remarkable biological activities and good stability, lipophilicity, and electroluminescent properties. These complexes act via various antitumor mechanisms that are unlike those of the classic platinum drugs, providing a feasible solution for improving the serious side effects caused by metal chemotherapy. In this review, promising antitumor agents based on Pt(II) and Au(III) complexes containing Schiff-base ligands, and their biological targets, including G-quadruplex DNA and thioredoxin reductase, are comprehensively summarized.

Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activities of selenium N-heterocyclic carbene compounds.

Fourteen novel selenium N-heterocyclic carbene (Se-NHC) compounds derived from 4,5-diarylimidazole were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as antiproliferative agents. Most of them were more effective toward A2780 ovarian cancer cells than HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Among them, the most active compound 2b was about fourfold more active than the positive control ebselen against A2780 cells. In addition, this compound displayed twofold higher cytotoxicity to A2780 cells than to IOSE80 normal ovarian epithelial cells. Further studies revealed that 2b could induce reactive oxygen species production, damage mitochondrial membrane potential, block the cells in the G0/G1 phase, and finally promote A2780 cell apoptosis.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of gold(III) Schiff base complexes for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma through attenuating TrxR activity.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of death worldwide. Increased thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) levels were recently identified as possible prognostic markers for HCC. Here, four gold(III) complexes 1b-4b bearing Schiff base ligands were synthesized, characterized, and screened for antitumor activity against HCC. All complexes triggered significant antiproliferative effects against HCC cells, especially the most active complex 1b induced HepG2 cells apoptosis by activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). 1b could clearly inhibit the TrxR activity to elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediate ERS and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, treatment of 1b improved the CCl4-induced liver damage in vivo by down-regulation of TrxR expression and inflammation level.

Halo and Pseudohalo Gold(I)-NHC Complexes Derived from 4,5-Diarylimidazoles with Excellent In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activities Against HCC.

A series of halo and pseudohalo gold(I)-NHC complexes (NHC-Au-X) (X = Cl, Br, I, NCO, and OAc) derived from 4,5-diarylimidazoles were synthesized, structurally characterized, and analyzed for their biological activities. The most active complex was iodo(1,3-diethyl-4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene)gold(I) (6), which was at least 2-fold more cytotoxic than cisplatin and auranofin against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In vivo studies indicated that complex 6 exhibited a considerably higher anticancer efficacy (IRT = 75.7%) than cisplatin (IRT = 44.4%) in a HepG2 xenograft mouse model and ameliorated liver injury caused by CCl4 in chronic HCC. Further studies revealed that complex 6 can inhibit the expression of the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) both in vitro and in vivo, block the HepG2 cells in the G2/M phase, induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, damage mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and promote HepG2 cell apoptosis.

A new rhodium(I) NHC complex inhibits TrxR: In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo hepatocellular carcinoma suppression.

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is often overexpressed in different types of cancer cells including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and regarded as a target with great promise for anticancer drug research and development. Here, we have synthesized and characterized nine new designed rhodium(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. All of them were effective towards cancer cells, especially complex 1e was more active than cisplatin and manifested strong antiproliferative activity against HCC cells. In vivo anticancer studies showed that 1e significantly repressed tumor growth in an HCC nude mouse model and ameliorated liver lesions in a chronic HCC model caused by CCl4. Notably, a mechanistic study revealed that 1e can strongly inhibit TrxR system both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, 1e promoted intracellular ROS accumulation, damaged mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted cancer cell apoptosis and blocked the cells in the G1 phase.

Targeting the Thioredoxin System as a Strategy for Cancer Therapy.

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) participates in the regulation of redox reactions in organisms. It works mainly via its substrate molecule, thioredoxin, to maintain the redox balance and regulate signal transduction, which controls cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and other important physiological processes. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that the overactivation of TrxR is related to the development of tumors. The exploration of TrxR-targeted antitumor drugs has attracted wide attention and is expected to provide new therapies for cancer treatment. In this perspective, we highlight the specific relationship between TrxR and apoptotic signaling pathways. The cytoplasm and mitochondria both contain TrxR, resulting in the activation of apoptosis. TrxR activity influences reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further regulates the inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, we discuss representative TrxR inhibitors with anticancer activity and analyze the challenges in developing TrxR inhibitors as anticancer drugs.